\n Soil-dwelling microbes solubilize mineral phosphates by secreting gluconic acid, which is produced from glucose by a periplasmic glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) that requires pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as a redox coenzyme. While GDH-dependent phosphate solubilization has been observed in numerous bacteria, little is known concerning the mechanism by which this process is regulated. Here we use the model rhizosphere-dwelling bacterium\n Pseudomonas putida\n KT2440 to explore GDH activity and PQQ synthesis, as well as gene expression of the GDH-encoding gene (\n gcd\n ) and PQQ biosynthesis genes (\n pqq\n operon) while under different growth conditions. We also use reverse transcription-PCR to identify transcripts from the\n pqq\n operon to more accurately map the operon structure. GDH specific activity and PQQ levels vary according to growth condition, with the highest levels of both occurring when glucose is used as the sole carbon source and under conditions of low soluble phosphate. Under these conditions, however, PQQ levels limit\n in vitro\n phosphate solubilization. GDH specific activity data correlate well with\n gcd\n gene expression data, and the levels of expression of the\n pqqF\n and\n pqqB\n genes mirror the levels of PQQ synthesized, suggesting that one or both of these genes may serve to modulate PQQ levels according to the growth conditions. The\n pqq\n gene cluster (\n pqqFABCDEG\n ) encodes at least two independent transcripts, and expression of the\n pqqF\n gene appears to be under the control of an independent promoter and terminator.\n

We have recently shown that the ability of some gram-negative bacteria to dissolve poorly soluble calcium phosphates (Mps+ phenotype) is the result of periplasmic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid via the quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), a component of the direct oxidation pathway. Escherichia coli K-12 derivatives synthesize apo-GDH but not the cofactor pyrroloquinoline-quinone (PQQ) essential for formation of the holoenzyme. Therefore, in the absence of exogenous PQQ, these strains do not produce gluconic acid and are Mps-. Evidence is presented to show that expression of a single 396-base Pseudomonas cepacia open reading frame (designated gabY) in E. coli JM109 (a K-12 derivative) was sufficient to induce the Mps+ phenotype and production of gluconic acid. We present the nucleotide sequence of this open reading frame which coded for a protein (GabY) with a deduced M(r) of 14,235. Coupled transcription-translation of a plasmid (pSLY4 or pGAB1) carrying gabY resulted in production of a protein with an M(r) of 14,750. Disruption of the open reading frame of gabY via site-directed mutagenesis changed the phenotype to Mps- and eliminated gluconic acid production. The deduced amino acid sequence of gabY has no apparent homology with those of previously cloned direct oxidation pathway genes but does share regions highly homologous with the histidine permease system membrane-bound protein HisQ as well as other proteins in this family. In the presence of 1 microM exogenous PQQ, both JM109(pSLY4) and JM109(pGAB1) produced 10 times as much gluconic acid as was seen with either the plasmid or exogenous PQQ alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Mt4 is a cDNA representing a phosphate-starvation-inducible gene from Medicago truncatula that is down-regulated in roots in response to inorganic phosphate (Pi) fertilization and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Split-root experiments revealed that the expression of the Mt4 gene in M. truncatula roots is down-regulated systemically by both Pi fertilization and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A comparison of Pi levels in these tissues suggested that this systemic down-regulation is not caused by Pi accumulation. Using a 30-bp region of the Mt4 gene as a probe, Pi-starvation-inducible Mt4-like genes were detected in Arabidopsis and soybean (Glycine max L.), but not in corn (Zea mays L.). Analysis of the expression of the Mt4-like Arabidopsis gene, At4, in wild-type Arabidopsis and pho1, a mutant unable to load Pi into the xylem, suggests that Pi must first be translocated to the shoot for down-regulation to occur. The data from the pho1 and split-root studies are consistent with the presence of a translocatable shoot factor responsible for mediating the systemic down-regulation of Mt4-like genes in roots.

采用盆栽控水试验,研究了3个水分处理,即田间持水量(FC)的(75±5)%、(55±5)%和(35±5)%,对丁香、黄刺梅、连翘的叶、茎、极细根(0～1 mm)、细根(1～2 mm)和粗根(>2 mm)化学计量特征的影响。结果表明: 3种灌木相同器官间氮(N)和磷(P)含量以及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均存在显著差异。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3种灌木各器官C含量总体上无显著变化;叶片N含量呈增加趋势,茎N含量逐渐下降,极细根和细根N含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势;叶片、茎P 含量呈降低趋势,极细根和细根P含量呈先增加后下降的趋势。3种灌木在干旱胁迫下叶C∶N呈降低趋势,叶和茎C∶P、N∶P均呈增加趋势。干旱胁迫对极细根C∶N和叶C∶P、N∶P影响最大,而对粗根C∶N、N∶P以及极细根C∶P的影响最小。土壤C、N含量与灌木各器官中C、N、P含量无显著相关性,但土壤P含量与叶和根系C、N、P含量均显著相关。土壤中相对缺乏的P是影响灌木器官化学计量特征的最重要因素。干旱对不同灌木不同器官化学计量的影响不同,叶和极细根的化学计量较其他器官对干旱胁迫更加敏感。干旱可能主要通过影响灌木对土壤中养分P的吸收和在不同器官中的分配,进而影响灌木不同器官的化学计量特征,尤其是与P相关的化学计量特征。

<p><em>Aims</em> The subalpine coniferous forest in eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provides a natural laboratory for studying effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Research on responses of soil nitrogen availability and microbial properties to experimental warming and nitrogen addition can provide insights into their C resource/sink function under future climates. Methods We used an infrared heater combined with nitrogen addition to determine the short-term influences of two level of air temperature (ambient and warmed) and nitrogen addition (0 and 25 g N&middot;m^&ndash;2&middot;a^&ndash;1) on soil chemical properties, available nitrogen and microbial biomass. Important findings The warming manipulation increased mean air temperature and soil temperature at 5-cm depth by 1.93 and 4.19 &deg;C, respectively, and the temperature increment was larger in summer and winter. Warming generally had no significant effects on soil pH, organic C, total N and microbial biomass, but it decreased soil ammonium nitrogen and increased nitrate nitrogen content. The warming effect was reduced with time. Nitrogen addition significantly increased available nitrogen and microbial biomass, but decreased soil pH, acidifying the soil. Compared with individually warming or adding nitrogen, the interaction of the two factors significantly increased organic C, available N and microbial biomass. Results suggest that soil nitrogen availability and microbial properties were sensitive to N status. Although soil nitrogen availability and microbial properties may adapt to temperature increase to some extent, the interaction of the warming and nitrogen addition significantly changed their response mode. Therefore, nitrogen deposition and multiple factors have interacting effects on the ecosystem and these should be further studied in this region.</p>

开展亚高山针叶林典型林地土壤有效氮和微生物特性对气候变化的响应研究, 对预测未来气候变化背景下亚高山针叶林生态系统C、N的源/汇功能具有重要意义。该文采用红外辐射加热器模拟增温结合外施氮肥的方法, 研究了川西亚高山针叶林下土壤化学特性、有效氮含量以及微生物生物量对夜间增温和施氮的短期响应。结果表明: 在模拟增温试验期间(2009年4月&ndash;2010年4月), 空气平均温度和5 cm土壤平均温度分别比对照提高了1.93和4.19 ℃, 增温幅度分别以夏季和冬季最为显著。增温对土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮和微生物生物量无显著影响。增温在试验前期降低了土壤NH₄⁺-N含量, 增加了NO₃^&ndash;-N 含量, 其影响程度随着增温时间的延长而下降。施氮显著增加了有效氮和微生物生物量氮, 降低了土壤pH值, 使土壤表现出明显的酸化现象。与单独的增温和施氮处理相比, 增温和施氮联合处理对林下土壤的有效氮和微生物特性有显著的交互作用,显著增加了土壤的有机碳、有效氮及土壤微生物生物量氮含量, 并导致土壤进一步酸化。结果说明, 川西亚高山针叶林的土壤有效氮和微生物特性对土壤氮素状况的变化反应敏感, 而林下土壤有效氮和微生物特性对单独的温度升高表现出一定的适应性, 但更对增温和施氮双因素结合处理反应敏感且表现出不同的响应方式。因此, 该区域在未来全球变化下的氮沉降状况及气候变化的多因素协同效应值得长期深入的探讨。

