Phenotypic diversity of pods and seeds in natural populations of Gleditsia sinensis in southern China

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00007

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Gleditsia sinensis is an endangered plant endemic to China. Our objectives were to determine 1) the phenotypic variation of pods and seeds in natural populations and 2) the relationship between phenotypic variation of natural population and different distribution areas in G. sinensis.
Methods Field investigation and analysis of the natural distribution of G. sinensis in southern China led to our selection of six pod characters and five seed traits from 10 populations. We examined morphological diversity among and within populations based on analysis of eleven phenotypic traits. Variance analysis, multi-comparison and correlation analysis were used to analyze experimental results.
Important findings Analysis of variance for all traits showed significant differences among and within populations. There was significant positive correlation between the pod, the seed and seed weight. The variation of pod traits within and among the populations was larger than those of seed traits. The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient for the eleven traits was 20.42%, and the variation within populations (32.28%) was higher than that among populations (7.19%), which indicated that the variance within population was the main part of the phenotypic variation of the species. The range of variation of coefficient of variance (CV) among 11 traits was 4.55%-18.38%, and the average was 11.20%. The CV of pod within populations (14.75%) was higher than seed (6.95%), which means that the seed has higher stability. Most of the pod and seed traits were positively correlated. Both the seed and the pod were shown to have west-east variation at constant latitude. These findings offer basic data for further study of genetic breeding and conservation biology of this species.

Key words: Gleditsia sinensis, natural population, phenotypic diversities, pods and seed characteristics

LI Wei, LIN Fu-Rong, ZHENG Yong-Qi, LI Bin. Phenotypic diversity of pods and seeds in natural populations of Gleditsia sinensis in southern China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(1): 61-69.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00007

