华北地区小丛红景天种群的AFLP遗传多样性

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)标记, 对分布于华北地区5个山脉的25个小丛红景天(Rhodiola dumulosa)自然种群的776个样品进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的研究。结果表明: 华北地区小丛红景天种群具有较高的遗传多样性, 4对选择扩增引物共扩增出398条清晰的条带, 其中多态带312条, 种群的平均多态位点百分率为78.46%, 种群总的Nei’s基因多样性为0.364 9, 总Shannon多态性信息指数为0.542 2。华北地区小丛红景天种群间的遗传分化系数G_st = 0.150 7, 基因流Nm = 2.817 9, 表明种群间遗传分化较低, 有一定的基因交流。AMOVA分析结果也表明: 华北地区小丛红景天的遗传变异主要存在于种群内, 地理单元间有一定的遗传分化, 而种群间的遗传分化较低。STRUCTURE的分析和UPGMA聚类分析结果一致, 结果显示地理分布距离相近的种群优先聚在一起。Mantel检验也进一步证实, 华北地区小丛红景天种群的遗传距离与地理距离间呈显著的正相关关系(r = 0.512 9, p < 0.001)。种群的遗传多样性与海拔呈显著的负相关关系(p < 0.05), 而与坡向没有显著相关性。用Dfdist软件分析海拔对遗传多样性的影响, 结果表明没有显著的受选择位点。

关键词: 扩增片段长度多态性, 环境因子, 遗传多样性, 自然片断化, 小丛红景天

Abstract:

Aims Rhodiola dumulosa (Crassulaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant. It grows among rocks on mountains at 1 600-3 900 m, and its populations are spatially scattered in their areas of distribution. Our objectives were to study the population genetic diversity and genetic structure of R. dumulosa in northern China and determine relationships between genetic diversity and environmental factors.

Methods We analyzed 776 individuals from 25 natural populations using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers.

Important findings We obtained 398 unambiguous bands from the four pairs of selective primers, 312 bands (78.46%) of which were polymorphic across all individuals. The Nei’s gene diversity was 0.364 9, and the Shannon’s information index was 0.542 2 at the species level. Therefore, there was a high level of genetic diversity within R. dumulosa populations in northern China. The population genetic differentiation index G_st was 0.150 7, and the indirect estimate of gene flow Nm was 2.82, which indicated that genetic differentiation among northern populations was low and gene exchange was frequent. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the majority of AFLP variations resided within populations (67.9%). The STRUCTURE and UPGMA cluster analyses showed that the closely related populations are geographically restricted and occur in proximity to each other. This result was confirmed by the Mantel test, which revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.512 9, p < 0.001) between geographical distance and genetic distance. In addition, the correlation analysis of population genetic diversity and altitude showed a significant negative relationship (p < 0.05), i.e., population genetic diversity decreased with increasing altitude. However, there was no significant correlation between genetic diversity and slope direction. The software Dfdist was used to detect outliers caused by altitude, but the results were non-significant. All research results showed that geographical distance affected genetic distance significantly.

Key words: amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), environmental factor, genetic diversity, natural island distribution, Rhodiola dumulosa

张云红, 侯艳, 娄安如. 华北地区小丛红景天种群的AFLP遗传多样性. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(9): 1084-1094. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.009

ZHANG Yun-Hong, HOU Yan, LOU An-Ru. Population genetic diversity of Rhodiola dumulosa in Northern China inferred from AFLP makers. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(9): 1084-1094. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.009