Microbial communities regulate many belowground carbon cycling processes; thus, the impact of climate change on the structure and function of soil microbial communities could, in turn, impact the release or storage of carbon in soils. Here we used a large-scale precipitation manipulation (+18%, -50%, or ambient) in a piñon-juniper woodland (Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma) to investigate how changes in precipitation amounts altered soil microbial communities as well as what role seasonal variation in rainfall and plant composition played in the microbial community response. Seasonal variability in precipitation had a larger role in determining the composition of soil microbial communities in 2008 than the direct effect of the experimental precipitation treatments. Bacterial and fungal communities in the dry, relatively moisture-limited premonsoon season were compositionally distinct from communities in the monsoon season, when soil moisture levels and periodicity varied more widely across treatments. Fungal abundance in the drought plots during the dry premonsoon season was particularly low and was 4.7 times greater upon soil wet-up in the monsoon season, suggesting that soil fungi were water limited in the driest plots, which may result in a decrease in fungal degradation of carbon substrates. Additionally, we found that both bacterial and fungal communities beneath piñon pine and juniper were distinct, suggesting that microbial functions beneath these trees are different. We conclude that predicting the response of microbial communities to climate change is highly dependent on seasonal dynamics, background climatic variability, and the composition of the associated aboveground community.

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential nutrients for primary producers and decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems. Although climate change affects terrestrial N cycling with important feedbacks to plant productivity and carbon sequestration, the impacts of climate change on the relative availability of N with respect to P remain highly uncertain. In a semiarid grassland in Wyoming, USA, we studied the effects of atmospheric CO(2) enrichment (to 600 ppmv) and warming (1.5/3.0°C above ambient temperature during the day/night) on plant, microbial and available soil pools of N and P. Elevated CO(2) increased P availability to plants and microbes relative to that of N, whereas warming reduced P availability relative to N. Across years and treatments, plant N : P ratios varied between 5 and 18 and were inversely related to soil moisture. Our results indicate that soil moisture is important in controlling P supply from inorganic sources, causing reduced P relative to N availability during dry periods. Both wetter soil conditions under elevated CO(2) and drier conditions with warming can further alter N : P. Although warming may alleviate N constraints under elevated CO(2), warming and drought can exacerbate P constraints on plant growth and microbial activity in this semiarid grassland.© 2012 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.

Rising atmospheric CO(2) levels are predicted to have major consequences on carbon cycling and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Increased photosynthetic activity is expected, especially for C-3 plants, thereby influencing vegetation dynamics; however, little is known about the path of fixed carbon into soil-borne communities and resulting feedbacks on ecosystem function. Here, we examine how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) act as a major conduit in the transfer of carbon between plants and soil and how elevated atmospheric CO(2) modulates the belowground translocation pathway of plant-fixed carbon. Shifts in active AMF species under elevated atmospheric CO(2) conditions are coupled to changes within active rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities. Thus, as opposed to simply increasing the activity of soil-borne microbes through enhanced rhizodeposition, elevated atmospheric CO(2) clearly evokes the emergence of distinct opportunistic plant-associated microbial communities. Analyses involving RNA-based stable isotope probing, neutral/phosphate lipid fatty acids stable isotope probing, community fingerprinting, and real-time PCR allowed us to trace plant-fixed carbon to the affected soil-borne microorganisms. Based on our data, we present a conceptual model in which plant-assimilated carbon is rapidly transferred to AMF, followed by a slower release from AMF to the bacterial and fungal populations well-adapted to the prevailing (myco-)rhizosphere conditions. This model provides a general framework for reappraising carbon-flow paths in soils, facilitating predictions of future interactions between rising atmospheric CO(2) concentrations and terrestrial ecosystems.

Soil microbial communities regulate soil carbon feedbacks to climate warming through microbial respiration (i.e., metabolic rate). A thorough understanding of the responses of composition, biomass, and metabolic rate of soil microbial community to warming is crucial to predict soil carbon stocks in a future warmer climate. Therefore, we conducted a field manipulative experiment in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau of China to evaluate the responses of the soil microbial community to increased temperature from April 2015 to December 2017. Soil temperature was 2.0°C higher relative to the ambient when open-top chambers (OTCs) were used. Warming did not affect microbial biomass or the composition of microbial functional groups. However, warming significantly decreased microbial respiration, directly resulting from soil pH decrease driven by the comediation of aboveground biomass increase, inorganic nitrogen increase, and moisture decrease. These findings highlight that the soil microbial community structure of semiarid grasslands resisted the short-term warming by 2°C, although its metabolic rate declined.© 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Plants have evolved an array of responses that adapt their growth to conditions of limited phosphate (Pi) supply. These involve biochemical and developmental changes that improve Pi acquisition and recycling, and protect against the stress of Pi starvation. The induction of these responses requires a sophisticated regulatory system that integrates information on external and internal plant Pi status and the details of this regulatory system are only just beginning to be elucidated. In this review, the current knowledge of this regulatory system is summarized, the hallmark of which is the central role of transcription factor PHR1 in the co-ordinated regulation of many phosphate-starvation-responsive genes. The role of hormonal signalling is also described, including auxins, ethylene and, particularly, cytokinins in the regulation of Pi-starvation responses.

Bacterial root endophytes reside in a vast number of plant species as part of their root microbiome, with some being shown to positively influence plant growth. Endophyte community structure (species diversity: richness and relative abundances) within the plant is dynamic and is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors such as soil conditions, biogeography, plant species, microbe-microbe interactions and plant-microbe interactions, both at local and larger scales. Plant-growth-promoting bacterial endophytes (PGPBEs) have been identified, but the predictive success at positively influencing plant growth in field conditions has been limited. Concurrent to the development of modern molecular techniques, the goal of predicting an organism's ability to promote plant growth can perhaps be realized by more thorough examination of endophyte community dynamics. This paper reviews the drivers of endophyte community structure relating to plant growth promotion, the mechanisms of plant growth promotion, and the current and future use of molecular techniques to study these communities.

Maximum crop yields require sufficient phosphorus fertilization. Only phosphate in a soluble ionic form (Pi) is effective as a mineral nutrient. Current fertilizer technology supplies the soil solution with Pi via the application of large amounts of phosphate salts. Problems with this technology include energy-intensive production processes, the need for large scale mechanical application with associated environmental consequences, and reprecipitation of the phosphate into insoluble mineral complexes. It has been estimated that in some soils up to 75% of applied phosphate fertilizer may be lost to the plant because of mineral phase reprecipitation. Many approaches, ranging from cultural practices to biological inoculants such as mycorrhizal fungi, are being employed to enhance P-use efficiency. One area that is currently under-investigated is the ability of certain types of bacteria to solubilize mineral and organic phosphates. A review of the literature in the area of bacterial phosphate solubilization confirms that this trait is displayed by a wide range of bacteria. The phosphate starvation inducible (PSI) organic phosphate-solubilizing capability of E. coli is a component of a coordinately regulated gene system: the pho regulon. It has long been known that bacteria are also capable of solubilizing mineral phosphates such as hydroxyapatite. To date there has been no systematic study of the genetics of this phenomenon. Data from my laboratory indicate that the bacterial mineral phosphate-solubilizing (MPS) trait is regulated by the external level of Pi This conclusion is supported by results obtained from several types of molecular genetic studies. It is proposed that bacteria have mineral phosphate solubilizing (mps) genes. The potential agronomic applications of bacterial mineral and organic P solubilizing systems are discussed.

PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (PHT1) genes encode phosphate (Pi) transporters that play a fundamental role in Pi acquisition and remobilization in plants. Mutation of the Arabidopsis thaliana PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER TRAFFIC FACILITATOR1 (PHF1) impairs Pi transport, resulting in the constitutive expression of many Pi starvation–induced genes, increased arsenate resistance, and reduced Pi accumulation. PHF1 expression was detected in all tissues, particularly in roots, flowers, and senescing leaves, and was induced by Pi starvation, thus mimicking the expression patterns of the whole PHT1 gene family. PHF1 was localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mutation of PHF1 resulted in ER retention and reduced accumulation of the plasma membrane PHT1;1 transporter. By contrast, the PIP2A plasma membrane protein was not mislocalized, and the secretion of Pi starvation–induced RNases was not affected in the mutant. PHF1 encodes a plant-specific protein structurally related to the SEC12 proteins of the early secretory pathway. However, PHF1 lacks most of the conserved residues in SEC12 proteins essential as guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Although it functions in early secretory trafficking, PHF1 likely evolved a novel mechanism accompanying functional specialization on Pi transporters. The identification of PHF1 reveals that plants are also endowed with accessory proteins specific for selected plasma membrane proteins, allowing their exit from the ER, and that these ER exit cofactors may have a phylum-specific origin.

Our aim was to generate and prove the concept of "smart" plants to monitor plant phosphorus (P) status in Arabidopsis. Smart plants can be genetically engineered by transformation with a construct containing the promoter of a gene up-regulated specifically by P starvation in an accessible tissue upstream of a marker gene such as beta-glucuronidase (GUS). First, using microarrays, we identified genes whose expression changed more than 2.5-fold in shoots of plants growing hydroponically when P, but not N or K, was withheld from the nutrient solution. The transient changes in gene expression occurring immediately (4 h) after P withdrawal were highly variable, and many nonspecific, shock-induced genes were up-regulated during this period. However, two common putative cis-regulatory elements (a PHO-like element and a TATA box-like element) were present significantly more often in the promoters of genes whose expression increased 4 h after the withdrawal of P compared with their general occurrence in the promoters of all genes represented on the microarray. Surprisingly, the expression of only four genes differed between shoots of P-starved and -replete plants 28 h after P was withdrawn. This lull in differential gene expression preceded the differential expression of a new group of 61 genes 100 h after withdrawing P. A literature survey indicated that the expression of many of these "late" genes responded specifically to P starvation. Shoots had reduced P after 100 h, but growth was unaffected. The expression of SQD1, a gene involved in the synthesis of sulfolipids, responded specifically to P starvation and was increased 100 h after withdrawing P. Leaves of Arabidopsis bearing a SQD1::GUS construct showed increased GUS activity after P withdrawal, which was detectable before P starvation limited growth. Hence, smart plants can monitor plant P status. Transferring this technology to crops would allow precision management of P fertilization, thereby maintaining yields while reducing costs, conserving natural resources, and preventing pollution.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plants. Plants take up P as phosphate (Pi) from the soil solution. Since little Pi is available in most soils, P fertilizers are applied to crops. However, the use of P fertilizers is unsustainable and may cause pollution. Consequently, there is a need to develop more P-use-efficient (PUE) crops and precise methods to monitor crop P-status.Manipulating the expression of genes to improve the PUE of crops could reduce their P fertilizer requirement. This has stimulated research towards the identification of genes and signalling cascades involved in plant responses to P deficiency. Genes that respond to P deficiency can be grouped into 'early' genes that respond rapidly and often non-specifically to P deficiency, or 'late' genes that impact on the morphology, physiology or metabolism of plants upon prolonged P deficiency.The use of micro-array technology has allowed researchers to catalogue the genetic responses of plants to P deficiency. Genes whose expression is altered by P deficiency include various transcription factors, which are thought to coordinate plant responses to P deficiency, and other genes involved in P acquisition and tissue P economy. Several common cis-regulatory elements have been identified in the promoters of these genes, suggesting that their expression might be coordinated. It is suggested that knowledge of the genes whose expression changes in response to P deficiency might allow the development of crops with improved PUE, and could be used in diagnostic techniques to monitor P deficiency in crops either directly using 'smart' indicator plants or indirectly through transcript profiling. The development of crops with improved PUE and the adoption of diagnostic technology could reduce production costs, minimize the use of a non-renewable resource, reduce pollution and enhance biodiversity.

Climate change scenarios forecast increased aridity in large areas worldwide with potentially important effects on nutrient availability and plant growth. Plant nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (plant [N] and [P]) have been used to assess nutrient limitation, but a comprehensive understanding of drought stress on plant [N] and [P] remains elusive. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine responses of plant [N] and [P] to drought manipulation treatments and duration of drought stress. Drought stress showed negative effects on plant [N] (-3.73%) and plant [P] (-9.18%), and a positive effect on plant N:P (+ 6.98%). Drought stress had stronger negative effects on plant [N] and [P] in the short term (< 90 d) than in the long term (> 90 d). Drought treatments that included drying-rewetting cycles showed no effect on plant [N] and [P], while constant, prolonged, or intermittent drought stress had a negative effect on plant [P]. Our results suggest that negative effects on plant [N] and [P] are alleviated with extended duration of drought treatments and with drying-rewetting cycles. Availability of water, rather than of N and P, may be the main driver for reduced plant growth with increased long-term drought stress.© 2014 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2014 New Phytologist Trust.

Climate is predicted to change over the 21st century. However, little is known about how climate change can affect soil phosphorus (P) cycle and availability in global terrestrial ecosystems, where P is a key limiting nutrient. With a global database of Hedley P fractions and key-associated physiochemical properties of 760 (seminatural) natural soils compiled from 96 published studies, this study evaluated how climate pattern affected soil P cycle and availability in global terrestrial ecosystems. Overall, soil available P, indexed by Hedley labile inorganic P fraction, significantly decreased with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP). Hypothesis-oriented path model analysis suggests that MAT negatively affected soil available P mainly by decreasing soil organic P and primary mineral P and increasing soil sand content. MAP negatively affected soil available P both directly and indirectly through decreasing soil primary mineral P; however, these negative effects were offset by the positive effects of MAP on soil organic P and fine soil particles, resulting in a relatively minor total MAP effect on soil available P. As aridity degree was mainly determined by MAP, aridity also had a relatively minor total effect on soil available P. These global patterns generally hold true irrespective of soil depth (≤10 cm or >10 cm) or site aridity index (≤1.0 or >1.0), and were also true for the low-sand (≤50%) soils. In contrast, available P of the high-sand (>50%) soils was positively affected by MAT and aridity and negatively affected by MAP. Our results suggest that temperature and precipitation have contrasting effects on soil P availability and can interact with soil particle size to control soil P availability.© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Increasing attention is being focused on the influence of rapid increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration on nutrient cycling in ecosystems. An understanding of how elevated CO2 affects plant utilization and acquisition of phosphorus (P) will be critical for P management to maintain ecosystem sustainability in P-deficient regions.This review focuses on the impact of elevated CO2 on plant P demand, utilization in plants and P acquisition from soil. Several knowledge gaps on elevated CO2-P associations are highlighted.Significant increases in P demand by plants are likely to happen under elevated CO2 due to the stimulation of photosynthesis, and subsequent growth responses. Elevated CO2 alters P acquisition through changes in root morphology and increases in rooting depth. Moreover, the quantity and composition of root exudates are likely to change under elevated CO2, due to the changes in carbon fluxes along the glycolytic pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. As a consequence, these root exudates may lead to P mobilization by the chelation of P from sparingly soluble P complexes, by the alteration of the biochemical environment and by changes to microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Future research on chemical, molecular, microbiological and physiological aspects is needed to improve understanding of how elevated CO2 might affect the use and acquisition of P by plants.© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Interactions between aboveground and belowground biota have the potential to modify ecosystem responses to climate change, yet little is known about how drought influences plant-soil feedbacks with respect to microbial mediation of plant community dynamics. We tested the hypothesis that drought modifies plant-soil feedback with consequences for plant competition. We measured net pairwise plant-soil feedbacks for two grassland plant species grown in monoculture and competition in soils that had or had not been subjected to a previous drought; these were then exposed to a subsequent drought. To investigate the mechanisms involved, we assessed treatment responses of soil microbial communities and nutrient availability. We found that previous drought had a legacy effect on bacterial and fungal community composition that decreased plant growth in conspecific soils and had knock-on effects for plant competitive interactions. Moreover, plant and microbial responses to subsequent drought were dependent on a legacy effect of the previous drought on plant-soil interactions. We show that drought has lasting effects on belowground communities with consequences for plant-soil feedbacks and plant-plant interactions. This suggests that drought, which is predicted to increase in frequency with climate change, may change soil functioning and plant community composition via the modification of plant-soil feedbacks.© 2017 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2017 New Phytologist Trust.

