中国热带雨林的群落特征、研究现状及问题

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0260

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国的热带雨林主要分布在西藏东南部、云南南部、广西南部、台湾南部和海南岛, 它们具有与亚洲热带季风气候地区其他热带雨林类似的群落结构、生态外貌和物种多样性, 是亚洲热带雨林的北缘类型。由于发生在热带季风气候地区北缘, 受到季节性干旱和热量不足的影响, 它们在植物区系组成上缺少典型的热带分布属种; 在生态外貌上, 低地的热带雨林的林冠层中具有一定比例的落叶树种, 大高位芽植物和附生植物比例相对较低, 而藤本植物和叶级谱上的小叶植物更为丰富; 与热带亚洲非季节性气候地区的低地热带湿润雨林有一定区别, 被称为热带季节性雨林。中国的热带季节性雨林在西南部与热带山地的常绿阔叶林交错过渡, 在南部与亚热带常绿阔叶林交错过渡。通过比较, 云南与广西的热带季节性雨林在群落结构和生态外貌特征上最接近; 云南含龙脑香科植物的热带季节性雨林尽管分布海拔偏高(可分布到海拔1 100 m, 最高可达1 300 m), 但体现了低地热带雨林的群落结构特征, 并在植物区系组成上具有最高比例的热带亚洲分布属种。中国不同地区对热带雨林研究的文献在对其界定、分类、描述及生态外貌特征和树种丰富度等方面的记载都不尽相同。该文简要评述了中国热带雨林的群落特征、研究的情况和存在的问题, 期望能对中国热带雨林的深入研究、保护和管理提供参考。

关键词: 热带雨林, 分类, 生态外貌, 生态结构, 植物区系, 物种多样性, 中国

Abstract:

Tropical rain forests are currently distributed in the southeastern Xizang, southern Yunnan, southern Guangxi, southern Taiwan, and Hainan Island in China. The ecological physiognomy, species composition and diversity of the tropical rain forests were reported in literatures, however with different terms for different regions of China, due partly to different methods, definitions and references used. In this review article, we summarize current research status and main questions on the phytosociological characteristics of the tropical rain forests in China, to provide information for further studies, protection and management. The lowland tropical rain forests in China belong to the northern marginal type of the southeastern Asian lowland rain forests, and share the similar community structure, physiognomy, and species diversity with other subtypes of the southeastern Asian lowland rain forests. Distributed in the northern edge of the monsoonal tropical zone, the lowland tropical rain forests in China are limited by seasonal drought and insufficient amount of heat, which is usually demanded by typical tropical rain forests, and therefore were given the name “tropical seasonal rain forest” by Chinese researchers. They are different from the typical humid or wet tropical rain forests in that they include a certain proportion of deciduous trees in canopy, less megaphanerophytes and epiphytes, but more lianas and microphyllous species in tree leaf sizes. The tropical rain forests in China show different floristic composition in different regions. Specifically, they contain less typical tropical floristic components, and show a transition to the tropical lower montane forests in southwestern China, and to the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in south China. They show similar community structure and ecological physiognomy in Yunnan and Guangxi. Furthermore, the tropical seasonal rain forest in Yunnan contains dipterocarp trees and has the highest proportion of tropical Asian floristic components among the tropical rain forests in China and show the similar community structure characteristics as the lowland tropical rain forests in the Southeast Asia, although occurring on a higher altitude (up to 1 100 m above sea level, can reach up to 1 300 m in some certain areas). We further discuss the uncertainty and confusion in definition, classification and description of the tropical rain forests from literatures in different regions of China and propose to give a consolidated consideration on the definition and classification of the tropical rain forests in China.

Key words: tropical rain forest, classification, ecological physiognomy, ecological structure, floristic composition, species diversity, China

朱华, 谭运洪. 中国热带雨林的群落特征、研究现状及问题. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(4): 447-468. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0260

ZHU Hua, TAN Yun-Hong. Community characteristics, research states and problems of tropical rain forests in China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(4): 447-468. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0260

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I4/447

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