Effects of simulated sulfur-rich, nitric-rich and mixed acid rain on the physiology, growth and yield of rape (Brassica napus)

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Our objective was to investigate the effect of sulfur acid rain (SAR), nitric acid rain (NAR) and their mixture (MAR) on the physiology, growth and yield of the crop rape (Brassica napus).

Methods Fifteen 4 m × 5 m plots were distributed stochastically for exploring SAR, NAR and MAR stress, with a roughly 0.6 m spacing between plots to avoid interference. We used three replicate treatments of pH = 7.0, 1.5, 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1 and examined growth and development at 5-day intervals from budding to the end of flowering (March 10 to April 25, 2006). On April 12 for the peak period of flowering, we measured leaf cell membrane permeability, contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and photosynthesis pigment in leaves, photosynthesis speed, leaf injury rate and leaf area as physiological and growth parameters. On May 10, we measured the yield index during the ripening stage.

Important findings These kinds of acid rains can inhibit physiology, growth and yield with effects differing among treatments. At pH ≤ 4.1, SAR, NAR and MAR damage the membrane of rape leaves, decreasing photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic speed, thereby diminishing photosynthesis of the crop. For pH ≤3.1, leaf area is decreased and the leaf injury rate increases greatly. The value of pH = 4.1 can be used as the threshold for impact on rape yield. Over the range of pH = 1.5-7.0, leaf membrane permeability, MDA content and leaf injury rate follow the pattern of NAR > MAR > SAR and for the photosynthetic speed, content of photosynthesis pigment, leaf area and yield the order is SAR > MAR > NAR. At pH > 4.1, the differences between these treatments of acid rain are insignificant. For pH ≤ 3.1, the stress differences become large (p < 0.05), with greater differences at stronger acidities, following the pattern NAR > MAR > SAR. This indicates the first two treatments have stronger inhibiting effects on the physiology, growth and yield of rape.

Key words: acid rain, Brassica napus, growth, physiological characteristics, stress, yield

MAI Bo-Ru, ZHENG You-Fei, WU Rong-Jun, LIANG Jun, LIU Xia. Effects of simulated sulfur-rich, nitric-rich and mixed acid rain on the physiology, growth and yield of rape (Brassica napus)[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34(4): 427-437.

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Figures/Tables 11

References 36

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pH	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	Cl^-	F^-	Ca²⁺	NH₄⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺
1.5	206.84	41.37	78.54	0.71	24.36	16.63	4.31	4.15	1.60
3.1	150.10	30.02	38.00	0.35	11.43	8.04	2.08	2.01	0.77
4.1	91.79	18.36	28.73	0.26	8.65	6.08	1.58	1.52	0.58
5.1	35.68	7.14	23.10	0.21	5.86	5.50	1.52	1.45	0.47
7.0 (CK)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

pH	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	Cl^-	F^-	Ca²⁺	NH₄⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺
1.5	206.84	41.37	78.54	0.71	24.36	16.63	4.31	4.15	1.60
3.1	150.10	30.02	38.00	0.35	11.43	8.04	2.08	2.01	0.77
4.1	91.79	18.36	28.73	0.26	8.65	6.08	1.58	1.52	0.58
5.1	35.68	7.14	23.10	0.21	5.86	5.50	1.52	1.45	0.47
7.0 (CK)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

