养分与水分添加对荒漠草地植物群落结构和物种多样性的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为进一步了解养分添加和水分添加对干旱区草地植物多样性的影响, 2009-2011年5月15日, 对准噶尔盆地荒漠草地进行养分和水分添加, 2009-2012年5月25日进行植被调查, 研究群落结构与植物多样性对养分N、P、K与水分(雨、雪)添加的响应, 得出以下结果: (1)添加肥、水后, 荒漠草地植物群落结构发生了变化, 物种数由肥、水添加前的17种减少到添加后的11种, 减少了35.3%, 禾草类植物数目增加, 十字花科植物数量下降; (2)通过裂区试验方差分析, 2009年和2010年, 养分主效应对物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数的影响不显著, 水分主效应和肥水交互作用对以上4个植物多样性指数的影响也不显著; (3) 2012年, 养分主效应对物种丰富度影响显著(p < 0.05), 养分添加降低了荒漠草地物种丰富度, 而水分作用、肥水交互作用对物种丰富度的影响均不显著; 肥水交互作用对植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数的影响显著(p < 0.05), 而养分添加、水分添加对其影响亦不显著; (4)荒漠草地植物的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数在年际间呈上升趋势。

关键词: 群落结构, 荒漠草地, 养分添加, 物种多样性, 水分添加

Abstract:

Aims Better understanding the response of community structure and species diversity to nutrient and water enrichment is critical for desert grassland in arid areas. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the three elements necessary for plant production, and water promotes plant absorption of nutrients. Our objective was to analyze the effects of nutrient and water addition on community structure and species diversity in typical desert grassland in northwestern China.
Methods Field experiments were conducted in Gubantunggut Desert grassland from 2009 to 2012. Nutrient and water additions were done on May 15, 2009-2011, and vegetation investigation was conducted on May 25, 2009-2012. The responses of community structure and species diversity of plants to nutrient, rainfall and snow additions were studied.
Important findings After the nutrient and water additions, the number of species decreased by 35.3%, the number of species in Poaceae family increased and species in Cruciferae family decreased. In 2009 and 2010, none of the three treatments (nutrient addition, water addition and the coupling effect of nutrient and water) significantly influenced species richness, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index or Pielou evenness index. In 2012, nutrient addition had a significant effect on species richness (p < 0.05), while treatments of water addition and the coupling effect of nutrient and water did not. The coupling effect of nutrient and water had significant influence on the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener indexes, while treatments of nutrient addition and water addition did not. The Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Pielou evenness indexes increased from 2009 to 2012.

Key words: community structure, desert grassland, nutrient addition, species diversity, water addition

赵新风, 徐海量, 张鹏, 涂文霞, 张青青. 养分与水分添加对荒漠草地植物群落结构和物种多样性的影响. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(2): 167-177. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00015

ZHAO Xin-Feng, XU Hai-Liang, ZHANG Peng, TU Wen-Xia, ZHANG Qing-Qing. Effects of nutrient and water additions on plant community structure and species diversity in desert grasslands. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(2): 167-177. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00015

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00015

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I2/167

图/表 12

表1 每年每小区(6 m × 6 m)肥料施加量

Table 1 Amount of fertilizer in the experiment per plot (6 m × 6 m) per year

处理 Treatment	施肥量 Fertilization amount
CK	0 g
N	771.4 g CaNO₃
P	1 464.4 g Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O
K	802.4 g K₂SO₄ + 538.4 g CaCO₃+ 374.6 g MgCO₃ + 3 043.6 g FeSO₄·7H₂O + 247.5 g MnSO₄ + 158.3 g ZnSO₄·7H₂O + 141.5 g CuSO₄·5H₂O + 31.7 g Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O + 9.0 g Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O
NP	771.4 g CaNO₃+ 1 464.4 g Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O
NK	771.4 g CaNO₃+ 802.4 g K₂SO₄ + 538.4 g CaCO₃ + 374.6 g MgCO₃ + 3 043.6 g FeSO₄·7H₂O + 247.5 g MnSO₄ + 158.3 g ZnSO₄·7H₂O + 141.5 g CuSO₄·5H₂O + 31.7 g Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O + 9.0 g Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O
PK	1 464.4 g Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O + 802.4 g K₂SO₄ + 538.4 g CaCO₃ + 374.6 g MgCO₃ + 3 043.6 g FeSO₄·7H₂O + 247.5 g MnSO₄ + 158.3 g ZnSO₄·7H₂O + 141.5 g CuSO₄·5H₂O + 31.7 g Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O + 9.0 g Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O
NPK	771.4 g CaNO₃ + 1 464.4 g Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O + 802.4 g K₂SO₄ + 538.4 g CaCO₃ + 374.6 g MgCO₃ + 3 043.6 g FeSO₄·7H₂O + 247.5 g MnSO₄ + 158.3 g ZnSO₄·7H₂O + 141.5 g CuSO₄·5H₂O + 31.7 g Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O + 9.0 g Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O

图1 一级与二级实验处理方案。阿拉伯数字表示不同样地的编号; A、B、C、D分别表示每一个样地内的对照、预留、增雨、增雪处理。

Fig. 1 Primary and secondary treatments of the experimental schemes. Arabic numerals represent the different numbers of sample plots; A, B, C, D represent the treatments of control, reservation, rain addition, and snow addition for each sample plot, respectively.

