陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区坡沟立地环境下幼苗的存活特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00065

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

幼苗是植被恢复演替的基础, 在生态系统中具有非常重要的作用。为了探索黄土丘陵沟壑区坡沟立地环境下幼苗的存活特征, 在陕西省安塞县宋家沟和纸坊沟流域设置15个固定样地进行定点动态监测, 运用单因素方差分析法和系统聚类分析法对不同立地环境下的幼苗密度和幼苗存活率进行了分析。结果表明: 1)不同坡沟立地环境下, 幼苗存活特征差异明显, 整体表现为阳坡幼苗密度较小而存活率较高, 阴坡幼苗密度较大但存活率较低。2)细裂叶莲蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、菊叶委陵菜(Potentilla tanacetifolia)、阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)等物种具有较高的幼苗存活率, 在生存竞争中幼苗是以“质”取胜; 而猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、中华苦荬菜(Ixeris chinensis)、阴行草(Siphonostegia chinensis)等物种具有较高的幼苗密度, 在生存竞争中是以“量”取胜。3)同一物种在坡沟立地环境下表现出不同的存活曲线, 不同物种在不同立地环境下也可呈现同一存活曲线; 细裂叶莲蒿、菊叶委陵菜、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、阿尔泰狗娃花、兴安胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)等物种, 幼苗不仅在雨季存活能力强且具有较强的越冬能力; 猪毛蒿、香青兰(Dracocephalum moldavica)、臭蒿(Artemisia hedinii)等物种在雨季前幼苗存活能力较强, 但冬季存活能力弱。4)坡面不同微环境下幼苗存活特征也存在差异, 即微环境的改变在一定程度上影响着幼苗的生长、存活和越冬。因此, 在黄土丘陵沟壑区应根据物种幼苗存活特性对幼苗进行适当的抚育管理, 这将有利于幼苗的建植和植被更新。

关键词: 立地环境, 微环境, 幼苗存活曲线, 幼苗存活率, 黄土丘陵沟壑区

Abstract:

Aims Seedling is the fundament of vegetation restoration succession and plays a very important role in ecosystems. The objective of this paper was to explore the characteristics of seedling survival in habitats of hill and gully slopes in a hill-gully Loess Plateau region.
Methods Fifteen permanent plots in Zhifanggou and Songjiagou watershed in Ansai County were established for sentinel dynamic monitoring, and one-way ANOVA and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to analyze seedling density and survival rate in different habitats.
Important findings There were significant differences in the characteristics of seedling survival among different habitats, with smaller seedling density and higher survival rates observed on the sunny slopes and larger seedling density but lower survival rate found on the shady slopes. In competition for survival, Artemisia gmelinii, Potentilla tanacetifolia, and Heteropappus altaicus etc. took advantage of quality and were characterized by a higher seedling survival rate, while Artemisia scoparia, Ixeris chinensis, Siphonostegia chinensis etc. adopted a strategy of “quantity” and characterized by a higher seedling density. The same species in different habitats had different survival curves, and the same survival curves in different habitats applied to different species. The seedlings of Artemisia gmelinii, Potentilla tanacetifolia, Stipa bungeana, Heteropappus altaicus, and Lespedeza davurica etc. had a strong survival capability in the rainy season and were easy to overwinter successfully, whereas the seedling survival capability in Artemisia scoparia, Dracocephalum moldavica, and Artemisia hedinii etc. was strong prior to the rainy season but weak in winter. The characteristics of seedling survival in different micro-environments also differed. A change in micro-environment affected seedling growth, survival, and overwintering to some extent. Thus, a proper tending for seedlings according to the survival characteristics of species is conducive to the seedling establishment and vegetation succession in the hill-gully Loess Plateau region.