With sandy culture, the difference of the root morphology, assimilation product distribution, mineral nutrient absorption and energy requirement of anion absorption were investigated among the low phosphorus tolerant rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Dld and Ltz3) and the low phosphorus sensitive cu

以耐低磷品种大粒稻、莲塘早3号和低磷敏感品种沪占七、新三百粒为材料，采用砂培，测定常磷（10 mg/L）和低磷（0.5 mg/L）两个磷水平下，根系形态、同化物分配、矿质元素吸收、离子吸收耗能的品种差异。实验结果表明，低磷胁迫下，耐低磷品种的总根数、总根长、总根表面积、侧根长、侧根数及侧根密度均明显增加，而低磷敏感

Escherichia coli is capable of synthesizing the apo-glucose dehydrogenase enzyme (GDH) but not the cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), which is essential for formation of the holoenzyme. Therefore, in the absence of exogenous PQQ, E. coli does not produce gluconic acid. Evidence is presented to show that the expression of an Erwinia herbicola gene in E. coli HB101(pMCG898) resulted in the production of gluconic acid, which, in turn, implied PQQ biosynthesis. Transposon mutagenesis showed that the essential gene or locus was within a 1.8-kb region of a 4.5-kb insert of the plasmid pMCG898. This 1.8-kb region contained only one apparent open reading frame. In this paper, we present the nucleotide sequence of this open reading frame, a 1,134-bp DNA fragment coding for a protein with an M(r) of 42,160. The deduced sequence of this protein had a high degree of homology with that of gene III (M(r), 43,600) of a PQQ synthase gene complex from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus previously identified by Goosen et al. (J. Bacteriol. 171:447-455, 1989). In minicell analysis, pMCG898 encoded a protein with an M(r) of 41,000. These data indicate that E. coli HB101(pMCG898) produced the GDH-PQQ holoenzyme, which, in turn, catalyzed the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid in the periplasmic space. As a result of the gluconic acid production, E. coli HB101(pMCG898) showed an enhanced mineral phosphate-solubilizing phenotype due to acid dissolution of the hydroxyapatite substrate.

本研究以大豆为材料,采用盆栽和田间试验,探讨丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对豆科作物生长的影响。盆栽试验设置了接种(+AMF)和不接种(-AMF)丛枝菌根真菌处理,田间试验设置了AMF菌丝非限制与限制处理。盆栽试验结果表明: 接种AMF显著提高了大豆地上部生物量(16.5%)和大豆根瘤数(131.4%),地上部磷含量、磷吸收量、氮含量和氮吸收量也显著增加。田间试验中,AMF菌丝非限制处理下大豆的地上部生物量、根系生物量、根瘤数量分别比限制处理下显著提高了123.6%、61.5%和212.5%,地上部和根系磷吸收量、氮含量、氮吸收量均显著高于限制处理,大豆根际土壤速效氮和有效磷含量也均显著高于限制处理。本研究可为进一步认识豆科作物与AMF的共生关系及田间磷肥高效利用提供理论参考。

The pH of the culture medium directly influences the growth of microorganisms and the chemical processes that they perform. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the initial pH of the culture medium on the production of 11 low-molecular-weight organic acids and on the solubilization of calcium phosphate by bacteria in growth medium (NBRIP). The following strains isolated from cowpea nodules were studied: UFLA03-08 (Rhizobium tropici), UFLA03-09 (Acinetobacter sp.), UFLA03-10 (Paenibacillus kribbensis), UFLA03-106 (Paenibacillus kribbensis) and UFLA03-116 (Paenibacillus sp.). The strains UFLA03-08, UFLA03-09, UFLA03-10 and UFLA03-106 solubilized Ca3(PO4)2 in liquid medium regardless of the initial pH, although without a significant difference between the treatments. The production of organic acids by these strains was assessed for all of the initial pH values investigated, and differences between the treatments were observed. Strains UFLA03-09 and UFLA03-10 produced the same acids at different initial pH values in the culture medium. There was no correlation between phosphorus solubilized from Ca3(PO4)2 in NBRIP liquid medium and the concentration of total organic acids at the different initial pH values. Therefore, the initial pH of the culture medium influences the production of organic acids by the strains UFLA03-08, UFLA03-09, UFLA03-10 and UFLA03-106 but it does not affect calcium phosphate solubilization.

The changes in root system architecture (RSA) triggered by phosphate (P) deprivation were studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants grown for 14 d on 1 mm or 3 μm P. Two different temporal phases were observed in the response of RSA to low P. First, lateral root (LR) development was promoted between days 7 and 11 after germination, but, after day 11, all root growth parameters were negatively affected, leading to a general reduction of primary root (PR) and LR lengths and of LR density. Low P availability had contrasting effects on various stages of LR development, with a marked inhibition of primordia initiation but a strong stimulation of activation of the initiated primordia. The involvement of auxin signaling in these morphological changes was investigated in wild-type plants treated with indole-3-acetic acid or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and in axr4-1, aux1-7, and eir1-1 mutants. Most effects of low P on RSA were dramatically modified in the mutants or hormone-treated wild-type plants. This shows that auxin plays a major role in the P starvation-induced changes of root development. From these data, we hypothesize that several aspects of the RSA response to low P are triggered by local modifications of auxin concentration. A model is proposed that postulates that P starvation results in (1) an overaccumulation of auxin in the apex of the PR and in young LRs, (2) an overaccumulation of auxin or a change in sensitivity to auxin in the lateral primordia, and (3) a decrease in auxin concentration in the lateral primordia initiation zone of the PR and in old laterals. Measurements of local changes in auxin concentrations induced by low P, either by direct quantification or by biosensor expression pattern (DR5::β-glucuronidase reporter gene), are in line with these hypotheses. Furthermore, the observation that low P availability mimicked the action of auxin in promoting LR development in the alf3 mutant confirmed that P starvation stimulates primordia emergence through increased accumulation of auxin or change in sensitivity to auxin in the primordia. Both the strong effect of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and the phenotype of the auxin-transport mutants (aux1, eir1) suggest that low P availability modifies local auxin concentrations within the root system through changes in auxin transport rather than auxin synthesis.

