LAND COVER DYNAMICS OF DIFFERENT TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN BEIJING

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2006.0033

Abstract

Abstract:

Topographic conditions play an important role in controlling land cover dynamic processes. In this study, remotely sensed data and geographic information system were applied to analyze the changes in land cover along topographic gradients from 1978 to 2001 in Beijing, a rapidly urbanized mega city in China. The study was based on five periods of land cover maps derived from remotely sensed data, Landsat MSS for 1978, Landsat TM for 1984, 1992, 1996 and 2001, and digital elevation model (DEM) derived from a 1: 250 000 topographic map. The entire area was divided into 10 land cover types: conifer forest, broadleaf forest, mixed forest, shrub, brushwood, meadow, farmland, built_up, water body and bare land. The results are summarized below.

1) Shrub, forest, farmland and built_up consist of the main land cover types of the Beijing area. The most significant land cover change from 1978 to 2001 was a decrease in farmland and an expansion of built_up areas. Farmland decreased from 6 354 to 3 813 km² over the 23 years, while built_up areas increased from 421 to 2 642 km². Forest cover increased from 17.2% to 24.7% of the total area. The conversion matrix analysis indicated that transformation of farmland to built_up area was the most significant process and afforestation was the primary cause of replacement of shrub to forest.

2) Topographic conditions are of great importance to the distribution of land cover types and the process of land cover changes. Elevation has a strong impact on the distribution of land cover types. The area below 100 m mostly consisted of farmland and built_up areas, and the area above 100 m is mainly covered by shrub and forest. Shrub has a maximum frequency in elevations between 100 and 1 000 m, while forests were dominant in areas above 800 m. According to the analysis of land cover changes in different elevation ranges, the greatest change was below 100 m due to urbanization. The main land cover change process that occurred above 100 m was transformation from shrub to forest. This result was constant with the vertical change of natural vegetation distribution in Beijing.

3) Slope has a large influence on the distribution of land cover types. Farmland and built_up areas are distributed primarily in flat areas, while shrub and forest occupy steeper lands as compared with other land cover types. Forest frequency increased with increasing slope. Land cover change processes differed with slope gradients. In the plain area, land cover change occurred as the result of urbanization. With increasing slope gradients, afforestation, which converted shrub to forest, was the primary land cover change process.

Key words: Land use/Land cover, Topographical factors, Conversion matrix, Remote sensing, DEM, Vegetation

WU Xiao_Pu, TANG Zhi_Yao, CUI Hai_Ting, FANG Jing_Yun. LAND COVER DYNAMICS OF DIFFERENT TOPOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN BEIJING[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2006, 30(2): 239-251.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2006.0033

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Figures/Tables 11

References 25

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时段 Time				轨道号 Path code
1978_6_12				MSS132_32, MSS131_32
1984_10_2				TM123_32
1992_5_18				TM123_32
1996_5_29				TM123_32, TM124_32
2001_5_19				ETM123_32

时段 Time				轨道号 Path code
1978_6_12				MSS132_32, MSS131_32
1984_10_2				TM123_32
1992_5_18				TM123_32
1996_5_29				TM123_32, TM124_32
2001_5_19				ETM123_32

土地覆盖类型 Land cover types	定义和主要组成 Definition& main components
针叶林 Conifer forest	包括暖温性针叶林(油松林、侧柏林)和寒温性针叶林(华北落叶松林) It includes warm_temperate conifer forests, such as Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis, and cold_temperate conifer forests, such as Larix principis_rupprechtii
阔叶林 Broadleaf forest	包括栎林、沟谷杂木林、椴树林、杨桦林和低海拔地区的人工经济林等 It includes oak forests, valley shaws, Tilia forests, Populus and Betula forests and plantations in low elevation area
混交林 Mixed forest	指针叶阔叶混交林。主要包括松栎混交林等 It indicates broadleaf and conifer mixed forest, most of which consists of Pinus and Quercus
灌丛 Shrub	各类森林在人类干扰下退化形成的次生植被类型,组成复杂。北京地区的主要类型有:荆条灌丛、绣线菊灌丛、平榛灌丛、山杏灌丛、二色胡枝子灌丛等 Secondary vegetation types with complex components, formed as human disturbance to primary forests. The main shrub types in Beijing include Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Spiraea, Corylus heterophylla, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu and Lespedeza
灌草丛 Grassland	原生植被遭严重破坏后形成的不稳定植被类型,以旱中生草本植物为主,散生着灌木的植物群落。主要组成成分为白羊草、黄草等 An unstable vegetation type as primary vegetation was destroyed, mostly consisted with xerophilous herbages such as Bothriochloa ischaemum and Themeda japonica, some shrubs distribute in it occasionally
亚高山草甸 Subalpine meadow	分布在海拔1 800 m以上的坡顶,主要种类有苔草、黄花菜、地榆、拳参、金莲花等 Distribute at top of slopes above 1 800 m, mostly includes Carex, Hemerocallis minor, Sanguisorba officinalis, Polygonum bistorta and Trollius chinensis
农业用地 Farmland	包括平原地区大面积耕地、郊区果粮间作地等 Including large area cropland in plain area and intercrop land in suburb
城镇用地 Built_up	包括城市建成区、农村居民点和机场等大型建筑用地 Including built_up territory, rural residential area and large buildings such as airports
水体 Water body	包括水库、河流、湖泊和湿地 Including reservoirs, rivers, lakes and wetlands
裸地 Bare land	包括高反射率的无植被覆盖地和废弃建筑用地等 Including light reflectivity area such as no vegetation covered region and wasteland

