稀有植物小丛红景天花部综合特征与繁育系统

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2007.0066

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对稀有物种生物学特征及繁育系统的研究将有利于我们对稀有物种的保育。该文通过野外定位观测稀有植物小丛红景天(Rhodiola dumulosa)的花部综合特征,并运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比的方法首次对其繁育系统进行初步测定。结果表明:该物种单花花期一般为5~6 d,开花过程中花柱逐渐伸长并向外弯曲,子房开裂并逐渐伸长,花药散粉具有先后顺序,一般外轮对萼花药先散粉,其后1 d左右对瓣花药开始散粉。单花花期依照其形态和散粉时间可分为6个阶段:花蕾期、内轮散粉期、内轮散粉末期、外轮散粉期、外轮散粉末期和凋谢期。而种群花期一般可持续30 d以上,不同海拔观测地点有所不同,海拔2 202 m处的观测地点B开花物候最为滞后。由于其杂交指数不小于4,花粉-胚珠比在700~1 000之间, 根据Dafni(1992)和Cruden(1977)的标准,初步判定该物种的繁育系统属于异交为主,部分自交亲和,传粉过程需要传粉者。

关键词: 小丛红景天, 繁育系统, 杂交指数, 花粉-胚珠比

Abstract:

Aims Knowledge of floral syndrome and breeding system is important for understanding reproduction and population dynamics of plants, especially rare plants. Our objective was to determine the floral syndrome, flowering course and dynamics and functional floral morphology of the rare plant Rhodiola dumulosa in Dongling Mountain, Beijing, China, to determine its breeding system.
Methods For individual flower, flowering lasted 5 to 6 days, the flowering process for one flower of this species can be divided into 6 periods according to the flower morphology and anther dehiscence: “Budding period"—petals are visible but not open, two rings of anthers are red and no dehiscence; “Inside-dehiscence"—petals are open in a way, and the inside anthers dehisce; “Post-inside-dehiscence"—after 1-2 days of flowering, the inside anthers over the pollen exposure and the color changes to black; “Outside -dehiscence"—the outside anthers dehisce, ovary becomes bigger and then split, stigma stretches out; “Post-outside-dehiscence"—petals are open well, all anthers over the pollen exposure and the color changes to black or brown; “Withering period"—after 5-6 days of flowering, the color of filaments and ovary changes to red, petals start wilting.
Important findings In the process of flowering, styles become long and curved slowly. The anthers dehisce in order of priority. The inside anthers accounting for 50% of whole anthers whose dehiscence pattern is longitudinal always dehisce first, followed by the outside others. The flowering span among populations is about 30-40 days. The flowering course of every observation plots is different, the observation plot B whose altitude is 2 202 m lagged behind other observation plots, and we presume that different weather condition of every observation plot and disturbances of tourists should be the great factors. The species is protandrous with an outcrossing index of 4 bases. According to criteria of Dafni (1992), the breeding system is outcrossing with partial self-compatibility, needing pollinators. The pollen-ovule ratio (P/O) is about 700-1 000. Based on Cruden's criterion (1977), the breeding system is facultative xenogamy.

Key words: Rhodiola dumulosa, breeding system, outcrossing index, pollen-ovule ratio

牟勇, 张云红, 娄安如. 稀有植物小丛红景天花部综合特征与繁育系统. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3): 528-535. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0066

MU Yong, ZHANG Yun-Hong, LOU An-Ru. A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON FLORAL SYNDROMA AND BREEDING SYSTEM OF THE RARE PLANT RHODIOLA DUMULOSA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3): 528-535. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2007.0066