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2013/V37/I1/61

Figures/Tables 7

References 30

[1]	Cheng SM (2005). Study on Genetic Diversity of Multitudinous Populations and Construction of Core Germplasm in Melia Azedarach. PhD dissertation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 程诗明 (2005). 苦楝聚合群体遗传多样性研究与核心种质构建. 博士学位论文, 中国林业科学院, 北京.]
[2]	Feng L, Bai ZY, Lu BS, Cai SW, Feng LN (2008). Effects of NaCl stress on Hovenia dulcis and Gleditsia sinensis seedlings growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and active oxygen metabolism. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 19, 2503-2508. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 冯蕾, 白志英, 路丙社, 蔡胜文, 冯丽娜 (2008). 氯化钠胁迫对枳椇和皂荚生长、叶绿素荧光及活性氧代谢的影响. 应用生态学报, 19, 2503-2508.]
[3]	García D, Zamora R, Gómez JM, Jordano P, Hódar JA (2000). Geographical variation in seed production, predation and abortion in Juniperus communis throughout its range in Europe. Journal of Ecology, 88, 435-446.
[4]	Ge S, Wang MX, Chen YW (1988). An analysis of population genetic structure of masson pine by isozyme technique. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 24, 399-409. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 葛颂, 王明庥, 陈岳武 (1988). 用同工酶研究马尾松群体的遗传结构. 林业科学, 24, 399-409.]
[5]	Gu WC, Li B, Sun CL (2001). The superior provenances and superior germplasm of Gleditsia sinensis. Forest Science and Technology, (4), 10-13. (in Chinese)
	[ 顾万春, 李斌, 孙翠玲 (2001). 皂荚优良产地和优良种质推荐. 林业科技通讯, (4), 10-13.]
[6]	Gu YJ, Luo JX, Wu YW, Cao XJ (2009). Phenotypic diversity in natural populations of Picea balfouriana in Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 33, 291-301. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 辜云杰, 罗建勋, 吴远伟, 曹小军 (2009). 川西云杉天然种群表型多样性. 植物生态学报, 33, 291-301.]
[7]	Hartl DL, Clark AG (1997). Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, USA. 1-670.
[8]	Lai P, Du JR, Zhang MX, Kuang X, Li YJ, Chen YS, He Y (2011). Aqueous extract of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. fruits improves serum and liver lipid profiles and attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a high-fat diet. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137, 1061-1066. URL PMID
[9]	Lan YP, Gu WC (2006). Geographical variation of morphologic characteristics of Gleditsia sinensis seeds and legumes in the north region. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 42(7), 47-51. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 兰彦平, 顾万春 (2006). 北方地区皂荚种子及荚果形态特征的地理变异. 林业科学, 42(7), 47-51.]
[10]	Li B, Gu WC (2004). Mating system and genetic diversity proportion in Pinus bungeana. Forest Research, 17, 19-25. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李斌, 顾万春 (2004). 白皮松交配系统及其种内遗传多样性分量比的研究. 林业科学研究, 17, 19-25.]
[11]	Li B, Gu WC, Lu BM (2002). A study on phenotypic diversity of seeds and cones characteristics in Pinus bungeana. Biodiversity Science, 10, 181-188. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李斌, 顾万春, 卢宝明 (2002). 白皮松天然群体种实性状表型多样性研究. 生物多样性, 10, 181-188.]
[12]	Li D, Xu ZM, Meng JF, Tong SJ, Guo WF (2011). Antisepsis of natural compositions in Gleditsia sinensis. Journal of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 27, 89-91. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李东, 徐智敏, 孟金凤, 佟书娟, 过伟峰 (2011). 皂荚中天然防腐成分的防腐作用研究. 南京中医药大学学报, 27, 89-91.]
[13]	Li QM, Liu Y, Hou LY, Hou D, Chen HL, Ma FY, Song YM (2009). Effects of different treatments on soil micro- environment and germination rate of Gleditsia sinensis afforested by direct seeding. Forest Research, 22, 851-854. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李庆梅, 刘艳, 侯龙鱼, 侯栋, 陈怀梁, 马风云, 宋玉民 (2009). 几种处理方式对皂荚直播造林地微环境和出苗率的影响. 林业科学研究, 22, 851-854.]
[14]	Li D, Zhou LG, Jiang WB, Wu JY, Lao XD, Tang J (2008). Inhibitory effects of Gleditsia sinensis extracts on some plant pathogens. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 35(Suppl. 1), 86-89. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李端, 周立刚, 姜微波, 吴建勇, 曹晓冬, 唐静 (2008). 皂荚提取物对植物病原菌的抑制作用. 植物病理学报, 35(增刊1), 86-89.]
[15]	Li WY, Gu WC (2005). Study on phenotypic diversity of natural population in Quercus mongolica. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 41(1), 49-56. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李文英, 顾万春 (2005). 蒙古栎天然群体表型多样性研究, 林业科学, 41(1), 49-56.]
[16]	Liao XX, Zhu LW, Peng Q, Jiang JX, Zhang WM (2009). Study on surface activity of Gleditsia Saponin and Camellia Saponin. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 29(2), 69-74. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 廖晓霞, 朱莉伟, 彭茜, 蒋建新, 张卫明 (2009). 皂荚皂素和油茶皂素表面活性研究. 林产化学与工业, 29(2), 69-74.]
[17]	Luo JX, Li XQ, Sun P, Huang XJ, Li SQ, Huang CL, Yang Y (2003). Phenotypic variation in natural population of Picea asperata. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 31(1), 9-11. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 罗建勋, 李晓清, 孙鹏, 黄晓江, 李树全, 黄春力, 扬毅 (2003). 云杉天然群体的表型变异. 东北林业大学学报, 31(1), 9-11.]
[18]	Ming J, Gu WC (2006). Phenotypic variation of Syringa oblata Lindl. Forest Research, 19, 199-204. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 明军, 顾万春 (2006). 紫丁香表型多样性研究. 林业科学研究, 19, 199-204.]
[19]	Pak KC, Lam KY, Law S, Tang JC (2010). The inhibitory effect of Gleditsia sinensis on cyclooxygenase-2 expre- ssion in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 23, 121-129. URL PMID
[20]	Pang GC, Jiang DM (1995). Population genetic diversity and data analysis. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 31, 543-550. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 庞广昌, 姜冬梅 (1995). 群体遗传多样性和数据分析. 林业科学, 31, 543-550.]
[21]	Peng Q, Xu K, Yin N, Jiang JX, Zhu LW (2009). Study on antibacterial activity of saponins from Gleditsia sinensis and camellia. Editorial Board of Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 29, 203-206.
[22]	Pigliucci M, Murren CJ, Schlichting CD (2006). Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209, 2362-2367.
[23]	Wang JH, Tang J, Li D, Zhou LG (2009). Chemical constituents and bioactivity of Gleditsia plants. Chinese Wild Plant Resources, 27(6), 1-3. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王蓟花, 唐静, 李端, 周立刚 (2009). 皂荚化学成分和生物活性的研究进展. 中国野生植物资源, 27(6), 1-3.]
[24]	Wang YL, Li Y (2008). Study on phenotypic diversity of cone and seed in natural populations of Picea crassifolia in Qilian Mountain, China. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 32, 355-362. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王娅丽, 李毅 (2008). 祁连山青海云杉天然群体的种实性状表型多样性. 植物生态学报, 32, 355-362.]
[25]	Wu JM, Li J, Zhu ZY, Li J, Huang GJ, Tang Y, Cao XP (2010). Protective effects of echinocystic acid isolated from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. against acute myocardial ischemia. Fitoterapia, 81, 8-10. URL PMID
[26]	Yang Y, Jian HL, Xu YX, Zhu LW (2011). Preparation of oligosaccharides from polysaccharide gum of Gleditsia sinensis by enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Science, 32(18), 138-141. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 杨洋, 菅红磊, 徐永霞, 朱莉伟 (2011). 皂荚多糖胶酶解制备低聚糖. 食品科学, 32(18), 138-141.]
[27]	Zhang HL, Han CX, Yang XJ, Wang MC, Yang QE, He CL, Bu SH (2005). Preliminary study on chemical constituents and rat-killing activity of Gleditsia sinensis. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 14(4), 117-120. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张宏利, 韩崇选, 杨学军, 王明春, 杨清娥, 贺春玲, 卜书海 (2005). 皂荚化学成分及杀鼠活性初步研究. 西北农业学报, 14(4), 117-120.]
[28]	Zhang HQ, An LJ, Zu YG (1999). Geographical variation of morphology characters for natural populations of Pinus koraiensis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 19, 932-938. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张恒庆, 安利佳, 祖元刚 (1999). 天然红松种群形态特征地理变异的研究. 生态学报, 19, 932-938.]
[29]	Zheng J, Zheng YQ, Zong YC, Li BJ (2009). Phenotypic diversity of fruits and seeds in natural populations of Sorbus pohuashanensis. Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 10, 385-391. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 郑健, 郑勇奇, 宗亦尘, 李伯菁 (2009). 花楸树天然群体种实多样性研究. 植物遗传资源学报, 10, 385-391.]
[30]	Zhu LB, Gu WC, Li B (2007). Study on phenotypic diversity of population in Cersis chinensis. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 23(3), 138-145. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 竺利波, 顾万春, 李斌 (2007). 紫荆群体表型性状多样性研究. 中国农学通报, 23(3), 138-145.]