土地覆盖类型 Land cover types	定义和主要组成 Definition& main components
针叶林 Conifer forest	包括暖温性针叶林(油松林、侧柏林)和寒温性针叶林(华北落叶松林) It includes warm_temperate conifer forests, such as Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis, and cold_temperate conifer forests, such as Larix principis_rupprechtii
阔叶林 Broadleaf forest	包括栎林、沟谷杂木林、椴树林、杨桦林和低海拔地区的人工经济林等 It includes oak forests, valley shaws, Tilia forests, Populus and Betula forests and plantations in low elevation area
混交林 Mixed forest	指针叶阔叶混交林。主要包括松栎混交林等 It indicates broadleaf and conifer mixed forest, most of which consists of Pinus and Quercus
灌丛 Shrub	各类森林在人类干扰下退化形成的次生植被类型,组成复杂。北京地区的主要类型有:荆条灌丛、绣线菊灌丛、平榛灌丛、山杏灌丛、二色胡枝子灌丛等 Secondary vegetation types with complex components, formed as human disturbance to primary forests. The main shrub types in Beijing include Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Spiraea, Corylus heterophylla, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu and Lespedeza
灌草丛 Grassland	原生植被遭严重破坏后形成的不稳定植被类型,以旱中生草本植物为主,散生着灌木的植物群落。主要组成成分为白羊草、黄草等 An unstable vegetation type as primary vegetation was destroyed, mostly consisted with xerophilous herbages such as Bothriochloa ischaemum and Themeda japonica, some shrubs distribute in it occasionally
亚高山草甸 Subalpine meadow	分布在海拔1 800 m以上的坡顶,主要种类有苔草、黄花菜、地榆、拳参、金莲花等 Distribute at top of slopes above 1 800 m, mostly includes Carex, Hemerocallis minor, Sanguisorba officinalis, Polygonum bistorta and Trollius chinensis
农业用地 Farmland	包括平原地区大面积耕地、郊区果粮间作地等 Including large area cropland in plain area and intercrop land in suburb
城镇用地 Built_up	包括城市建成区、农村居民点和机场等大型建筑用地 Including built_up territory, rural residential area and large buildings such as airports
水体 Water body	包括水库、河流、湖泊和湿地 Including reservoirs, rivers, lakes and wetlands
裸地 Bare land	包括高反射率的无植被覆盖地和废弃建筑用地等 Including light reflectivity area such as no vegetation covered region and wasteland

土地覆盖类型 Land cover types	1978	1984	1992	1996	2001	年平均改变速率 Transformation rate (hm²·a^-1)
土地覆盖类型 Land cover types	面积 Area (hm²)
林地Forest	283 117	328 771	389 395	369 518	403 680	5 023
灌丛Shrub	445 336	479 746	422 590	434 210	353 817	-3 813
灌草丛Grassland	173 607	70 088	80 926	86 676	132 938	-1 695
亚高山草甸Subalpine meadow	280	481	453	425	538	11
农业用地Farmland	635 433	564 999	509 021	449 898	381 271	-10 590
城镇用地Built_up	42 116	136 483	147 100	199 549	264 229	9 255
水体Water body	16 272	27 522	40 337	44 571	33 688	726
裸地Bare_land	45 173	28 841	39 581	51 779	65 045	828