Abstract: In this paper we have studied fifteen kind of plants of different type about their anatomical structure in deserts of China. The results show that the extreme xerophytes and the xerophytes possess typical xeromorphic structure, and extreme xerophytes are especial striking, such as Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Haloxylon ammodendron. The basic traits of xeromorphic structures are: thick leaf blades and cuticle; possessing epidermal hairs, glandular hairs, raised things as tumor or breast; hollow stomas; developed palisade tissue and water-storing tissue; forming equilateral leaves and succulent leaves; possessing crystal cells or mucilage cells; existing of vascular sheath, vascular cap and cellulose cell to strengthen plant’s firmness. The leaf blades and the cuticles of mesophytes are thinner, their stomata are levelling or arching up, the palisade tissue and spong tissue not only are same developed but the spaces among cells are bigger and leaves of mesophytes are back-belly leaves. These are typical mesophytic structures.