甘南高寒退化草甸多物种组配的修复效果评估

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0102

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

补播改良是草地修复的关键措施之一, 而补播物种及其组配形式的选择对于修复效果至关重要。合理组配多种物种以最大程度地提高功能互补性、确保群落稳定性和多功能性是草地恢复的关键。该研究在甘肃省甘南藏族自治州玛曲县的典型退化高寒草地开展了乡土草种的多物种组配混播实验。结果显示, 多物种混播显著提高了草地的地上生物量、盖度和物种丰富度。通过连续3年对不同组合混播后草地的地上生物量、物种丰富度和优质牧草比例等指标的综合评价, 筛选出表现较为优良的组合有: 禾草混播组合是垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans) +中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis) +草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis) +紫羊茅(Festuca rubra) +冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila) +星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora); 禾-豆混播组合有垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆(Tibetia himalaica) +花苜蓿(Medicago ruthenica)和垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆+花苜蓿+歪头菜(Vicia unijuga) +斜茎黄耆(Astragalus laxmannii); 禾-豆-莎多物种混播组合是垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆+花苜蓿+歪头菜+斜茎黄耆+莎草类。以上多物种混播组合在甘南高寒退化草甸的修复过程中保持了较好的群落稳定性和草地生产性能, 可以为相似退化区域的高寒草地恢复提供参考。

关键词: 物种配置, 补播, 高寒草甸, 草地恢复, 物种多样性

Abstract:

Aims Reseeding is one of the key measures for grassland restoration, and selecting reseeding species and their combination is crucial for the restoration effect. The key to grassland restoration is how to rationally combine multiple species to maximize functional complementarity and ensure community stability and multifunctionality.

Methods This study conducted a multi-species combination experiment of native grasses in a typical degraded alpine meadow in Maqu County, Gansu Province.

Important findings The results showed that multi-species reseeding significantly increased the biomass, coverage and species richness of the grassland. We comprehensively evaluated the indexes of aboveground biomass, species richness and proportion of high-quality forage in grassland after mixed reseeding different species combinations. Eventually, the combinations with better performance were screened out as: combinations based on grass mixtures: Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra+ Poa crymophila + Puccinellia tenuiflora; combinations based on grass-legume mixes: Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis+ Festuca rubra+ Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica and Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra+ Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica + Vicia unijuga + Astragalus laxmannii; combinations based on grass-legume-sedge mixes: Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra+ Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica + Vicia unijuga + Astragalus laxmannii +Cyperaceae. These multi-species mixing combinations maintained better community stability and grass production performance during the restoration of alpine degraded meadows in Gannan. This study can provide a reference for alpine grassland restoration in similar degraded areas.

Key words: species configuration, reseeding, alpine meadow, grassland restoration, species diversity

马东峰, 贾存智, 王学朋, 赵鹏鹏, 胡小文. 甘南高寒退化草甸多物种组配的修复效果评估. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(1): 93-102. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0102

MA Dong-Feng, JIA Cun-Zhi, WANG Xue-Peng, ZHAO Peng-Peng, HU Xiao-Wen. Effect of multi-species grouping on restoration of alpine degraded meadows in Gannan, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(1): 93-102. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0102

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0102

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I1/93

图/表 7

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物种 Species name	科 Family	属 Genus	生活型及根茎特征 Life form and rhizome characteristics	相对生长速率等级 Relative growth rate class
垂穗披碱草 Elymus nutans	禾本科 Poaceae	披碱草属 Elymus	多年生疏丛型上繁草 Perennial, sparse type, upper grass	****
中华羊茅 Festuca sinensis	禾本科 Poaceae	羊茅属 Festuca	多年生疏丛型上繁草 Perennial, sparse type, upper grass	****
草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis	禾本科 Poaceae	早熟禾属 Poa	多年生疏丛型下繁草, 具发达匍匐根茎 Perennial, sparse type, lower grass, with well-developed stoloniferous rhizomes	***
紫羊茅 Festuca rubra	禾本科 Poaceae	羊茅属 Festuca	多年生疏丛或密丛型下繁草, 具短根茎 Perennial, sparse or dense type, lower grass, with short rootstock	***
冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila	禾本科 Poaceae	早熟禾属 Poa	多年生疏丛型下繁草 Perennial, sparse type, lower grass	***
星星草 Puccinellia tenuiflora	禾本科 Poaceae	碱茅属 Puccinellia	多年生疏丛型下繁草 Perennial, sparse type, lower grass	***
高山豆 Tibetia himalaica	豆科 Fabaceae	高山豆属 Tibetia	多年生, 茎斜生 Perennial, slanting stems	*
花苜蓿 Medicago ruthenica	豆科 Fabaceae	苜蓿属 Medicago	多年生, 茎直立丛生, 根系发达 Perennial, stems erect caspitose, well-developed roots	**
歪头菜 Vicia unijuga	豆科 Fabaceae	野豌豆属 Vicia	多年生, 数茎丛生, 根系发达 Perennial, several stems caspitose, well-developed roots	**
斜茎黄耆 Astragalus laxmannii	豆科 Fabaceae	黄耆属 Astragalus	多年生, 茎直立丛生, 根系发达 Perennial, stems erect caspitose, well-developed roots	*
矮生嵩草 Carex alatauensis	莎草科 Cyperaceae	薹草属 Carex	多年生, 秆密丛生, 具短根茎 Perennial, culms densely tufted, with short rhizomes	*