采样位置 Sampled location	群体 Population	经度 Longitude (°E)	纬度 Latitude (°N)	海拔高度 Altitude (m)	年平均气温 Annual mean air temperature (℃)	平均年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	土壤类型 Soil type	个体数 No. of individual
湖北宜昌 Yichang, Hubei	HBY	110.25	30.28	114	15.7	1 167	黄棕壤 Yellow brown soil	31
湖北京山 Jingshan, Hubei	HBJ	113.02	31.03	30	16.3	1 179	黄棕壤 Yellow brown soil	18
湖北恩施 Enshi, Hubei	HBE	109.78	30.05	1 000	15.6	1 370	黄棕壤、黄壤 Yellow brown soil, yellow soil	16
湖南城步 Chengbu, Hunan	HNC	110.97	26.50	500	16.1	1 218	黄壤 Yellow soil	7
贵州麻江 Majiang, Guizhou	GZM	107.97	26.08	950	15.1	1 350	黄棕壤 Yellow brown soil	9
贵州兴义 Xingyi, Guizhou	GZX	104.97	25.72	1 253	15.2	1 315	黄棕壤、石灰土 Yellow brown soil, lime soil	13
重庆秀山 Xiushan, Chongqing	CQX	108.97	28.75	477	16.5	1 334	山地黄壤 Mountain yellow earth	14
四川成都 Chengdu, Sichuan	SCC	104.10	31.12	500	16.2	918.2	红壤、黄壤 Red soil, yellow soil	12
四川万源 Wanyuan, Sichuan	SCW	108.05	32.12	1 200	14.7	1 246	红壤、黄壤 Red soil, yellow soil	29
广西桂林 Guilin, Guangxi	GXG	110.78	25.45	150	18.9	1 949	红壤 Red soil	7

