植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 154-162.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0079
钟雨辰1, 王斌2, 方中平2, 徐小忠2, 于明坚1,*()
收稿日期:
2020-03-20
接受日期:
2020-06-17
出版日期:
2021-02-20
发布日期:
2020-06-23
通讯作者:
ORCID: *于明坚: 0000-0001-8060-8427(fishmj@zju.edu.cn)
基金资助:
ZHONG Yu-Chen1, WANG Bin2, FANG Zhong-Ping2, XU Xiao-Zhong2, YU Ming-Jian1,*()
Received:
2020-03-20
Accepted:
2020-06-17
Online:
2021-02-20
Published:
2020-06-23
Contact:
YU Ming-Jian
Supported by:
摘要:
生境片段化伴随的面积效应和边缘效应, 可改变分散贮食动物的竞争强度、觅食行为以及隐蔽条件, 影响种子捕食和扩散模式。阐明生境片段化对多物种种子捕食和扩散的影响, 对理解片段化生境中的植物更新和生物多样性维持十分重要。该研究在浙江省千岛湖地区的岛屿和大陆上开展了针对6种壳斗科植物的种子捕食和扩散实验, 分析了物种、分散贮食动物相对多度、种子产量、岛屿大小和边缘效应如何共同影响种子命运和种子扩散距离。主要结果: (1)种子命运和扩散距离在物种间存在显著差异; (2)大陆比岛屿有更长的种子留存时间, 小岛种子留存时间最短, 岛屿内部比岛屿边缘有更长的种子留存时间; (3)物种和岛屿大小对种子原地取食率存在交互作用, 白栎(Quercus fabri)种子在大岛上有更高的原地取食率; (4)种子在小岛上有最高的扩散率, 分散贮食动物相对多度对种子扩散后贮藏率有负效应。表明在千岛湖地区, 生境片段化改变了种子捕食和扩散模式, 且面积效应对不同物种的种子捕食和扩散模式产生了不同作用, 从而影响森林群落更新和生物多样性维持。
钟雨辰, 王斌, 方中平, 徐小忠, 于明坚. 片段化景观中壳斗科植物种子捕食和扩散模式. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(2): 154-162. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0079
ZHONG Yu-Chen, WANG Bin, FANG Zhong-Ping, XU Xiao-Zhong, YU Ming-Jian. Seed predation and dispersal pattern of Fagaceae species in a fragmented landscape, eastern China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(2): 154-162. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0079
图1 千岛湖地区研究岛屿分布。数字和字母表示岛屿号, 岛屿信息见附录I。
Fig. 1 Study islands in the Thousand Island Lake region. Numbers and letters represent islands mark. See details in Supplement I.
物种 Species | 种子质量 Seed mass (g) | 果期 Nut-ripening periods |
---|---|---|
短柄枹 Quercus serrata | 0.90 ± 0.02a | 9-12月 Sept.-Dec. |
青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca | 1.06 ± 0.02a | 9-10月 Sept.-Oct. |
苦槠 Castanopsis sclerophylla | 1.64 ± 0.08b | 10-11月 Oct.-Nov. |
石栎 Lithocarpus glaber | 1.93 ± 0.07b | 7-12月 July-Dec. |
白栎 Quercus fabri | 2.05 ± 0.03b | 10-12月 Oct.-Dec. |
麻栎 Quercus acutissima | 7.18 ± 0.34c | 9-12月 Sept.-Dec. |
表1 千岛湖研究区6种壳斗科植物种子质量(平均值±标准差)和果期
Table 1 Seed mass (mean ± SD) and nut-ripening periods of six Fagaceae species in the study area of the Thousand Island Lake region
物种 Species | 种子质量 Seed mass (g) | 果期 Nut-ripening periods |
---|---|---|
短柄枹 Quercus serrata | 0.90 ± 0.02a | 9-12月 Sept.-Dec. |
青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca | 1.06 ± 0.02a | 9-10月 Sept.-Oct. |
苦槠 Castanopsis sclerophylla | 1.64 ± 0.08b | 10-11月 Oct.-Nov. |
石栎 Lithocarpus glaber | 1.93 ± 0.07b | 7-12月 July-Dec. |
白栎 Quercus fabri | 2.05 ± 0.03b | 10-12月 Oct.-Dec. |
麻栎 Quercus acutissima | 7.18 ± 0.34c | 9-12月 Sept.-Dec. |
固定效应 Fixed factor | 原地完好率 IIS (χ2) | 原地取食率 EIS (χ2) | 扩散率 R (χ2) | 扩散后贮藏率 CAR (χ2) | 扩散距离 DD (F) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
物种 Species | 13.61* | 32.63*** | 40.40*** | 38.17*** | 19.40*** |
岛屿大小 Island size | - | 3.42 | 6.05* | 1.99 | 1.49 |
分散贮食动物相对多度 ASH | 0.004 | - | - | 5.42* | 1.75 |
种子产量 Seed production | - | - | 0.33 | - | - |
物种×岛屿大小 Species × Island size | - | 30.40*** | 15.30 | 10.79 | 1.86· |
物种×分散贮食动物相对多度 Species ×ASH | 11.55* | - | - | 3.15 | 2.81* |
物种×种子产量 Species × Seed production | - | - | 10.52· | - | - |
表2 千岛湖地区岛屿种子命运(广义线性混合效应模型)和扩散距离(线性混合效应模型)的最优模型结果
Table 2 Results of the best generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) on seed fates and the best linear mixed model (LMMs) on dispersal distance in the Thousand Island Lake region