Key words: habitats, micro-environments, seedling survival curves, seedling survival rate, hill-gully region of Loess Plateau

苏嫄, 焦菊英, 王志杰. 陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区坡沟立地环境下幼苗的存活特征. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(7): 694-709. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00065

SU Yuan, JIAO Ju-Ying, WANG Zhi-Jie. Characteristics of seedling survival in habitats of hill and gully slopes in hill-gully Loess Plateau region of northern Shaanxi. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(7): 694-709. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00065

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I7/694

图/表 10

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立地环境 Habitat	样地号 Plot number	坡度 Slope (°)	种数 Species number	盖度 Coverage (%)	土壤水分 Soil water (%)	土壤养分 Soil nutrient
立地环境 Habitat	样地号 Plot number	坡度 Slope (°)	种数 Species number	盖度 Coverage (%)	土壤水分 Soil water (%)	有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全N Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	速效K Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	速效P Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)
阳沟坡 Sunny gully slope	S2, S4, S14	40	22	30	9.61	3.50	1.33	67.89	16.30
阳梁峁坡 Sunny ridge slope	S3, S10, S15	29	23	20	11.76	2.68	0.81	63.41	12.35
峁顶 Hill top	S8, S9, S13	2	26	38	11.39	3.07	0.92	55.54	9.57
阴梁峁坡 Shady ridge slope	S1, S6, S11	26	31	29	13.36	2.82	0.99	66.19	13.51
阴沟坡 Shady gully slope	S5, S7, S12	32	43	68	18.39	8.13	2.15	103.98	11.75

立地环境 Habitat	样地号 Plot number	坡度 Slope (°)	种数 Species number	盖度 Coverage (%)	土壤水分 Soil water (%)	土壤养分 Soil nutrient
立地环境 Habitat	样地号 Plot number	坡度 Slope (°)	种数 Species number	盖度 Coverage (%)	土壤水分 Soil water (%)	有机质Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全N Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	速效K Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	速效P Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)
阳沟坡 Sunny gully slope	S2, S4, S14	40	22	30	9.61	3.50	1.33	67.89	16.30
阳梁峁坡 Sunny ridge slope	S3, S10, S15	29	23	20	11.76	2.68	0.81	63.41	12.35
峁顶 Hill top	S8, S9, S13	2	26	38	11.39	3.07	0.92	55.54	9.57
阴梁峁坡 Shady ridge slope	S1, S6, S11	26	31	29	13.36	2.82	0.99	66.19	13.51
阴沟坡 Shady gully slope	S5, S7, S12	32	43	68	18.39	8.13	2.15	103.98	11.75