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0066

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2007/V31/I3/528

图/表 6

参考文献 37

[1]	Barrett SCH (1998). The evolution of mating strategies in flowering plants. Trends in Plant Science, 3, 335-341. DOI URL
[2]	Barrett SCH (2002). The evolution of plant sexual diversity. Nature Reviews Genetics, 3, 274-284. DOI URL PMID
[3]	Barrett SCH, Eckert CG (1990). Variation and evolution of plant mating systems. In: Kawano S ed. Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants. Academic Press, New York, 229-254.
[4]	Chen XY (陈小勇), Li N (厉宁), Shen L (沈浪) (2001). The mating system of Ardisia crenata var. bicolor (Myrsinaceae), a subtropical understory shrub in Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 25, 161-165. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	Cruden RW (1977). Pollen-ovule ratio: a conservative indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants. Evolution, 35, 1-6. URL PMID
[6]	Dafni A (1992). Pollination Ecology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1-57.
[7]	Delectis Florae Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae Agendae Academiae Sinicae Edita (中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会) (1984). Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (中国植物志). Science Press, Beijing, 171. (in Chinese)
[8]	Gaston KJ, Kunin WE (1997). Rare-common differences: an overview. In: Kunin WE, Gaston KJ eds. The Biology of Rarity: Causes and Consequences of Rare-Common Differences. Chapman & Hall, London, 13-29.
[9]	Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS (2000). Patterns of genetic variation in rare and widespread plant congeners. American Journal of Botany, 87, 783-792. URL PMID
[10]	He TH (何田华), Ge S (葛颂) (2001). Mating system, paternity analysis and gene flow in plant populations. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 25, 144-154. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	He YP (何亚平), Liu JQ (刘建全) (2003). A review on recent advances in the studies of plant breeding system. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 27, 151-163. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	Huang SQ (黄双全), Guo YH (郭友好) (2000). Advances in the studies of pollination biology. Chinese Science Bulletin (科学通报), 45, 225-237. (in Chinese)
[13]	Kay QON (1978). The role of preferential and assortative pollination in the maintenance of flower colour polymorphisms. In: Richards AJ ed. The Pollination of Flowers by Insects. Academic Press, London, 175-190.
[14]	Kelly CK, Smith HB, Buckley YM, Carter R, Franco M, Johnson W, Jones T, May B, Ishiwara RP, Perez-Jimenez A, Magallanes AS, Steers H, Waterman C(2001). Investigations in commonness and rarity: a comparative analysis of co-occurring, congeneric Mexican trees. Ecology Letters, 4, 618-627.
[15]	Li BX (李伯祥), Hu YF (胡月芬), Wang JX (王军宪), Li JS (李教社), Li XH (李星海) (1997). Study on the concent and chromatogram of the flavones content in Rhodiola dumulosa. Northwest Pharmaceutical Journal (西北药学杂志), 12, 156-157. (in Chinese)
[16]	Li HT (李海涛), Chen LZ (陈灵芝) (1999). Study on the microclimate in the mountain forest in the warm temperate zone. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 23, 139-147. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	Liu LD (刘林德), Zhu N (祝宁), Shen JH (申家恒), Zhao HX (赵惠勋) (2002). Comparison studies on floral dynamics and breeding system between Eleutherococcus senticosus and E. sessiliflorus. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 22, 1041-1048. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	Lloyd DG (1979). Some reproductive factors affecting the selection of self-fertilization in plants. American Naturalist, 113, 67-79.
[19]	Lou AR (娄安如) (2004). A preliminary study analysis of characteristic of plant communities and their floristic composition in Dongling Mountain in Beijing. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science) (北京师范大学学报(自然科学版)), 40, 507-512. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	Luo DQ (罗定强), Zhao XY (赵翔宇), Wang JX (王军宪) (2005). Studies on the chemical constituents from Rhodiola dumulosa (Ⅰ). Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials (中药材), 28, 98-99. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]	Moora M, Sõber V, Zobel M (2003). Responses of a rare (Viola elatior) and a common (Viola mirabilis) congeneric species to different management conditions in grassland—is different light competition ability responsible for different abundances? Acta Oecologica, 24, 169-174.
[22]	Ozenda P (1985). Alpine Vegetation of the Chains in European Mountain Space. Masson, Paris, France. (in French)
[23]	Rabinowitz D, Cairns S, Dillon T (1986). Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British Isles. In: Soule ME ed. Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, INC. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 182-204.
[24]	Rendle AB (Translated by Zhong BQ (钟补求), Yang YZ (杨永执)) (1965). The Classification of Flowering Plants 2nd edn, Science Press, Beijing, 17-18. (in Chinese)
[25]	Snow AA, Spira TP, Simpson R, Klips RA (1996). The ecology of geitonogamous pollination. In: Lloyd DG, Barrett SCH eds. Floral Biology: Studies on Floral Evolution in Animal-Pollinated Plants. Chapman and Hall, New York, 191-216.
[26]	Stebbins GL (1957). Self fertilization and population variability in higher plant. American Naturalist, 9, 337-354.
[27]	Takebayashi N, Morrell PL (2001). Is self-fertilization an evolutionary dead end? Revisiting an old hypothesis with genetic theories and a macroevolutionary approach. American Journal of Botany, 88, 1143-1150. URL PMID
[28]	Vogler DW, Kalisz S (2001). Sex among the flowers: the distribution of plant mating systems. Evolution, 55, 202-204. DOI URL PMID
[29]	Vrieling K, Saumitou-Laprade P, Cuguen J, van Dijk H, de Jong T, Klinkhamer PG (1999). Direct and indirect estimates of the selfing rate in small and large individuals of the bumblebee pollinated Cynoglossum officinale L. (Boraginaceae). Ecology Letters, 2, 331-337. URL PMID
[30]	Wang CY (王崇云), Dang CL (党承林) (1999). Plant mating system and its evolutionary mechanism in relation to population adaptation. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research (武汉植物学研究), 17, 163-172. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	Wang XF (汪小凡), Chen JK (陈家宽) (2001). Floral expression, pollination mechanism and mating system of Sagittariapotam potamogetifolia. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 25, 155-160. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]	Wyatt R (1983). Pollinator—plant interactions and the evolution of breeding systems. In: Real L ed. Pollination Biology. Academy Press, Orlando, 51-95.
[33]	Xiao YA (肖宜安), He P (何平), Li XH (李晓红) (2004). Floral syndrome and breeding system of the endangered plan Disanthus cercidifolius Maxim.var. longipes. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 28, 333-340. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]	Zhang DM(张冬梅), Shen XH (沈熙环), He TH (何田华) (2001). A paternity analysis of seeds from different clones in a Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. seed orchard. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 25, 166-174. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]	Zhang DY (张大勇), Jiang XH (姜新华) (2001). Mating system evolution,resource allocation, and genetic diversity in plants. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 25, 130-143. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[36]	Zhang DY (张大勇) (2004). Plant Life History Evolution and Reproductive Ecology (植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[37]	Zhang RB (张仁波), Dou QL(窦全丽), He P(何平), Xiao YA (肖宜安), Liu Y (刘云), Hu SJ (胡世俊) (2006). Study on the breeding system of the endangered plant Euonymus chloranthoides Yang. Guihaia (广西植物), 26, 308-312. (in Chinese with English abstract)

