Plant responses to cadmium contamination: mechanisms of uptake, transport, defense and detoxification

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0184

Abstract

Abstract:

Cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic heavy metal, poses significant environmental pollution and ecological risks that have become global concerns. Understanding the response mechanisms of plants to Cd stress is crucial for both pollution remediation and agricultural safety. This review systematically summarizes the environmental behavior, physiological toxic effects, and plant response mechanisms of Cd in the soil-plant system. We have demonstrated that Cd enters plants by competitively utilizing transport channels for essential metal ions such as Ca²⁺ and Fe²⁺, and triggers excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, nutrient imbalance, and cellular structure damage. Plants have evolved multi-level detoxification strategies, including cell wall immobilization through binding with pectin carboxyl groups, vacuolar sequestration mediated by chelating peptides such as phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and coordinated defense through antioxidant enzyme such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. In terms of remediation strategies, the integrated application of physical (e.g., electrokinetic remediation, nanomaterials), chemical (e.g., phosphate passivation, degradable chelating agents), and biological (e.g., low-Cd breeding) approaches has significantly improved the efficiency of Cd pollution control. Future studies should focus on the structural characterization of metal transport proteins, optimization of combined remediation technologies, and the resource-efficient use of non-edible plants to achieve the synergistic goals of environmental safety and sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: heavy metal, cadmium, transporter protein, chelation mechanism, interaction between rhizosphere microorganisms, phytoremediation technology

KE Jia-Wen, CHENG Zhang-Hao, GAO Xue-Yi, XU Yun-Jian, WANG Yi. Plant responses to cadmium contamination: mechanisms of uptake, transport, defense and detoxification[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(4): 814-832.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0184

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2026/V50/I4/814

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1 Mechanisms of cadmium (Cd) uptake by plant roots. IRT1, iron-regulated transporter 1; Nramp5, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 5.

Fig. 2 Mechanism of cadmium (Cd) transport in plant roots. represent Cd2+; ABC, ATP-binding cassette transporter; HMA, heavy metal ATPase; IRT, iron regulated transporters; Nramp, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein; YSL, yellow stripe-like protein; ZIP, zinc-regulated transporter iron-regulated transporter-like proteins.

Fig. 3 Response and mitigation mechanisms of plants to cadmium (Cd). ABC, ATP-binding cassette transporter; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; AsA-GSH cycle, ascorbate-glutathione cycle; CAT, catalase; CAX, cation/Ca2+ exchanger; GSH, glutathione; HMA, heavy metal ATPase; MT, metallothionein; Nramp, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein; OA, oxalic acid; PCs, phytochelatins; POD, peroxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SA, salicylic acid; SOD, superoxide dismutase.

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