酸雨处理 Acid rain treatment	叶绿素a Chl a (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素b Chl b (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素总量 Total Chl (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素a/叶绿素b Chl a/Chl b
硫酸型模拟酸雨 Sulphur-rich simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.678 ± 0.040^cC	0.297 ± 0.005^cC	0.975 ± 0.045^cC	2.279
pH = 3.1	0.903 ± 0.039^bB	0.328 ± 0.010^bB	1.231 ± 0.047^bB	2.753
pH = 4.1	0.966 ± 0.047^abAB	0.350 ± 0.008^aA	1.316 ± 0.054^abAB	2.757
pH = 5.1	1.028 ± 0.045^aA	0.356 ± 0.004^aA	1.384 ± 0.042^aA	2.891
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.091^aA	0.361 ± 0.016^aA	1.400 ± 0.090^aA	2.878
混合型模拟酸雨 Mixed simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.594 ± 0.034^dC	0.286 ± 0.018^cC	0.880 ± 0.046^dC	2.074
pH = 3.1	0.854 ± 0.40^cB	0.318 ± 0.013^bB	1.172 ± 0.053^cB	2.689
pH = 4.1	0.951 ± 0.032^bA	0.348 ± 0.014^aA	1.299 ± 0.039^bA	2.729
pH = 5.1	1.001 ± 0.035^abA	0.352 ± 0.014^aA	1.353 ± 0.048^abA	2.840
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.075^aA	0.361 ± 0.006^aA	1.400 ± 0.072^aA	2.878
硝酸型模拟酸雨 Nitric-rich simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.517 ± 0.020^eD	0.278 ± 0.002^dD	0.794 ± 0.018^eE	1.861
pH = 3.1	0.834 ± 0.024^dC	0.311 ± 0.006^cC	1.145 ± 0.025^dD	2.687
pH = 4.1	0.949 ± 0.014^cB	0.346 ± 0.004^bB	1.295 ± 0.011^cC	2.744
pH = 5.1	0.999 ± 0.021^bA	0.351 ± 0.009^abAB	1.350 ± 0.019^bB	2.845
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.024^aA	0.361 ± 0.005^aA	1.400 ± 0.023^aA	2.878

酸雨处理 Acid rain treatment	叶绿素a Chl a (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素b Chl b (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素总量 Total Chl (mg·g^-1FW)	叶绿素a/叶绿素b Chl a/Chl b
硫酸型模拟酸雨 Sulphur-rich simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.678 ± 0.040^cC	0.297 ± 0.005^cC	0.975 ± 0.045^cC	2.279
pH = 3.1	0.903 ± 0.039^bB	0.328 ± 0.010^bB	1.231 ± 0.047^bB	2.753
pH = 4.1	0.966 ± 0.047^abAB	0.350 ± 0.008^aA	1.316 ± 0.054^abAB	2.757
pH = 5.1	1.028 ± 0.045^aA	0.356 ± 0.004^aA	1.384 ± 0.042^aA	2.891
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.091^aA	0.361 ± 0.016^aA	1.400 ± 0.090^aA	2.878
混合型模拟酸雨 Mixed simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.594 ± 0.034^dC	0.286 ± 0.018^cC	0.880 ± 0.046^dC	2.074
pH = 3.1	0.854 ± 0.40^cB	0.318 ± 0.013^bB	1.172 ± 0.053^cB	2.689
pH = 4.1	0.951 ± 0.032^bA	0.348 ± 0.014^aA	1.299 ± 0.039^bA	2.729
pH = 5.1	1.001 ± 0.035^abA	0.352 ± 0.014^aA	1.353 ± 0.048^abA	2.840
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.075^aA	0.361 ± 0.006^aA	1.400 ± 0.072^aA	2.878
硝酸型模拟酸雨 Nitric-rich simulated acid rain
pH = 1.5	0.517 ± 0.020^eD	0.278 ± 0.002^dD	0.794 ± 0.018^eE	1.861
pH = 3.1	0.834 ± 0.024^dC	0.311 ± 0.006^cC	1.145 ± 0.025^dD	2.687
pH = 4.1	0.949 ± 0.014^cB	0.346 ± 0.004^bB	1.295 ± 0.011^cC	2.744
pH = 5.1	0.999 ± 0.021^bA	0.351 ± 0.009^abAB	1.350 ± 0.019^bB	2.845
pH = 7.0 (CK)	1.039 ± 0.024^aA	0.361 ± 0.005^aA	1.400 ± 0.023^aA	2.878