立地环境 Habitat	类别 Category	物种 Species	存活曲线 Survival curve
阳沟坡 Sunny gully slope	Ⅰ	菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii
阳沟坡 Sunny gully slope	Ⅱ	糙叶黄芪 Astragalus scaberrimus、兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica、臭蒿 Artemisia hedinii、长芒草 Stipa bungeana
	Ⅲ	狭叶米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus、猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、茭蒿 Artemisia giraldii、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis
	Ⅳ	白羊草 Bothriochloa ischaemun
	Ⅴ	糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa、紫花地丁 Viola philippica、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、獐牙菜 Swertia bimaculata、斑种草 Bothriospermum chinense	存活率为0 Zero survival
阳梁峁坡 Sunny ridge slope	Ⅰ	菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica、地锦 Euphorbia humifusa、狭叶米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla、
阳梁峁坡 Sunny ridge slope	Ⅱ	猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、长芒草 Stipa bungeana、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、白羊草 Bothriochloa ischaemun、中华隐子草 Cleistogenes chinensis、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、紫花地丁 Viola philippica、糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa、兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica
	Ⅲ	细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii、臭蒿 Artemisia hedinii、阴行草 Siphonostegia chinensis
	Ⅳ	糙叶黄芪 Astragalus scaberrimus
	Ⅴ	獐牙菜 Swertia bimaculata	存活率为0 Zero survival
峁顶 Hill top	Ⅰ	兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica、细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii、牻牛儿苗 Erudium stephanianum、抱茎苦荬菜 Ixeris sonchifolia、糙叶黄芪 Astragalus scaberrimus
峁顶 Hill top	Ⅱ	臭蒿 Artemisia hedinii、猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca、紫花地丁 Viola philippica、狗尾草 Setaria viridis
	Ⅲ	长芒草 Stipa bungeana、野亚麻 Linum stelleroides、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus
	Ⅳ	菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、地锦 Euphorbia humifusa、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa、狭叶米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla
	Ⅴ	阴行草 Siphonostegia chinensis
阴梁峁坡 Shady ridge slope	Ⅰ	糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa、尖叶胡枝子 Lespedeza juncea、裂叶堇菜 Viola dissecta、狭叶米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla、异叶败酱 Patrinia heterophylla、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica
阴梁峁坡 Shady ridge slope	Ⅱ	细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis、阴行草 Siphonostegia chinensis、长芒草 Stipa bungeana、菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus、糙叶黄芪 Astragalus scaberrimus
	Ⅲ	兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica、抱茎苦荬菜 Ixeris sonchifolia、紫花地丁 Viola philippica
	Ⅳ	獐牙菜 Swertia bimaculata
	Ⅴ	野亚麻 Linum stelleroides	存活率为0 Zero survival
阴沟坡 Shady gully slope	Ⅰ	细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii、野菊花 Dendranthema indicum、菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、獐牙菜 Swertia bimaculata、猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica
阴沟坡 Shady gully slope	Ⅱ	异叶败酱 Patrinia heterophylla、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis、小红菊 Dendranthema chanetii、兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus、抱茎苦荬菜 Ixeris sonchifolia
	Ⅲ	大披针薹草 Carex lanceolata、三裂蛇葡萄 Ampelopsis delavayana、裂叶堇菜 Viola dissecta、野亚麻 Linum stelleroides、紫花地丁 Viola philippica、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、火绒草 Leontopodium leontopodioides
	Ⅳ	长芒草 Stipa bungeana
	Ⅴ	野豌豆 Vicia sepium

立地环境 Habitat	类别 Category	物种 Species	存活曲线 Survival curve
阳沟坡 Sunny gully slope	Ⅰ	菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii
阳沟坡 Sunny gully slope	Ⅱ	糙叶黄芪 Astragalus scaberrimus、兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica、臭蒿 Artemisia hedinii、长芒草 Stipa bungeana
	Ⅲ	狭叶米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus、猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、茭蒿 Artemisia giraldii、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis
	Ⅳ	白羊草 Bothriochloa ischaemun
	Ⅴ	糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa、紫花地丁 Viola philippica、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、獐牙菜 Swertia bimaculata、斑种草 Bothriospermum chinense	存活率为0 Zero survival
阳梁峁坡 Sunny ridge slope	Ⅰ	菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica、地锦 Euphorbia humifusa、狭叶米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla、
阳梁峁坡 Sunny ridge slope	Ⅱ	猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、长芒草 Stipa bungeana、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、白羊草 Bothriochloa ischaemun、中华隐子草 Cleistogenes chinensis、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、紫花地丁 Viola philippica、糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa、兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica
	Ⅲ	细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii、臭蒿 Artemisia hedinii、阴行草 Siphonostegia chinensis
	Ⅳ	糙叶黄芪 Astragalus scaberrimus
	Ⅴ	獐牙菜 Swertia bimaculata	存活率为0 Zero survival
峁顶 Hill top	Ⅰ	兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica、细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii、牻牛儿苗 Erudium stephanianum、抱茎苦荬菜 Ixeris sonchifolia、糙叶黄芪 Astragalus scaberrimus
峁顶 Hill top	Ⅱ	臭蒿 Artemisia hedinii、猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca、紫花地丁 Viola philippica、狗尾草 Setaria viridis
	Ⅲ	长芒草 Stipa bungeana、野亚麻 Linum stelleroides、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus
	Ⅳ	菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、地锦 Euphorbia humifusa、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa、狭叶米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla
	Ⅴ	阴行草 Siphonostegia chinensis
阴梁峁坡 Shady ridge slope	Ⅰ	糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa、尖叶胡枝子 Lespedeza juncea、裂叶堇菜 Viola dissecta、狭叶米口袋 Gueldenstaedtia stenophylla、异叶败酱 Patrinia heterophylla、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica
阴梁峁坡 Shady ridge slope	Ⅱ	细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis、阴行草 Siphonostegia chinensis、长芒草 Stipa bungeana、菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus、糙叶黄芪 Astragalus scaberrimus
	Ⅲ	兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica、抱茎苦荬菜 Ixeris sonchifolia、紫花地丁 Viola philippica
	Ⅳ	獐牙菜 Swertia bimaculata
	Ⅴ	野亚麻 Linum stelleroides	存活率为0 Zero survival
阴沟坡 Shady gully slope	Ⅰ	细裂叶莲蒿 Artemisia gmelinii、野菊花 Dendranthema indicum、菊叶委陵菜 Potentilla tanacetifolia、獐牙菜 Swertia bimaculata、猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia、香青兰 Dracocephalum moldavica
阴沟坡 Shady gully slope	Ⅱ	异叶败酱 Patrinia heterophylla、中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis、小红菊 Dendranthema chanetii、兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica、阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus、抱茎苦荬菜 Ixeris sonchifolia
	Ⅲ	大披针薹草 Carex lanceolata、三裂蛇葡萄 Ampelopsis delavayana、裂叶堇菜 Viola dissecta、野亚麻 Linum stelleroides、紫花地丁 Viola philippica、远志 Polygala tenuifolia、火绒草 Leontopodium leontopodioides
	Ⅳ	长芒草 Stipa bungeana
	Ⅴ	野豌豆 Vicia sepium

