Phenotypic variations in natural populations of Amygdalus pedunculata

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0104

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Our objectives were to determine the phenotypic variations, adaption and distribution patterns in seven natural Amygdalus pedunculata populations.Methods We analyzed 14 phenotypic traits from 120 individuals in seven populations of A. pedunculata by variance analysis, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis.Important findings Results showed that there were plentiful phenotypic variation within and among populations. In particular, the phenotypic variation within population was 40.91%, higher than that among populations (35.29%), which indicated that the phenotypic variation within population was the main source of the phenotypic variation in A. pedunculata. Mean differentiation coefficient was 45.90%, and mean coefficient of variation of 14 traits was 15.59%, ranged from 9.39% to 31.98%. Mean annual temperature, latitude, length of frost-free period, longitude and altitude appear to be prominent ecological factors influencing phenotypic traits. Mean annual temperature and length of frost-free period were key indicators to phenotypic of A. pedunculata in different site conditions. According to principal component analysis and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) cluster analysis, the seven populations of A. pedunculata could be divided into two groups. In mountainous region, A. pedunculata’s leaf blade was usually rotund to oblong, fruit nearly spherical shape with shorter fruit stem, stone was usually ovoid to spherical shape. In contrast, in sandy region, leaf blade was long oval to ovate-lanceolate, fruit and stone was usually flat ovoid with longer fruit stem. Our results provide critical information for the resource collection and breeding of this ecologically important species.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201710007

Key words: Amygdalus pedunculata, natural population, phenotypic variation, correlation analysis

Jiang-Qun LIU, Ming-Yu YIN, Si-Yu ZUO, Shao-Bing YANG, Tana WUYUN. Phenotypic variations in natural populations of Amygdalus pedunculata[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2017, 41(10): 1091-1102.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0104

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2017/V41/I10/1091

Figures/Tables 13

References 48

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种群 Population	取样株数 Individual of samples	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	海拔 Altitude (m)	年平均气温 AAT (℃)	年日照时间 AAS (h)	年降水量 AP (mm)	无霜期 Frost-free day (d)	立地类型 Site types
小纪汗乡 YYe	20	109.20°	38.45°	1 294	8.1	2 879	413.9	154	沙地 Sand
神木县 SYe	9	109.87°	38.85°	1 268	8.8	2 876	436.6	169	沙地 Sand
忽鸡沟 HJG	17	110.09°	40.75°	1 416	4.5	2 970	280.0	120	山地 Mountainous region
碎石场 SSC	11	110.10°	40.77°	1 430	4.0	3 077	300.0	116	山地 Mountainous region
喇嘛洞 LMD	6	110.30°	40.78°	1 222	3.1	2 952	362.8	118	山地 Mountainous region
前店 QD	9	110.08°	40.77°	1 516	3.6	3 012	330.8	120	山地 Mountainous region
小井沟 XJG	48	111.83°	40.98°	1 386	3.7	2 863	489.3	95	山地 Mountainous region

种群 Population	取样株数 Individual of samples	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	海拔 Altitude (m)	年平均气温 AAT (℃)	年日照时间 AAS (h)	年降水量 AP (mm)	无霜期 Frost-free day (d)	立地类型 Site types
小纪汗乡 YYe	20	109.20°	38.45°	1 294	8.1	2 879	413.9	154	沙地 Sand
神木县 SYe	9	109.87°	38.85°	1 268	8.8	2 876	436.6	169	沙地 Sand
忽鸡沟 HJG	17	110.09°	40.75°	1 416	4.5	2 970	280.0	120	山地 Mountainous region
碎石场 SSC	11	110.10°	40.77°	1 430	4.0	3 077	300.0	116	山地 Mountainous region
喇嘛洞 LMD	6	110.30°	40.78°	1 222	3.1	2 952	362.8	118	山地 Mountainous region
前店 QD	9	110.08°	40.77°	1 516	3.6	3 012	330.8	120	山地 Mountainous region
小井沟 XJG	48	111.83°	40.98°	1 386	3.7	2 863	489.3	95	山地 Mountainous region

性状 Trait	F值 F value		方差分量百分比 Proportion of variance components (%)			表型分化系数 Phenotypic differentiation coefficients (%)
性状 Trait	种群间 Among populations	种群内 Within population	种群间 Among populations	种群内 Within populations	随机误差 Random error	表型分化系数 Phenotypic differentiation coefficients (%)
叶长 LL (mm)	4.666^**	6.281^**	49.00	26.30	24.70	65.07
叶宽 LW (mm)	29.722^**	5.621^**	56.45	18.41	25.13	75.41
叶柄长 PL (mm)	1.720	3.357^**	10.24	29.41	60.35	25.83
叶形指数 LSI	40.295^**	9.621^**	66.10	20.06	13.84	76.72
果纵径 FLD (mm)	3.615^**	13.079^**	37.08	44.79	18.13	45.29
果横径 FTD (mm)	6.278^**	12.951^**	24.19	56.28	19.53	30.06
果侧径 FSD (mm)	12.829^**	14.658^**	27.48	54.87	17.64	33.37
果形指数 FSI	16.351^**	11.338^**	42.86	37.14	20.00	53.58
果柄长 FSL (mm)	13.582^**	9.379^**	34.03	41.60	24.37	45.00
肉厚 PT (mm)	10.872^**	5.169^**	30.20	32.18	37.62	48.41
核纵径 NLD (mm)	1.576	18.788^**	36.74	51.42	11.84	41.67
核横径 NTD (mm)	7.203^**	9.344^**	24.41	55.17	20.42	30.67
核侧径 NSD (mm)	6.471^**	9.413^**	16.62	60.42	22.96	21.57
核形指数 NSI	7.427^**	5.599^**	44.64	44.64	10.71	50.00
平均值 Mean value			35.72	40.91	23.37	45.90