Altered precipitation patterns resulting from climate change will have particularly significant consequences in water-limited ecosystems, such as arid to semi-arid ecosystems, where discontinuous inputs of water control biological processes. Given that these ecosystems cover more than a third of Earth's terrestrial surface, it is important to understand how they respond to such alterations. Altered water availability may impact both aboveground and belowground communities and the interactions between these, with potential impacts on ecosystem functioning; however, most studies to date have focused exclusively on vegetation responses to altered precipitation regimes. To synthesize our understanding of potential climate change impacts on dryland ecosystems, we present here a review of current literature that reports the effects of precipitation events and altered precipitation regimes on belowground biota and biogeochemical cycling. Increased precipitation generally increases microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial ratio. Few studies report responses to reduced precipitation but the effects likely counter those of increased precipitation. Altered precipitation regimes have also been found to alter microbial community composition but broader generalizations are difficult to make. Changes in event size and frequency influences invertebrate activity and density with cascading impacts on the soil food web, which will likely impact carbon and nutrient pools. The long-term implications for biogeochemical cycling are inconclusive but several studies suggest that increased aridity may cause decoupling of carbon and nutrient cycling. We propose a new conceptual framework that incorporates hierarchical biotic responses to individual precipitation events more explicitly, including moderation of microbial activity and biomass by invertebrate grazing, and use this framework to make some predictions on impacts of altered precipitation regimes in terms of event size and frequency as well as mean annual precipitation. While our understanding of dryland ecosystems is improving, there is still a great need for longer term in situ manipulations of precipitation regime to test our model. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition dramatically raised in recent decades, resulting in increases of soil N availability and N/P ratio, which would impact plant growth and P efficiency under low P stress. Taking breeding population of Pinus massoniana as test materials, a pot experiment was conducted to simulate two P conditions, i. e., homogeneous low P availability vs. heterogeneous low P among soil layers, in combination with two N deposition levels on growth traits and P absorption and utilization efficiency of P. massoniana. Under the homogeneous low phosphorus condition, growth traits and P efficiency of P. massoniana were not significantly improved by simulated nitrogen deposition, but significant nitrogen x family interaction effect was detected, with the biomass of family 40x44 and 71x20 being increased, 36x29 and 73x23 being decreased. Under the heterogeneous low P condition, significant N effects on the seedling height, biomass and P absorption efficiency were observed, due to promoted root length and root distribution ratio of topsoil. In addition, the effects of simulated N deposition on growth and P efficiency of P. massoniana were relevant to the N/P ratio. Under the homogeneous low P condition, the N/P ratio of P. massoniana plant was 13.8, plants exhibited a low sensitivity to simulated N deposition, root secreted APase activity was increased but the plant growth was not promoted. In comparison, the plant N/P ratio was 9.7 under the heterogeneous low P condition, and the plant growth and P efficiency were significantly promoted, while no obvious change occurred in root secreted APase activity.

近年来大气N沉降日趋严重，导致森林土壤有效N含量增加，N/P发生改变，将会影响低P胁迫下林木的生长发育和P效率.本文以马尾松家系为研究对象，设置模拟N沉降与同质低P(介质表层与深层均缺P)、异质低P(介质表层P丰富、深层缺P)耦合的盆栽试验，研究N沉降对马尾松生长性状以及P吸收和利用效率的影响.结果表明： 同质低P下，模拟N沉降对马尾松生长性状和P效率影响较小，但存在显著的N&times;家系互作效应，家系40&times;44和71&times;20在N沉降后生物量增加，家系36&times;29和73&times;23生物量降低；异质低P下，模拟N沉降显著增加了马尾松苗高、生物量以及P吸收效率等，其原因是促进了根系生长和表层土壤中根系分布比例的增加.不同P环境下模拟N沉降对马尾松生长的影响，还与植株N/P有关.同质低P环境下，马尾松植株N/P为13.8，植株对N敏感性低,酸性磷酸酶活性增加，但未改善马尾松生长状况.在异质低P环境中，植株N/P为9.7，模拟N沉降显著增加了苗木生物量和P吸收效率，但未显著改变酸性磷酸酶活性.&nbsp;

Plants naturally cycle amino acids across root cell plasma membranes, and any net efflux is termed exudation. The dominant ecological view is that microorganisms and roots passively compete for amino acids in the soil solution, yet the innate capacity of roots to recover amino acids present in ecologically relevant concentrations is unknown. We find that, in the absence of culturable microorganisms, the influx rates of 16 amino acids (each supplied at 2.5 microm) exceed efflux rates by 5% to 545% in roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Medicago truncatula, maize (Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Several microbial products, which are produced by common soil microorganisms such as Pseudomonas bacteria and Fusarium fungi, significantly enhanced the net efflux (i.e. exudation) of amino acids from roots of these four plant species. In alfalfa, treating roots with 200 microm phenazine, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, or zearalenone increased total net efflux of 16 amino acids 200% to 2,600% in 3 h. Data from (15)N tests suggest that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol blocks amino acid uptake, whereas zearalenone enhances efflux. Thus, amino acid exudation under normal conditions is a phenomenon that probably reflects both active manipulation and passive uptake by microorganisms, as well as diffusion and adsorption to soil, all of which help overcome the innate capacity of plant roots to reabsorb amino acids. The importance of identifying potential enhancers of root exudation lies in understanding that such compounds may represent regulatory linkages between the larger soil food web and the internal carbon metabolism of the plant.

Globally, phosphorus (P) limits productivity of trees in many forests and plantations especially in highly weathered, acidic or calcareous profiles. Most trees form mycorrhizal associations which are prevalent in the organic and mineral soil horizons. This review critically examines mechanisms that enhance the acquisition of P by tree roots. Mycorrhizal roots have a greater capacity to take up phosphate (Pi) from the soil solution than non-mycorrhizal root tips. Factors that contribute to this include the extent of extraradical hyphal penetration of soil and the physiology and biochemistry of the fungal/soil and fungal/plant interfaces. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees are likely to benefit from association with basidiomycetes that possess several high-affinity Pi transporters that are expressed in extraradical hyphae and whose expression is enhanced by P deficiency. To understand fully the role of these putative transporters in the symbiosis, data regarding their localization, Pi transport capacities and regulation are required. Some ECM fungi are able to effect release of Pi from insoluble mineral P through excretion of low-molecular-weight organic anions such as oxalate, but the relative contribution of insoluble P dissolution in situ remains to be quantified. How the production of oxalate is regulated by nitrogen remains a key question to be answered. Lastly, phosphatase release from mycorrhizas is likely to play a significant role in the acquisition of Pi from labile organic forms of P (Po). As labile forms of Po can constitute the major fraction of the total P in some tropical and temperate soils, a greater understanding of the forms of Po available to the phosphatases is warranted.

Phosphorus is one of the major plant nutrients that is least available in the soil. Consequently, plants have developed numerous morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations to acquire phosphate (Pi). Enhanced ability to acquire Pi and altered gene expression are the hallmarks of plant adaptation to Pi deficiency. The intricate mechanisms involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis reflect the complexity of Pi acquisition and translocation in plants. Recent discoveries of multiple Pi transporters have opened up opportunities to study the molecular basis of Pi acquisition by plants. An increasing number of genes are now known to be activated under Pi starvation. Some of these genes may be involved in Pi acquisition, transfer, and signal transduction during Pi stress. This review provides an overview of plant adaptations leading to enhanced Pi acquisition, with special emphasis on recent developments in the molecular biology of Pi acquisition.

Content Summary 1420 I. Introduction 1421 II. Root adaptations that influence P acquisition 1422 III. Costs of P acquisition: general 1423 IV. Costs of P acquisition that are independent of soil P concentrations 1423 V. Costs of P acquisition that increase as soil P concentrations decline 1424 VI. Discussion and conclusions 1424 Acknowledgements 1425 References 1425 SUMMARY: We compare carbon (and hence energy) costs of the different modes of phosphorus (P) acquisition by vascular land plants. Phosphorus-acquisition modes are considered to be mechanisms of plants together with their root symbionts and structures such as cluster roots involved in mobilising or absorbing P. Phosphorus sources considered are soluble and insoluble inorganic and organic pools. Costs include operating the P-acquisition mechanisms, and resource requirements to construct and maintain them. For most modes, costs increase as the relevant soil P concentration declines. Costs can thus be divided into a component incurred irrespective of soil P concentration, and a component describing how quickly costs increase as the soil P concentration declines. Differences in sensitivity of costs to soil P concentration arise mainly from how economically mycorrhizal fungal hyphae or roots that explore the soil volume are constructed, and from costs of exudates that hydrolyse or mobilise insoluble P forms. In general, modes of acquisition requiring least carbon at high soil P concentrations experience a steeper increase in costs as soil P concentrations decline. The relationships between costs and concentrations suggest some reasons why different modes coexist, and why the mixture of acquisition modes differs between sites.© 2018 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2018 New Phytologist Trust.