观测地点 Observation plot	海拔 Altitude(m)	坡向 Aspeet	坡度 Slope	取样数目 Numbers of sampling
A	2 303	SW 30°	30°	20
B	2 202	SE 30°	30°	20
C	2 106	SW 15°	45°	20
D	2 018	NE 40°	45°	20

观测地点 Observation plot	海拔 Altitude(m)	坡向 Aspeet	坡度 Slope	取样数目 Numbers of sampling
A	2 303	SW 30°	30°	20
B	2 202	SE 30°	30°	20
C	2 106	SW 15°	45°	20
D	2 018	NE 40°	45°	20

观测项目 Items of observation			观测结果 Results of observation
花瓣雄蕊枯萎顺序 Flower organs wilting order			雄蕊→花瓣 Stamen→Petal
花瓣发育状态 Petal development	颜色变化 Color changes 大小变化 Size changes		白色→黄色→红色 White→Yellow→Red 伸长→卷缩 Stretch→Rolling
雄蕊发育状态 Stamens development	颜色变化 Color changes		红色→黄色→黑色→褐色 Red→Yellow→Black→Brown
	花丝长短 Filament length		无明显变化 No obvious changes
	花药与柱头间距 Distance from anthers to stigma		小→大 Short→Long
	花药开裂方式 Mode of anther dehiscence		纵裂 Longitudinal dehiscence
雌蕊发育状态 Pistil development	柱头 Stigma	颜色 Color	绿色→黄色→红色 Green→Yellow→Red
		形状 Shape	无明显变化 No obvious changes
		位置 Position	直立→弯曲 Upright→Curve
		伸出时间 Time of stretching out	内轮散粉末期 Post-inside-dehiscence
	子房 Ovary	颜色 Color	绿色→红色 Green→Red
		发育状态 Development	联合→开裂 Combine→Split
气味 Odour			无 No
分泌物 Nectar			有 Yes

观测项目 Items of observation			观测结果 Results of observation
花瓣雄蕊枯萎顺序 Flower organs wilting order			雄蕊→花瓣 Stamen→Petal
花瓣发育状态 Petal development	颜色变化 Color changes 大小变化 Size changes		白色→黄色→红色 White→Yellow→Red 伸长→卷缩 Stretch→Rolling
雄蕊发育状态 Stamens development	颜色变化 Color changes		红色→黄色→黑色→褐色 Red→Yellow→Black→Brown
	花丝长短 Filament length		无明显变化 No obvious changes
	花药与柱头间距 Distance from anthers to stigma		小→大 Short→Long
	花药开裂方式 Mode of anther dehiscence		纵裂 Longitudinal dehiscence
雌蕊发育状态 Pistil development	柱头 Stigma	颜色 Color	绿色→黄色→红色 Green→Yellow→Red
		形状 Shape	无明显变化 No obvious changes
		位置 Position	直立→弯曲 Upright→Curve
		伸出时间 Time of stretching out	内轮散粉末期 Post-inside-dehiscence
	子房 Ovary	颜色 Color	绿色→红色 Green→Red
		发育状态 Development	联合→开裂 Combine→Split
气味 Odour			无 No
分泌物 Nectar			有 Yes

观测项目 Items of observation	观测地点 Observation plot
观测项目 Items of observation	A	B	C	D
25%植株开花 25% individuals flowering	29/6	30/6	28/6	27/6
50%及以上植株开花 50% or more individuals flowering	1/7	3/7	2/7	30/6
<25%植株尚在开花,其余谢花 Less than 25% individuals flowering, the rest already shed	13/7	15/7	12/7	11/7
开花末期,仅10%植株开花 End of flowering, less than 10% individuals flowering	15/7	17/7	14/7	13/7