草地群落多样性和生态系统碳氮循环对氮输入的非线性响应及其机制

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0107

植物生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 1-24.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0107

所属专题：青藏高原植物生态学：生态系统生态学

• 综述 • 下一篇

草地群落多样性和生态系统碳氮循环对氮输入的非线性响应及其机制

杨元合¹^,²^,^*(), 张典业¹, 魏斌¹^,², 刘洋¹^,³, 冯雪徽¹^,², 毛超¹^,⁴, 徐玮婕¹^,², 贺美¹, 王璐¹^,², 郑志虎¹^,², 王媛媛¹, 陈蕾伊¹, 彭云峰¹

¹中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
²中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
³河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院, 河北省农田生态环境重点实验室, 河北保定 071000
⁴福建师范大学地理科学学院, 福州 350117

收稿日期:2022-03-26 接受日期:2022-06-27 出版日期:2023-01-20 发布日期:2022-10-25
通讯作者: *杨元合,E-mail:yhyang@ibcas.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31825006)

Nonlinear responses of community diversity, carbon and nitrogen cycles of grassland ecosystems to external nitrogen input

YANG Yuan-He¹^,²^,^*(), ZHANG Dian-Ye¹, WEI Bin¹^,², LIU Yang¹^,³, FENG Xue-Hui¹^,², MAO Chao¹^,⁴, XU Wei-Jie¹^,², HE Mei¹, WANG Lu¹^,², ZHENG Zhi-Hu¹^,², WANG Yuan-Yuan¹, CHEN Lei-Yi¹, PENG Yun-Feng¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Province Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-Environment, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
⁴School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China

Received:2022-03-26 Accepted:2022-06-27 Online:2023-01-20 Published:2022-10-25
Contact: *YANG Yuan-He,E-mail:yhyang@ibcas.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31825006)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

理解草地生态系统结构和功能对氮富集的响应及其机制有助于准确评估大气氮沉降等外源氮输入的生态效应。全球范围内建立的多水平氮添加实验为认识草地生态系统结构和功能对氮输入的非线性响应机制提供了有效途径。为了反映学术界基于多水平氮添加控制实验取得的主要研究进展, 该文综述了草地群落多样性和生态系统碳氮循环过程对外源氮输入的非线性响应特征及其驱动机制。按照目前的研究, 氮输入会导致草地植物物种多样性、功能多样性以及土壤细菌多样性下降, 但真菌多样性的变化并不明显。地上和地下生产力对氮输入的响应趋势存在差异: 地上生产力沿氮添加梯度呈“先上升后饱和”的变化规律, 而根系生产量和根冠比呈下降趋势, 根系周转速率则呈“先上升后下降”的单峰格局。不同碳分解过程对氮输入的响应也不尽相同: 凋落物分解速率沿氮添加梯度表现出“指数衰减、线性增加或无显著变化”的多元响应, 而土壤呼吸和CH₄吸收速率与施氮量的关系则以“低氮促进、高氮抑制”的单峰趋势为主。类似地, 不同土壤碳组分对氮输入的响应存在差异: 氮添加总体会导致草地土壤碳库和颗粒态有机碳含量增加, 而矿物结合态碳含量随施氮量呈“增加、不变或下降”的多元响应。植物氮吸收量沿氮添加梯度呈“先上升后饱和”的变化特征, 但不同土壤氮转化过程沿氮添加梯度呈现差异化响应, 且不同草地生态系统中观察到的土壤N₂O排放速率与施氮量之间的关系存在差异: 温带草地中以指数增加为主, 而高寒草地中则出现“先上升后饱和”或者“线性增加”的趋势。未来研究需重点关注根际过程及磷循环对氮输入的非线性响应, 并从多维度生物多样性等角度解析多水平氮添加影响草地生物地球化学循环过程的机理。

关键词: 草地生态系统, 物种多样性, 功能多样性, 生态系统生产力, 凋落物分解, 土壤呼吸, 土壤氮转化过程, 温室气体通量

Abstract:

Understanding the response patterns and potential mechanisms of structure and function in grassland ecosystems to nitrogen (N) enrichment is essential to evaluate ecological impacts of external N input. The muti-level N manipulative experiment offers the possibility to explore the nonlinear response patterns and associated mechanisms of structure and function in grassland ecosystems to additional N input. In this review, we summarized the impacts of additional N inputs on community diversity, carbon (C) and N cycling in grassland ecosystems around the world. Numerous studies illustrated that N enrichment induced the decline of plant species diversity, plant functional diversity and soil bacteria richness in grassland ecosystems, yet the change of fungal diversity was not significant. Above- and below-ground plant productivity showed different responses to N input: aboveground plant productivity exhibited initial increasing and subsequent saturation trends, but root productivity and root:shoot ratio showed downward patterns, and root turnover rate appeared a single-peak pattern of first increasing and then decreasing with the continuous increase of N addition rate. Meanwhile, different C decomposition processes responded variously to N enrichment. Specifically, litter decomposition rates exhibited multiple response of “exponential decrease, liner increase or insignificant change with N addition level”. However, the relationship of soil respiration and CH₄ consumption with N addition was dominated by a single peak trend of increasing at low to medium N levels but declining at high N levels. Likewise, different soil C fractions showed multiple response patterns to N input. N addition generally stimulated soil C storage and particulate organic C accumulation, while the mineral-associated organic C exhibited divergent responses of “increase, unaltered, and decrease” along the N addition gradient. In addition, plant N uptake exhibited initial increasing and subsequent situation trends along N addition gradients, while different soil N transformation processes showed differentiated responses along N addition gradients and the relationship between N₂O emission and N addition rate varied among various grassland ecosystems. An exponential increase of N₂O fluxes with N addition rate was observed in temperate grasslands, while the patterns of first increase and then saturation or linear increase of the N-induced changes in N₂O emissions had been discovered in alpine grasslands. Future studies should focus on the nonlinear responses of rhizosphere processes and phosphorus (P) cycle to external N input, and also explore potential mechanisms from the aspect of multi-dimensional biodiversity changes.

Key words: grassland ecosystem, species diversity, functional diversity, ecosystem productivity, litter decomposition, soil respiration, soil nitrogen transformation process, greenhouse gas flux

杨元合, 张典业, 魏斌, 刘洋, 冯雪徽, 毛超, 徐玮婕, 贺美, 王璐, 郑志虎, 王媛媛, 陈蕾伊, 彭云峰. 草地群落多样性和生态系统碳氮循环对氮输入的非线性响应及其机制. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(1): 1-24. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0107

YANG Yuan-He, ZHANG Dian-Ye, WEI Bin, LIU Yang, FENG Xue-Hui, MAO Chao, XU Wei-Jie, HE Mei, WANG Lu, ZHENG Zhi-Hu, WANG Yuan-Yuan, CHEN Lei-Yi, PENG Yun-Feng. Nonlinear responses of community diversity, carbon and nitrogen cycles of grassland ecosystems to external nitrogen input. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(1): 1-24. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0107

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0107

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I1/1

图/表 6

图1 青藏高原高寒草原多水平氮添加实验平台景观(刘洋摄)。该实验平台隶属于中国科学院植物研究所杨元合课题组, 位于青海省刚察县三角城种羊场, 开始于2013年5月, 涉及8个氮添加水平(0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 g·m-2·a-1), 所施氮肥类型为NH4NO3。

Fig. 1 Multi-level nitrogen (N) manipulation experiment in an alpine steppe on the Qingzang Plateau (photo credit: LIU Yang). This experiment was maintained by Dr. YANG Yuan-He’s group in Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and located in Sanjiaocheng sheep farm, Gangca County, Qinghai Province. It was conducted since May 2013, with eight N levels (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 g·m-2·a-1). The form of N fertilizer is NH4NO3.

图2 多维度生物多样性对氮输入的响应及其主要机制。橙色箭头代表下降趋势，绿色箭头代表没有显著变化。

Fig. 2 Responses of multidimensional biodiversity to nitrogen input and their primary mechanisms. Orange arrows indicate downward trends, while green arrows indicate non-significant changes.

图3 植被生产力及其分配对氮输入的响应及其主要机制。正号表示氮输入的促进效应, 负号表示氮输入的抑制效应。

Fig. 3 Responses of vegetation productivity and its allocation to nitrogen (N) input and their primary mechanisms. ANPP, aboveground net primary productivity; P, phosphorus. The positive sign means the stimulating effects of N input, and vice versa.

图4 土壤呼吸对氮输入的响应及其主要机制。

Fig. 4 Responses of soil respiration to nitrogen (N) input and their primary mechanisms.

图5 不同土壤碳组分对氮输入的响应及其主要机制。向上的箭头或者正号表示氮添加的促进效应, 反之则表示氮添加的抑制效应。

Fig. 5 Responses of various soil carbon fractions to nitrogen input and their primary mechanisms. MAOC, mineral-associated organic carbon; POC, particulate organic carbon; SOC, soil organic carbon. The arrow-up or positive sign means the stimulating effects of nitrogen input, and vice versa.

图6 热带-温带草地(A)和高寒草地(B)生态系统土壤N2O排放对氮输入的响应及主要其机制。

Fig. 6 Responses of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to nitrogen (N) input and their primary mechanisms in tropical and temperate (A) as well as alpine grasslands (B). AOA, ammonia-oxidizing archaea.

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草地群落多样性和生态系统碳氮循环对氮输入的非线性响应及其机制

Nonlinear responses of community diversity, carbon and nitrogen cycles of grassland ecosystems to external nitrogen input

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