固定效应 Fixed factor | 原地完好率 IIS (χ2) | 原地取食率 EIS (χ2) | 扩散率 R (χ2) | 扩散后贮藏率 CAR (χ2) | 扩散距离 DD (F) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
物种 Species | 13.61* | 32.63*** | 40.40*** | 38.17*** | 19.40*** |
岛屿大小 Island size | - | 3.42 | 6.05* | 1.99 | 1.49 |
分散贮食动物相对多度 ASH | 0.004 | - | - | 5.42* | 1.75 |
种子产量 Seed production | - | - | 0.33 | - | - |
物种×岛屿大小 Species × Island size | - | 30.40*** | 15.30 | 10.79 | 1.86· |
物种×分散贮食动物相对多度 Species ×ASH | 11.55* | - | - | 3.15 | 2.81* |
物种×种子产量 Species × Seed production | - | - | 10.52· | - | - |
图2 千岛湖研究区种子留存动态。A, 不同物种。B, 不同生境类型。C, 边缘梯度。
Fig. 2 Survival analysis of experimental seeds in the study area of the Thousand Island Lake region. A, Different species. B, Different habitat types. C, Edge gradients. Cg, Cyclobalanopsis glauca; Cs, Castanopsis sclerophylla; Lg, Lithocarpus glaber; Qa, Quercus acutissima; Qf, Quercus fabri; Qs, Quercus serrata. BI, big island; M, mainland; MI, medium island; SI, small island.
图3 千岛湖研究区6个壳斗科物种种子命运比例。A, 释放种子分为原地取食、原地完好和扩散3种情况。B, 扩散种子分为扩散后取食、扩散后贮藏和丢失3种情况。
Fig. 3 Seed fates of six Fagaceae species in the study area of the Thousand Island Lake region. A, Released seeds categorized as eaten in situ (EIS), intact in situ (IIS) and removed (R). B, Dispersed seeds categorized as eaten after removal (EAR), cached after removal (CAR) and missing (M). Cg, Cyclobalanopsis glauca; Cs, Castanopsis sclerophylla; Lg, Lithocarpus glaber; Qa, Quercus acutissima; Qf, Quercus fabri; Qs, Quercus serrata.
图4 千岛湖研究区物种和岛屿大小对种子原地取食率和扩散率的影响(平均值+标准差)。A, 原地取食率。B, 扩散率。不同小写字母表示同一岛屿大小物种间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 4 Effects of species and island size on seed fates in the study area of the Thousand Island Lake region (mean + SD). A, Probability of seeds eaten in situ. B, Probability of seeds removed. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the 0.05 level among different species for the same island size. Cg, Cyclobalanopsis glauca; Cs, Castanopsis sclerophylla; Lg, Lithocarpus glaber; Qa, Quercus acutissima; Qf, Quercus fabri; Qs, Quercus serrata.
图5 千岛湖研究区6个壳斗科物种种子扩散距离。不同小写字母表示物种间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 5 Seed dispersal distances of six Fagaceae plants in the study area of the Thousand Island Lake region. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level among different species. Cg, Cyclobalanopsis glauca; Cs, Castanopsis sclerophylla; Lg, Lithocarpus glaber; Qa, Quercus acutissima; Qf, Quercus fabri; Qs, Quercus serrata.
图6 千岛湖研究区物种、岛屿大小和分散贮食动物相对多度对种子扩散距离的影响。A, 岛屿大小和6个物种种子扩散距离的关系(平均值+标准差)。B, 分散贮食动物相对多度和6个物种种子扩散距离的关系。不同小写字母表示同一岛屿大小物种间差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 6 Effects of species, island size and relative abundance of scatter-hoarders on seed dispersal distances in the study area of the Thousand Island Lake region. A, Relationships between island size and seed dispersal distances for six species (mean + SD). B, Relationships between relative abundance of scatter-hoarders and seed dispersal distances for six species. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 level among different species for the same island size. Cg, Cyclobalanopsis glauca; Cs, Castanopsis sclerophylla; Lg, Lithocarpus glaber; Qa, Quercus acutissima; Qf, Quercus fabri; Qs, Quercus serrata.
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