物种 Species	阳沟坡 Sunny gully slope			阳梁峁坡 Sunny ridge slope				峁顶 Hill top				阴梁峁坡 Shady ridge slope			阴沟坡 Shady gully slope
物种 Species	越冬前密度Density before wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬后密度Density after wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬存活率Overwintering survival rate (%)		越冬前密度Density before wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬后密度Density after wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬存活率Overwintering survival rate (%)		越冬前密度Density before wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬后密度Density after wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬存活率Overwintering survival rate (%)	越冬前密度Density before wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬后密度Density after wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬存活率Overwintering survival rate (%)	越冬前密度Density before wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬后密度Density after wintering (ind.·m^-2)	越冬存活率Overwintering survival rate (%)
阿尔泰狗娃花Heteropappus altaicus	5	4	80.00	4		3	75.00	2		2	100.00	3	1	33.33
细裂叶莲蒿Artemisia gmelinii	5	5	100.00	4		3	75.00	6		4	66.67	29	11	37.93
菊叶委陵菜Potentilla tanacetifolia	16	11	68.75	16		8	50.00	3		2	66.67	9	3	33.33
兴安胡枝子Lespedeza davurica	5	4	80.00	4		3	75.00	3		2	66.67	1	1	100.00
长芒草 Stipa bungeana	2	1	50.00	21		11	52.38	13		11	84.62	10	4	40.00	10	7	70.00
中华苦荬菜 Ixeris chinensis	7	3	42.86	10		4	40.00	9		4	44.44				7	3	42.86
猪毛蒿Artemisia scoparia	10	3	30.00	7		3	42.86	14		5	35.71
白羊草Bothriochloa ischaemun	1	1	100.00	5		1	20.00
糙叶黄芪Astragalus scaberrimus	1	1	100.00	3		1	33.33
野菊花Dendranthema indicum															3	1	33.33
异叶败酱Patrinia heterophylla															13	6	46.15
大披针薹草Carex lanceolata															8	3	37.50
平均 Mean	6	3	72.40	8		4	51.51	7		4	66.40	10	4	48.92	8	4	45.97