Although much is known about how trees and their associated microbes influence nitrogen cycling in temperate forest soils, less is known about biotic controls over phosphorus (P) cycling. Given that mycorrhizal fungi are instrumental for P acquisition and that the two dominant associations - arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi - possess different strategies for acquiring P, we hypothesized that P cycling would differ in stands dominated by trees associated with AM vs ECM fungi. We quantified soil solution P, microbial biomass P, and sequentially extracted inorganic and organic P pools from May to November in plots dominated by trees forming either AM or ECM associations in south-central Indiana, USA. Overall, fungal communities in AM and ECM plots were functionally different and soils exhibited fundamental differences in P cycling. Organic forms of P were more available in ECM plots than in AM plots. Yet inorganic P decreased and organic P accumulated over the growing season in both ECM and AM plots, resulting in increasingly P-limited microbial biomass. Collectively, our results suggest that P cycling in hardwood forests is strongly influenced by biotic processes in soil and that these are driven by plant-associated fungal communities. © 2015 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2015 New Phytologist Trust.

Plants have evolved a number of adaptive responses to cope with growth in conditions of limited phosphate (Pi) supply involving biochemical, metabolic, and developmental changes. We prepared an EMS-mutagenized M2 population of an Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic line harboring a reporter gene specifically responsive to Pi starvation (AtIPS1∷GUS), and screened for mutants altered in Pi starvation regulation. One of the mutants,phr1 (phosphate starvation response 1), displayed reduced response of AtIPS1∷GUS to Pi starvation, and also had a broad range of Pi starvation responses impaired, including the responsiveness of various other Pi starvation-induced genes and metabolic responses, such as the increase in anthocyanin accumulation. PHR1 was positionally cloned and shown be related to the PHOSPHORUS STARVATION RESPONSE 1(PSR1) gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A GFP∷PHR1 protein fusion was localized in the nucleus independently of Pi status, as is the case for PSR1. PHR1 is expressed in Pi sufficient conditions and, in contrast to PSR1, is only weakly responsive to Pi starvation. PHR1, PSR1, and other members of the protein family share a MYB domain and a predicted coiled–coil (CC) domain, defining a subtype within the MYB superfamily, the MYB–CC family. Therefore, PHR1 was found to bind as a dimer to an imperfect palindromic sequence. PHR1-binding sequences are present in the promoter of Pi starvation-responsive structural genes, indicating that this protein acts downstream in the Pi starvation signaling pathway.

The tolerance of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Romana) to drought stress differed with the arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal isolate with which the plants were associated. Seven fungal species belonging to the genus Glomus were studied for their ability to enhance the drought tolerance of lettuce plants. These fungi had different traits that affected the drought resistance of host plants. The ranking of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungal effects on drought tolerance, based on the relative decreases in shoot dry weight, was as follows: Glomus deserticola > Glomus fasciculatum > Glomus mosseae > Glomus etunicatum > Glomus intraradices > Glomus caledonium > Glomus occultum. In this comparative study specific mycorrhizal fungi had consistent effects on plant growth, mineral uptake, the CO(inf2) exchange rate, water use efficiency, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency, and proline accumulation under either well-watered or drought-stressed conditions. The ability of the isolates to maintain plant growth effectively under water stress conditions was related to higher transpiration rates, levels of leaf conductance, and proline, N, and P contents. Differences in proline accumulation in leaves among the fungal symbioses suggested that the fungi were able to induce different degrees of osmotic adjustment. The detrimental effects of drought were not related to decreases in photosynthesis or water use efficiency. Neither of these parameters was related to P nutrition. The differences in P and K acquisition, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were related to the mycorrhizal efficiencies of the different fungi. Our observations revealed the propensities of different Glomus species to assert their protective effects during plant water stress. The greater effectiveness of G. deserticola in improving water deficit tolerance was associated with the lowest level of growth reduction (9%) under stress conditions. The growth of plants colonized by G. occultum was reduced by 70% after a progressive drought stress period. In general, the different protective effects of the mycorrhizal isolates were not associated with colonizing ability. Nevertheless, G. deserticola was the most efficient fungus and exhibited the highest levels of mycorrhizal colonization, as well as the greatest stimulation of physiological parameters.

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient in plant growth. The ability of a plant to supply all or part of its requirements from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) thanks to interactions with endosymbiotic, associative and endophytic symbionts, confers a great competitive advantage over non-nitrogen-fixing plants.Because BNF in legumes is well documented, this review focuses on BNF in non-legume plants. Despite the phylogenic and ecological diversity among diazotrophic bacteria and their hosts, tightly regulated communication is always necessary between the microorganisms and the host plant to achieve a successful interaction. Ongoing research efforts to improve knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying these original relationships and some common strategies leading to a successful relationship between the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and their hosts are presented.Understanding the molecular mechanism of BNF outside the legume-rhizobium symbiosis could have important agronomic implications and enable the use of N-fertilizers to be reduced or even avoided. Indeed, in the short term, improved understanding could lead to more sustainable exploitation of the biodiversity of nitrogen-fixing organisms and, in the longer term, to the transfer of endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixation capacities to major non-legume crops.

To secure phosphorus (P) from soil, most land plants use a direct phosphate uptake pathway via root hairs and epidermis and an indirect phosphate uptake pathway via mycorrhizal symbiosis. The interaction between these two pathways is unclear. Here, we mapped a network between transcription factors and mycorrhizal symbiosis-related genes using Y1H. Intriguingly, this gene regulatory network is governed by the conserved P-sensing pathway, centered on phosphate starvation response (PHR) transcription factors. PHRs are required for mycorrhizal symbiosis and regulate symbiosis-related genes via the P1BS motif. SPX-domain proteins suppress OsPHR2-mediated induction of symbiosis-related genes and inhibit mycorrhizal infection. In contrast, plants overexpressing OsPHR2 show improved mycorrhizal infection and are partially resistant to P-mediated inhibition of symbiosis. Functional analyses of network nodes revealed co-regulation of hormonal signaling and mycorrhizal symbiosis. This network deciphers extensive regulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis by endogenous and exogenous signals and highlights co-option of the P-sensing pathway for mycorrhizal symbiosis.Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The difference between indeterminate and determinate growth in plants consists of the presence or absence of an active meristem in the fully developed organ. Determinate root growth implies that the root apical meristem (RAM) becomes exhausted. As a consequence, all cells in the root tip differentiate. This type of growth is widely found in roots of many angiosperm taxa and might have evolved as a developmental adaptation to water deficit (in desert Cactaceae), or low mineral content in the soil (proteoid roots in various taxa).This review considers the mechanisms of determinate root growth to better understand how the RAM is maintained, how it functions, and the cellular and genetic bases of these processes. The role of the quiescent centre in RAM maintenance and exhaustion will be analysed. During root ageing, the RAM becomes smaller and its organization changes; however, it remains unknown whether every root is truly determinate in the sense that its RAM becomes exhausted before senescence. We define two types of determinate growth: constitutive where determinacy is a natural part of root development; and non-constitutive where determinacy is induced usually by an environmental factor. Determinate root growth is proposed to include two phases: the indeterminate growth phase, when the RAM continuously produces new cells; and the termination growth phase, when cell production gradually decreases and eventually ceases. Finally, new concepts regarding stem cells and a stem cell niche are discussed to help comprehend how the meristem is maintained in a broad taxonomic context.