性状 Trait	F值 F value		方差分量百分比 Proportion of variance components (%)			表型分化系数 Phenotypic differentiation coefficients (%)
性状 Trait	种群间 Among populations	种群内 Within population	种群间 Among populations	种群内 Within populations	随机误差 Random error	表型分化系数 Phenotypic differentiation coefficients (%)
叶长 LL (mm)	4.666^**	6.281^**	49.00	26.30	24.70	65.07
叶宽 LW (mm)	29.722^**	5.621^**	56.45	18.41	25.13	75.41
叶柄长 PL (mm)	1.720	3.357^**	10.24	29.41	60.35	25.83
叶形指数 LSI	40.295^**	9.621^**	66.10	20.06	13.84	76.72
果纵径 FLD (mm)	3.615^**	13.079^**	37.08	44.79	18.13	45.29
果横径 FTD (mm)	6.278^**	12.951^**	24.19	56.28	19.53	30.06
果侧径 FSD (mm)	12.829^**	14.658^**	27.48	54.87	17.64	33.37
果形指数 FSI	16.351^**	11.338^**	42.86	37.14	20.00	53.58
果柄长 FSL (mm)	13.582^**	9.379^**	34.03	41.60	24.37	45.00
肉厚 PT (mm)	10.872^**	5.169^**	30.20	32.18	37.62	48.41
核纵径 NLD (mm)	1.576	18.788^**	36.74	51.42	11.84	41.67
核横径 NTD (mm)	7.203^**	9.344^**	24.41	55.17	20.42	30.67
核侧径 NSD (mm)	6.471^**	9.413^**	16.62	60.42	22.96	21.57
核形指数 NSI	7.427^**	5.599^**	44.64	44.64	10.71	50.00
平均值 Mean value			35.72	40.91	23.37	45.90

性状 Trait	种群 Population
性状 Trait	YYe	SYe	HJG	SSC	LMD	QD	XJG
LL (mm)	22.91 ± 4.43^c	24.65 ± 5.84^d	20.89 ± 3.89^ab	24.15 ± 3.47^cd	21.23 ± 1.99^b	19.58 ± 2.28^a	21.14 ± 3.172^b
LW (mm)	7.70 ± 1.97^a	8.19 ± 1.73^a	11.41 ± 2.34^b	13.09 ± 1.95^c	14.63 ± 2.34^d	13.75 ± 1.90^c	12.15 ± 2.49^b
PL (mm)	6.19 ± 1.50^abc	6.96 ± 1.52^d	5.95 ± 1.28^ab	6.54 ± 1.31^cd	5.77 ± 1.67^a	6.38 ± 1.52^bc	6.42 ± 1.31^bc
LSI	3.11 ± 0.85^c	3.06 ± 0.65^c	1.86 ± 0.30^b	1.86 ± 0.26^b	1.48 ± 0.21^a	1.44 ± 0.16^a	1.80 ± 0.38^b
FLD (mm)	12.81 ± 1.22^b	13.35 ± 1.29^c	11.79 ± 1.42^a	12.62 ± 1.43^b	13.59 ± 1.32^c	12.14 ± 0.97^a	12.74 ± 1.09^b
FTD (mm)	10.11 ± 0.89^a	11.32 ± 1.37^c	9.98 ± 1.56^a	11.00 ± 1.00^bc	12.55 ± 1.31^d	10.57 ± 1.03^b	11.06 ± 1.29^c
FSD (mm)	9.37 ± 0.85^a	10.07 ± 1.00^b	10.51 ± 1.47^bc	11.41 ± 0.90^d	12.49 ± 1.29^e	10.67 ± 1.07^c	11.48 ± 1.31^d
FSI	1.38 ± 0.16^b	1.34 ± 0.20^b	1.13 ± 0.14^a	1.11 ± 0.09^a	1.09 ± 0.09^a	1.14 ± 0.09^a	1.12 ± 0.12^a
FSL (mm)	6.19 ± 1.21^cd	6.46 ± 1.55^d	5.20 ± 1.66^b	5.80 ± 1.92^c	4.30 ± 1.11^a	4.05 ± 1.17^a	4.01 ± 1.21^a
PT (mm)	1.03 ± 0.35^bc	0.94 ± 0.10^ab	0.86 ± 0.38^a	1.16 ± 0.46^c	1.15 ± 0.41^c	1.46 ± 0.46^d	1.40 ± 0.41^d
NLD (mm)	11.88 ± 1.26^b	11.74 ± 0.91^b	11.03 ± 1.22^a	11.46 ± 1.38^a	11.13 ± 1.08^a	11.00 ± 1.16^a	11.64 ± 1.13^b
NTD (mm)	8.48 ± 1.12^a	8.98 ± 0.94^b	9.38 ± 0.97^cd	9.70 ± 0.72^de	9.55 ± 0.56^de	9.04 ± 0.95^bc	9.79 ± 0.94^e
NSD (mm)	7.47 ± 0.64^a	7.72 ± 0.89^ab	8.22 ± 1.07^c	8.70 ± 0.73^d	8.67 ± 0.48^d	7.85 ± 0.74^b	8.30 ± 0.78^c
NSI	1.60 ± 0.16^a	1.53 ± 0.12^a	1.37 ± 0.34^bc	1.32 ± 0.12^ab	1.28 ± 0.11^a	1.41 ± 0.13^c	1.41 ± 0.17^c