采样位置 Sampled location	群体 Population	经度 Longitude (°E)	纬度 Latitude (°N)	海拔高度 Altitude (m)	年平均气温 Annual mean air temperature (℃)	平均年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	土壤类型 Soil type	个体数 No. of individual
湖北宜昌 Yichang, Hubei	HBY	110.25	30.28	114	15.7	1 167	黄棕壤 Yellow brown soil	31
湖北京山 Jingshan, Hubei	HBJ	113.02	31.03	30	16.3	1 179	黄棕壤 Yellow brown soil	18
湖北恩施 Enshi, Hubei	HBE	109.78	30.05	1 000	15.6	1 370	黄棕壤、黄壤 Yellow brown soil, yellow soil	16
湖南城步 Chengbu, Hunan	HNC	110.97	26.50	500	16.1	1 218	黄壤 Yellow soil	7
贵州麻江 Majiang, Guizhou	GZM	107.97	26.08	950	15.1	1 350	黄棕壤 Yellow brown soil	9
贵州兴义 Xingyi, Guizhou	GZX	104.97	25.72	1 253	15.2	1 315	黄棕壤、石灰土 Yellow brown soil, lime soil	13
重庆秀山 Xiushan, Chongqing	CQX	108.97	28.75	477	16.5	1 334	山地黄壤 Mountain yellow earth	14
四川成都 Chengdu, Sichuan	SCC	104.10	31.12	500	16.2	918.2	红壤、黄壤 Red soil, yellow soil	12
四川万源 Wanyuan, Sichuan	SCW	108.05	32.12	1 200	14.7	1 246	红壤、黄壤 Red soil, yellow soil	29
广西桂林 Guilin, Guangxi	GXG	110.78	25.45	150	18.9	1 949	红壤 Red soil	7

性状 Trait	均方 Mean square			F值 F value
性状 Trait	群体间 Among populations	群体内 Within population	随机误差 Random error	群体间 Among populations	群体内 Within population
荚果长 PL (cm)	612.67	230.68	10.58	57.89^**	21.80^**
荚果宽 WP (cm)	2.53	1.65	0.10	25.70^**	16.76^**
荚果厚 PT (cm)	159.78	29.58	1.95	81.88^**	15.16^**
荚果重 MP (g)	476.44	248.54	11.56	41.21^**	21.50^**
荚果长宽比 PL/WP	670.80	219.26	10.44	64.22^**	20.99^**
荚果长宽积 PL × WP	1.42	0.29	0.02	61.09^**	12.30^**
种子长 SL (cm)	0.23	0.07	0.01	20.70^**	6.22^**
种子宽 SW (cm)	0.19	0.03	0.01	18.76^**	3.27^**
种子长宽积 SL × SW	0.44	0.14	0.03	15.93^**	5.26^**
种子长宽比 SL/SW	0.20	0.02	0.01	28.98^**	3.33^**
千粒重 MS (g)	501 758.22	46 068.44	66 736.67	222.85^**	20.46^**

性状 Trait	均方 Mean square			F值 F value
性状 Trait	群体间 Among populations	群体内 Within population	随机误差 Random error	群体间 Among populations	群体内 Within population
荚果长 PL (cm)	612.67	230.68	10.58	57.89^**	21.80^**
荚果宽 WP (cm)	2.53	1.65	0.10	25.70^**	16.76^**
荚果厚 PT (cm)	159.78	29.58	1.95	81.88^**	15.16^**
荚果重 MP (g)	476.44	248.54	11.56	41.21^**	21.50^**
荚果长宽比 PL/WP	670.80	219.26	10.44	64.22^**	20.99^**
荚果长宽积 PL × WP	1.42	0.29	0.02	61.09^**	12.30^**
种子长 SL (cm)	0.23	0.07	0.01	20.70^**	6.22^**
种子宽 SW (cm)	0.19	0.03	0.01	18.76^**	3.27^**
种子长宽积 SL × SW	0.44	0.14	0.03	15.93^**	5.26^**
种子长宽比 SL/SW	0.20	0.02	0.01	28.98^**	3.33^**
千粒重 MS (g)	501 758.22	46 068.44	66 736.67	222.85^**	20.46^**