溶磷微生物可使土壤中难溶性或不溶性磷转化成易于被植物吸收利用的磷，从而提高土壤供磷水平，此过程是农田磷源可再生利用的有效途径之一。对溶磷微生物的种类、在土壤中的生态分布特征、溶磷机制、对植物的促生作用及其机制进行了综述，并根据目前溶磷微生物的利用现状，对今后该领域的研究方向进行了展望。

为开发新型、安全及高效的解磷菌肥,从农田中分离筛选出多株菌,通过解磷能力验证,最终选出解磷能力最强的X-P18菌株,经16S rDNA分析鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌。同时,通过优化X-P18菌株液体发酵培养条件并测定发酵液中小分子有机酸种类,初步探究菌株的解磷机理。将该解磷菌施用于黑叶葵扇白菜盆栽,并对小白菜的基本指标进行分析。结果表明,X-P18菌株在无机磷液体培养基中,溶磷量为495.4 mg/L,具有分泌乙酸及其他少量小分子有机酸的特性。培养基初始接种量为1%、pH8.0、碳源为甘露糖、氮源为硫酸铵、培养温度为30℃时,X-P18菌株的解磷能力最佳,溶磷量为582.4 mg/L,比优化前高出17.6%。在X-P18菌剂添加量为2&#x000D7;10⁹CFU/盆时,对黑叶葵扇白菜的促生效果最明显,鲜重增加65.5%,叶片全磷含量增加46.9%。

Metabolism depends on inorganic phosphate (P(i)) as reactant, allosteric effector and regulatory moiety in covalent protein modification. To cope with P(i) shortage (a common situation in many ecosystems), plants activate a set of adaptive responses to enhance P(i) recycling and acquisition by reprogramming metabolism and restructuring root system architecture. The physiology of P(i) starvation responses has become well understood, and so current research focuses on the initial molecular events that sense, transmit and integrate information about external and internal P(i) status. Recent studies have provided evidence for P(i) as a signaling molecule and initial insight into the coordination of P(i) deficiency responses at the cellular and molecular level.

Plant root systems colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have previously been shown to influence soil bacterial populations; however, the direct influence of the AM extraradical mycelium itself on bacterial growth and community composition is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of exudates produced by AM extraradical mycelia on the growth and development of an extracted soil bacterial community in vitro. The chemical composition of the mycelial exudates was analysed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Following the addition of exudates to a bacterial community extracted from soil, bacterial growth and vitality were determined using a bacterial vitality stain and fluorescence microscopy. Changes in community composition were also analysed at various times over the course of 3 days by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, in combination with cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Mycelial exudates increased bacterial growth and vitality and changed bacterial community composition. Several Gammaproteobacteria, including a taxon within the Enterobacteriaceae, increased in frequency of occurrence in response to AM mycelial exudates. This study is the first attempt to identify carbohydrates from the extraradical mycelium of an AM fungus, and demonstrates the direct effects of mycelial exudates on a soil bacterial community.

Phosphorus (P) is limiting for crop yield on > 30% of the world's arable land and, by some estimates, world resources of inexpensive P may be depleted by 2050. Improvement of P acquisition and use by plants is critical for economic, humanitarian and environmental reasons. Plants have evolved a diverse array of strategies to obtain adequate P under limiting conditions, including modifications to root architecture, carbon metabolism and membrane structure, exudation of low molecular weight organic acids, protons and enzymes, and enhanced expression of the numerous genes involved in low-P adaptation. These adaptations may be less pronounced in mycorrhizal-associated plants. The formation of cluster roots under P-stress by the nonmycorrhizal species white lupin (Lupinus albus), and the accompanying biochemical changes exemplify many of the plant adaptations that enhance P acquisition and use. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of white lupin and other species response to P-deficiency have identified targets that may be useful for plant improvement. Genomic approaches involving identification of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) found under low-P stress may also yield target sites for plant improvement. Interdisciplinary studies uniting plant breeding, biochemistry, soil science, and genetics under the large umbrella of genomics are prerequisite for rapid progress in improving nutrient acquisition and use in plants. Contents I. Introduction 424 II. The phosphorus conundrum 424 III. Adaptations to low P 424 IV. Uptake of P 424 V. P deficiency alters root development and function 426 VI. P deficiency modifies carbon metabolism 431 VII. Acid phosphatase 436 VIII. Genetic regulation of P responsive genes 437 IX. Improving P acquisition 439 X. Synopsis 440.

Mineral nutrient deficiencies constitute major limitations for plant growth on agricultural soils around the world. To identify genes that possibly play roles in plant mineral nutrition, we recently generated a high-density array consisting of 1,280 genes from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) roots for expression profiling in nitrogen (N) nutrition. In the current study, we used the same array to search for genes induced by phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), and iron (Fe) deficiencies. RNA gel-blot analysis was conducted to study the time-dependent kinetics for expression of these genes in response to withholding P, K, or Fe. Genes previously not associated with P, K, and Fe nutrition were identified, such as transcription factor, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, MAP kinase kinase, and 14-3-3 proteins. Many of these genes were induced within 1 h after withholding the specific nutrient from roots of intact plants; thus, RNA gel-blot analysis was repeated for specific genes (transcription factor and MAP kinase) in roots of decapitated plants to investigate the tissue-specific location of the signal triggering gene induction. Both genes were induced just as rapidly in decapitated plants, suggesting that the rapid response to the absence of P, K, or Fe in the root-bathing medium is triggered either by a root-localized signal or because of root sensing of the mineral environment surrounding the roots. We also show that expression of Pi, K, and Fe transporter genes were up-regulated by all three treatments, suggesting coordination and coregulation of the uptake of these three essential mineral nutrients.

Bacteria isolated from proteoid roots and non-proteoid lateral roots of Telopea speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br. seedlings were able to acidify the medium and solubilize calcium phosphates when grown in culture in the presence of ammonium salts and an appropriate carbon source. In general this activity was not detected when NO was substituted for NH, and it is proposed that protons were secreted in exchange for ammonium ions. Cation exchange between these protons and calcium in the medium is a possible cause of the calcium phosphate solubilizing activity. The relevance of these data to phosphate-solubilizing activity in natural environments is discussed.

Arabidopsis genome expression pattern changes in response to phosphate (Pi) starvation were examined during a 3-d period after removal of Pi from the growth medium. Available Pi concentration was decreased after the first 24 h of Pi starvation in roots by about 22%, followed by a slow recovery during the 2nd and 3rd d after Pi starvation, but no significant change was observed in leaves within the 3 d of Pi starvation. Microarray analysis revealed that more than 1,800 of the 6,172 genes present in the array were regulated by 2-fold or more within 72 h from the onset of Pi starvation. Analysis of these Pi starvation-responsive genes shows that they belong to wide range of functional categories. Many genes for photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation were down-regulated. A complex set of metabolic adaptations appears to occur during Pi starvation. More than 100 genes each for transcription factors and cell-signaling proteins were regulated in response to Pi starvation, implying major regulatory changes in cellular growth and development. A significant fraction of those regulatory genes exhibited distinct or even contrasting expression in leaves and roots in response to Pi starvation, supporting the idea that distinct Pi starvation response strategies are used for different plant organs in response to a shortage of Pi in the growth medium.