物种 Species name	科 Family	属 Genus	生活型及根茎特征 Life form and rhizome characteristics	相对生长速率等级 Relative growth rate class
垂穗披碱草 Elymus nutans	禾本科 Poaceae	披碱草属 Elymus	多年生疏丛型上繁草 Perennial, sparse type, upper grass	****
中华羊茅 Festuca sinensis	禾本科 Poaceae	羊茅属 Festuca	多年生疏丛型上繁草 Perennial, sparse type, upper grass	****
草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis	禾本科 Poaceae	早熟禾属 Poa	多年生疏丛型下繁草, 具发达匍匐根茎 Perennial, sparse type, lower grass, with well-developed stoloniferous rhizomes	***
紫羊茅 Festuca rubra	禾本科 Poaceae	羊茅属 Festuca	多年生疏丛或密丛型下繁草, 具短根茎 Perennial, sparse or dense type, lower grass, with short rootstock	***
冷地早熟禾 Poa crymophila	禾本科 Poaceae	早熟禾属 Poa	多年生疏丛型下繁草 Perennial, sparse type, lower grass	***
星星草 Puccinellia tenuiflora	禾本科 Poaceae	碱茅属 Puccinellia	多年生疏丛型下繁草 Perennial, sparse type, lower grass	***
高山豆 Tibetia himalaica	豆科 Fabaceae	高山豆属 Tibetia	多年生, 茎斜生 Perennial, slanting stems	*
花苜蓿 Medicago ruthenica	豆科 Fabaceae	苜蓿属 Medicago	多年生, 茎直立丛生, 根系发达 Perennial, stems erect caspitose, well-developed roots	**
歪头菜 Vicia unijuga	豆科 Fabaceae	野豌豆属 Vicia	多年生, 数茎丛生, 根系发达 Perennial, several stems caspitose, well-developed roots	**
斜茎黄耆 Astragalus laxmannii	豆科 Fabaceae	黄耆属 Astragalus	多年生, 茎直立丛生, 根系发达 Perennial, stems erect caspitose, well-developed roots	*
矮生嵩草 Carex alatauensis	莎草科 Cyperaceae	薹草属 Carex	多年生, 秆密丛生, 具短根茎 Perennial, culms densely tufted, with short rhizomes	*

多物种混播组合 Combination	编号 No.	物种组成 Species composition	混播比例 Mixed seeding ratio
无 None	CK	未添加物种 Non-added species	-
禾草混播 Grass mixture	1	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis	2:1:1
	2	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra	2:1:1:1
	3	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra	2:1:2:1
	4	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra	2:1:3:2
	5	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+冷地早熟禾+星星草 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Poa crymophila + Puccinellia tenuiflora	2:1:3:2:1:1
禾本科-豆科混播 Mixed seeding of Poaceae - Fabaceae	6	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆+花苜蓿 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica	(2:1:3:2) + (1:1)
禾本科-豆科混播 Mixed seeding of Poaceae - Fabaceae	7	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆+花苜蓿+歪头菜+斜茎黄耆 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica + Vicia unijuga + Astragalus laxmannii	(2:1:3:2) + (1:1:1:1)
禾本科-豆科- 莎草科混播 Mixed seeding of Poaceae - Fabaceae - Cyperaceae	8	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆+花苜蓿+歪头菜+斜茎黄耆+矮生嵩草 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica + Vicia unijuga + Astragalus laxmannii + Carex alatauensis	(2:1:3:2) + (1:1:1:1) +莎草 sedges
	9	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+星星草+冷地早熟禾+高山豆+花苜蓿+歪头菜 +斜茎黄耆+矮生嵩草 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Puccinellia tenuiflora + Poa crymophila + Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica + Vicia unijuga + Astragalus laxmannii + Carex alatauensis	(2:1:3:2:1:1) + (1:1:1:1) +莎草 sedges

多物种混播组合 Combination	编号 No.	物种组成 Species composition	混播比例 Mixed seeding ratio
无 None	CK	未添加物种 Non-added species	-
禾草混播 Grass mixture	1	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis	2:1:1
	2	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra	2:1:1:1
	3	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra	2:1:2:1
	4	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra	2:1:3:2
	5	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+冷地早熟禾+星星草 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Poa crymophila + Puccinellia tenuiflora	2:1:3:2:1:1
禾本科-豆科混播 Mixed seeding of Poaceae - Fabaceae	6	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆+花苜蓿 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica	(2:1:3:2) + (1:1)
禾本科-豆科混播 Mixed seeding of Poaceae - Fabaceae	7	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆+花苜蓿+歪头菜+斜茎黄耆 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica + Vicia unijuga + Astragalus laxmannii	(2:1:3:2) + (1:1:1:1)
禾本科-豆科- 莎草科混播 Mixed seeding of Poaceae - Fabaceae - Cyperaceae	8	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+高山豆+花苜蓿+歪头菜+斜茎黄耆+矮生嵩草 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica + Vicia unijuga + Astragalus laxmannii + Carex alatauensis	(2:1:3:2) + (1:1:1:1) +莎草 sedges
	9	垂穗披碱草+中华羊茅+草地早熟禾+紫羊茅+星星草+冷地早熟禾+高山豆+花苜蓿+歪头菜 +斜茎黄耆+矮生嵩草 Elymus nutans + Festuca sinensis + Poa pratensis + Festuca rubra + Puccinellia tenuiflora + Poa crymophila + Tibetia himalaica + Medicago ruthenica + Vicia unijuga + Astragalus laxmannii + Carex alatauensis	(2:1:3:2:1:1) + (1:1:1:1) +莎草 sedges