性状 Trait	采样位置 Sampled location
性状 Trait	HBY	HBJ	HBE	HNC	GZM	GZX	CQX	SCC	SCW	GXG
荚果长 PL (cm)	21.17 ± 0.58^ef	21.72 ± 0.43^de	19.91 ± 0.87^g	22.75 ± 1.08c	24.27 ± 0.66^a	23.63 ± 1.04^ab	20.52 ± 1.16^fg	22.99 ± 1.06^bc	20.24 ± 0.65^g	22.32 ± 1.86^cd
荚果宽 WP (cm)	2.88 ± 0.06^bc	2.90 ± 0.05^bc	2.99 ± 0.06^a	2.72 ± 0.06^e	2.92 ± 0.07^ab	2.74 ± 0.10^e	2.83 ± 0.09^cd	2.78 ± 0.13^de	2.97 ± 0.04^a	2.88 ± 0.10^bc
荚果厚 PT (cm)	7.46 ± 0.14^d	7.53 ± 0.03^d	6.78 ± 0.35^e	8.47 ± 0.42^b	8.46 ± 0.31^b	8.87 ± 0.46^a	7.37 ± 0.42^d	8.49 ± 0.45^b	6.84 ± 0.20^e	7.91 ± 0.76^c
荚果重 MP (g)	61.61 ± 2.66^bcde	64.93 ± 1.98^b	62.11 ± 2.64^bcd	64.44 ± 3.71^b	71.03 ± 2.53^ab	58.28 ± 4.01^e	64.59 ± 3.62^b	63.42 ± 4.84^b	64.45 ± 2.47^cde	59.41 ± 5.75^de
荚果长宽比 PL/WP	0.98 ± 0.02^a	1.00 ± 0.03^a	0.84 ± 0.03^d	0.89 ± 0.03^bc	0.88 ± 0.03^bc	0.89 ± 0.03^bc	0.79 ± 0.03^e	0.86 ± 0.04^cd	0.91 ± 0.02^b	0.88 ± 0.04^bc
荚果长宽积 PL × WP	19.97 ± 0.08^d	22.94 ± 0.08^b	21.45 ± 0.11^bc	20.88 ± 0.05^c	21.23 ± 0.03^bc	21.42 ± 0.10^bc	21.89 ± 0.08^b	23.11 ± 0.08^a	19.78 ± 0.07^d	21.65 ± 0.13^bc
种子长 SL (cm)	1.18 ± 0.01^e	1.22 ± 0.01^bc	1.19 ± 0.02^de	1.23 ± 0.01^abc	1.21 ± 0.02^cd	1.24 ± 0.02^ab	1.22 ± 0.01^c	1.25 ± 0.02^a	1.19 ± 0.01^e	1.25 ± 0.02^a
种子宽 SW (cm)	0.83 ± 0.01^cd	0.88 ± 0.01^a	0.82 ± 0.01^cd	0.82 ± 0.01^cd	0.81 ± 0.02^d	0.84 ± 0.01^c	0.86 ± 0.01^b	0.79 ± 0.01^e	0.82 ± 0.01^cd	0.81 ± 0.02^d
种子长宽积 SL × SW	0.97 ± 0.01^cd	1.04 ± 0.02^b	1.01 ± 0.03^bc	0.99 ± 0.02^cd	1.11 ± 0.03^cd	1.04 ± 0.01^ab	1.02 ± 0.02^b	1.08 ± 0.01^a	0.65 ± 0.02^d	1.10 ± 0.03^cd
种子长宽比 SL/SW	0.72 ± 0.01^a	0.72 ± 0.01^a	0.69 ± 0.01^bcd	0.67 ± 0.01^d	0.70 ± 0.01^b	0.68 ± 0.01^cd	0.72 ± 0.01^a	0.65 ± 0.01^e	0.69 ± 0.01^bc	0.65 ± 0.01^e
千粒重 MS (g)	432.37 ± 7.89^d	449.10 ± 10.93^c	388.40 ± 16.43^g	404.72 ± 14.23^f	469.61 ± 18.11^b	448.30 ± 14.30^c	466.11 ± 11.85^b	425.15 ± 12.01^de	368.58 ± 8.69^g	444.20 ± 12.75^c