荒漠生态系统环境的复杂性及其高度的空间异质性是土壤碳储量估算结果不确定性的重要因素。通过调查取样和室内分析, 研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘10种主要荒漠草地群落各土壤层(0-5、5-10、10-20、20-30、30-50、50-70和70-100 cm土层)的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、垂直分布特征和影响因素, 以及0-5、0-20、0-50和0-100 cm土层剖面的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)。结果显示, 灌木群落是SOC含量的重要影响因素, 各土层SOC含量在10种群落间均存在显著差异。从土壤表层到深层, SOC含量主要表现为由高至低和先升高后降低两种特征。SOC含量与黏粉粒含量、全氮(N)、全磷(P)和电导率呈显著的正相关关系, 与砂粒含量呈显著的负相关关系。各群落之间, 0-5、0-20、0-50和0-100 cm土层剖面的SOCD均存在显著差异, 其平均值分别为0.118、0.478、1.159和1.936 kg·m ^-2。这一结果低于全球和全国草地SOCD的平均值, 利用全国数据或该研究的平均值可能会高估或低估区域土壤有机碳储量, 因此利用不同群落的SOCD能增加荒漠地区土壤有机碳储量估算的确定性。

We carried out an experiment including nitrogen addition (N, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1), phosphorus addition (P, 25 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1) and both nitrogen and phosphorus addition (NP, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1+25 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1) in a natural Korean pine broad-leaved mixed forest on Changbai Mountain to examine the effects of single and combined N and P additions on soil microbial community composition and amino sugar. The results showed that N and P addition significantly reduced total microbial biomass by 19.5% and 24.6% in the organic layer of soil, while P addition significantly reduced the biomass of bacteria and fungi by 23.8% and 19.3%, respectively. In the mineral layer, N, P and NP addition significantly increased total microbial biomass by 94.8%, 230.9%, and 115.0% respectively, while the biomass of bacteria and fungi were significantly increased under all the treatments. The fungi to bacteria ratio (F/B) was significantly increased in the organic layer by N addition, while was decreased in the mineral layer soil by NP addition. The Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria ratio showed positive response to N, P and NP addition. Soil amino sugars responded differently to different treatments. N, P and NP addition significantly decreased glucosamine content by 41.3%, 48.8% and 36.4% in the organic layer, while N and NP addition increased muramic acid content by 43.0% and 71.1%, respectively. The contents of glucosamine and muramic acid in the mineral layer did not change significantly in response to N addition but increased significantly in response to both P addition and NP addition. The glucosamine to muramic acid ratio in the organic layer significantly decreased under fertilization treatments, indicating that N and P addition increased the relative contribution of bacteria to soil organic carbon accumulation. The changes in soil amino sugar contents were closely related to the change in microbial community composition after N and P addition, both of which were affected by changes in soil chemical properties.

在长白山阔叶红松林中设置氮添加(N,50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、磷添加(P,25 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1)和氮磷添加(NP,50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1+25 kg P·hm^-2·a^-1)试验,分析氮磷添加对有机层和矿质层土壤微生物群落组成和氨基糖的影响。结果表明: 在有机层土壤中,N、P添加使总微生物生物量显著降低19.5%和24.6%,P添加还使细菌和真菌生物量分别显著降低23.8%和19.3%;在矿质层土壤中,N、P和NP添加使总微生物生物量显著增加94.8%、230.9%和115.0%,细菌和真菌生物量在施肥处理下显著增加。N添加下有机层土壤真菌与细菌生物量比值(F/B)显著增大,而NP添加使矿质层土壤F/B显著减小。革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌比对N、P和NP添加有显著正响应。土壤氨基糖对不同处理的响应不同。在有机层土壤中,N、P和NP添加使氨基葡萄糖含量分别减少41.3%、48.8%和36.4%,而N和NP添加分别使胞壁酸含量显著增加43.0%和71.1%;在矿质层土壤中,氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸含量在N添加下无显著变化,而在P和NP添加下显著增加。在施肥处理下,有机层土壤中氨基葡萄糖与胞壁酸比值显著减小,表明N、P添加增加了细菌对土壤有机碳积累的相对贡献。N、P添加后土壤氨基糖含量的变化与微生物群落组成的变化密切相关,且二者均受到土壤化学性质变化的影响。

植物根际过程与调控机理研究已成为当前土壤学最活跃、最敏感的研究领域, 而根系分泌物作为根系-土壤-微生物界面物质能量交换和信息传递的重要媒介物质, 是构成根际微生态系统活力与功能特征的内在驱动因素, 是根际概念与根际过程存在的重要前提和基础。然而, 由于传统的根际过程研究更强调以实际生产问题为导向, 加之农作物生长周期较短、操作便利等诸多因素, 以往对植物根系分泌物研究主要聚焦在农业生态系统, 而有关根系分泌物在森林生态系统中的重要作用与调控机理研究甚少, 认识相对零散和片段化。基于此, 该文结合作者实际研究工作中的主要成果和该领域国际前沿动态, 综述了森林根系分泌物的生态重要性, 重点论述了目前森林根系分泌物生态学研究中存在的主要问题与不足, 在此基础上展望了未来森林根系分泌物生态学研究中值得关注的重点方向和研究内容。

为研究气候变化是否影响植物-真菌共生关系及植物的吸收功能，本试验以青藏草原优势植物垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）和草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）为研究对象，选取管柄囊霉属（Funneliformis）丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrizal fungi，AMF）进行室内控制试验。结果表明：增温促进了AMF和植物的共生，接种AMF及短期增温增雨互作对植物吸收氮磷功能的影响并不一致。对垂穗披碱草而言，增温增雨对其生长的土壤pH、全氮和有效磷含量均无显著影响，增雨促进了植物磷吸收（PPPPP<0.05）。

An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can cooperate with other soil microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, which develop near or on the surface of the extraradical hyphae where they perform multiple functions. However, the mechanisms involved in this privileged relationship are still poorly known. In the present study, we investigated how the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 43194 influences the three pace-making enzymes (i.e., citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase) of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Rahnella aquatilis HX2. The study was conducted under strict in vitro culture conditions and analysis made at the transcriptional level. Results showed that R. irregularis induced the expression of the gene-encoding citrate synthase (gltA), the pace-making enzyme involved in the first step of the TCA cycle, in R. aquatilis at all time points of observation (i.e., 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). The expression of the gene-encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd) significantly decreased at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and the expression of the gene-encoding α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component (kgdhc) significantly increased at 1, 6, and 48 h. The above results suggested that R. irregularis may influence the level of adenosine triphosphate production in R. aquatilis and thus the metabolism of the bacterium by stimulating the expression of gltA involved in the TCA cycle. Our results suggest a fine-tuned dialog between R. irregularis MUCL 43194 and R. aquatilis HX2 and emphasize the complexity of the interactions that might take place at the hyphal surface of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi hosting communities of microbes.

可下载PDF全文。

Phosphorus (P) is essential for productivity of alpine grassland ecosystems, which are sensitive to global warming. We tested the hypotheses that (1) mobilized 'calcium-bound inorganic P' (Ca-P ) is a major source of plant-available P in alpine meadows with alkaline soils after long-term warming, (2) mobilization of Ca-P is linked to effective plant carboxylate-releasing P-acquisition strategies under warming, and (3) the mobilization is also related to plant nitrogen (N)-acquisition. We conducted an eight-year warming experiment in an alpine meadow (4,635 m above sea level) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. A significant increase in P concentration in both aboveground and belowground biomass indicates an increased mobilization and assimilation of P by plants under warming. We observed a significant decrease in Ca-P, no change in moderately-labile organic P, and an increase in highly-resistant organic P after warming. There was no increase in phosphatase activities. Our results indicate that Ca-P, rather than organic P was the major source of plant-available P for alpine meadows under warming. Higher leaf manganese concentrations of sedges and forbs after warming indicate that carboxylates released by these plants are a key mechanism of Ca-P mobilization. The insignificant increase in Rhizobiales after warming and the very small cover of legumes show a minor role of N-acquisition strategies in solubilizing phosphate. The insignificant change in relative abundance of mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria related to P cycling after warming shows a small contribution of microorganisms to Ca-P mobilization. The significant increase in leaf N and P concentrations and N:P ratio of grasses and no change in sedge leaf N:P ratio reflect distinct responses of plant nutrient status to warming due to differences in P-acquisition strategies. We highlight the important effects of belowground P-acquisition strategies, especially plant carboxylate-releasing P-acquisition strategies on responses of plants to global changes in alpine meadows.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.