表2 2009年养分添加对物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数影响的方差分析结果(p = 0.05)

Table 2 ANOVA results of effects of nutrient addition on species richness, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou evenness index in 2009 (p = 0.05)

指标 Index	df	F	p
物种丰富度 Species richness	7	1.23	0.36
Simpson指数 Simpson index	7	0.20	0.98
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index	7	0.32	0.93
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	7	0.32	0.93

图2 肥水添加后禾本科(A)与十字花科(B)植物个体数(平均值±标准偏差)。CK, K, N, NK, NP, NPK, P, PK, 见表1。不同的字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Individual number of plant in Poaceae (A) and Cruciferae (B) after nutrient and water additions (mean ± SD). CK, K, N, NK, NP, NPK, P, PK, see Table 1. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

表3 2010年养分与水分添加对物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数影响的方差分析结果(p = 0.05)

Table 3 ANOVA results of effects of nutrient and water additions on species richness, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou evenness index in 2010 (p = 0.05)

差异来源 Difference source	df	物种丰富度		Simpson指数		Shannon-Wiener指数		Pielou均匀度指数
		Species richness		Simpson index		Shannon-Wiener index		Pielou evenness index
		F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
养分处理 Nutrient treatment (A)	7, 21	0.67	0.693	0.47	0.844	0.53	0.804	0.55	0.789
水分处理 Water treatment (B)	2, 48	2.86	0.067	0.24	0.784	0.60	0.553	0.05	0.949
A、B互作 Interaction of A and B	14, 48	0.78	0.689	0.47	0.983	0.55	0.892	0.43	0.959
区组 Block	3, 21	0.58	0.637	1.06	0.386	0.78	0.521	1.09	0.377

表4 2012年养分与水分添加对物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数影响的方差分析结果

Table 4 ANOVA results of effects of nutrient and water additions on species richness, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou evenness index in 2012

差异来源 Difference source	df	物种丰富度		Simpson指数		Shannon-Wiener指数		Pielou均匀度指数
		Species richness		Simpson index		Shannon-Wiener index		Pielou evenness index
		F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
养分处理 Nutrient treatment (A)	7, 21	2.99^*	0.024	0.84	0.567	0.80	0.594	0.96	0.487
水分处理 Water treatment (B)	2, 48	2.15	0.128	2.05	0.141	1.09	0.343	2.25	0.117
A、B互作 Interaction of A and B	14, 48	0.52	0.910	1.87^*	0.049	2.17^*	0.024	1.68	0.092
区组 Block	3, 21	3.68^*	0.028	2.79	0.660	3.45^*	0.035	4.23^*	0.002

图3 2012年不增雨、不增雪条件下养分添加后的物种丰富度(平均值±标准偏差)。图注同图2。

Fig. 3 Species richness in nutrient addition experiment without rain and snow additions in 2012 (mean ± SD). Notes see Fig. 2.

图4 2012年增雨(A)及增雪(B)条件下养分添加后的物种丰富度(平均值±标准偏差)。图注同图2。

Fig. 4 Species richness in nutrient addition experiment with rain (A) and snow (B) additions in 2012 (mean ± SD). Notes see Fig. 2.

图5 2012年养分添加及增雨条件下的Simpson指数(A)和Shannon-Wiener指数(B) (平均值±标准偏差)。图注同图2。

Fig. 5 Simpson index (A) and Shannon-Wiener index (B) in nutrient addition with rain addition in 2012 (mean ± SD). Notes see Fig. 2.

图6 2012年养分添加及增雪条件下的Simpson指数(A)和Shannon-Wiener指数(B) (平均值±标准偏差)。图注同图2。

Fig. 6 Simpson index (A) and Shannon-Wiener (B) index in nutrient addition with snow addition in 2012 (mean ± SD). Notes see Fig. 2.

图7 2012年养分添加后在不增雨、不增雪条件下的Simpson指数(A)和Shannon-Wiener指数(B) (平均值±标准偏差)。图注同图2。

Fig. 7 Simpson index (A) and Shannon-Wiener index (B) in nutrient addition without rain and snow additions in 2012 (mean ± SD). Notes see Fig. 2.

图8 2009、2010、2012年的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数(平均值±标准偏差)。图注同图2。

Fig. 8 Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou evenness index in 2009, 2010, and 2012 (mean ± SD). Notes see Fig. 2.

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