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.009

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I9/1084

图/表 6

参考文献 43

[1]	Arroyo MTK, Armesto J, Primack RB (1985). Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile. II. Effect of high temperature on visitation rates and pollination possibilities. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 149, 187-203.
[2]	Brauner S, Crawford DJ, Stuessy TF (1992). Ribosomal DNA and RAPD variation in the rare plant family Lactoridaceae. American Journal of Botany, 79, 1436-1439.
[3]	Cao PJ, Yao QF, Ding BY, Zeng HY, Zhong YX, Fu CX, Jin XF (2006). Genetic diversity of Sinojackia dolichocarpa (Styracaceae), a species endangered and endemic to China, detected by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 34, 231-239.
[4]	Chen KX (陈克霞), Wang R (王嵘), Chen XY (陈小勇) (2008). Genetic structure of Alpinia japonica populations in naturally fragmented habitats. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 28, 2840-2845. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	Chen XY (陈小勇) (2000). Effects of habitat fragmentation on genetic structure of plant populations and implications for the biodiversity conservation. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 20, 884-892. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	Cosner ME, Crawford DJ (1994). Comparisons of isozyme diversity in three rare species of Coreopsis (Asteraceae). Systematic Botany, 19, 350-358.
[7]	Dolan RW, Yahr R, Menges ES, Halthill MD (1999). Conservation implications of genetic variation in three rare species endemic to Florida rosemary scrub. American Journal of Botany, 86, 1556-1562. URL PMID
[8]	Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005). Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2611-2620. URL PMID
[9]	Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S (2005). ARLEQUIN version 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, 1, 47-50. URL PMID
[10]	Falk DA, Holsinger K (1991). Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants. Oxford University Press, New York.
[11]	Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK (2007). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: dominant markers and null alleles. Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 574-578. URL PMID
[12]	Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae Editorial Board of Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会) (1984). Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (中国植物志). Science Press, Beijing. 171. (in Chinese)
[13]	Ge S (葛颂), Wang HQ (王海群), Zhang CM (张灿明), Hong DY (洪德元) (1997). Genetic diversity and population differentiation of Cathaya argyrophylla in Bamian mountain. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 39, 266-271. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS (2000). Patterns of genetic variation in rare and widespread plant congeners. American Journal Botany, 87, 783-792.
[15]	Hamrick JL (1990). Isozymes and the analysis of genetic structure in plant populations. In: Soltis DE, Soltis PS eds. Isozymes in Plant Biology. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London. 87-105.
[16]	Hong DY (洪德元), Ge S (葛颂), Zhang DM (张大明), Wang XQ (汪小全), Cheng SZ (程树志) (1995). Study princi- ples and methods of endangered mechanism of plant. In: Qian YQ (钱迎倩), Zhen RD (甄仁德) eds. Progress in Biodiversity Research (生物多样性研究进展) Science and Technology Press, Beijing. 125-133. (in Chinese)
[17]	Jin ZX (金则新), Li JM (李钧敏) (2007). ISSR analysis on genetic diversity of endangered relic shrub Sinocalycanthus chinensis. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 18, 247-253. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	Lang P (郎萍), Huang HW (黄宏文) (1999). Genetic diversity and geographic variation in natural populations of the endemic Castanea species in China. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 41, 651-657. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	Li QM, Xu ZF, He TH (2002). Ex situ conservation of endangered Vatica guangxiensis (Dipterocarpaceae) in China. Biological Conservation, 106, 151-156.
[20]	Li ZZ (李作洲), Gong JJ (龚俊杰), Wang Y (王瑛), Huang HW (黄宏文) (2003). Spatial structure of AFLP genetic diversity of remnant populations of Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae). Chinese Biodiversity (生物多样性), 11, 265-275. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]	Liu ZL (刘占林), Zhao GF (赵桂仿) (1999). Population genetics and its implications for conservation of rare and endangered plants. Chinese Biodiversity (生物多样性), 7, 340-346. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	Martinez-Palacios A, Eguiarte LE, Furnier GR (1999). Genetic diversity of the endangered endemic Agave victoriae- reginae (Agavaceae) in the Chihuahuan desert. American Journal of Botany, 86, 1093-1098. URL PMID
[23]	McDermott JM, McDonald BA (1993). Gene flow in plant pathosystems. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31, 353-373.
[24]	Miller MP (1997). Tools for Population Genetic Analysis (TFPGA), version 1.3. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA. http://www.marksgeneticsoftware.net/tfpga.htm. Cited 10 Jan. 2010.
[25]	Mu Y (牟勇), Zhang YH (张云红), Lou AR (娄安如) (2007). A preliminary study on floral syndrome and breeding system of the rare plant Rhodiola dumulosa. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version) (植物生态学报), 31, 528-535. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]	Nei M (1973). Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 70, 3321-3323.
[27]	Pei YL (裴颜龙), Zou YP (邹喻苹), Yin Z (尹蓁), Wang XQ (汪小全), Zhang ZX (张志宪), Hong DY (洪德元) (1995). Preliminary report of RAPD analysis in Paeonia suffruticosa subsp. spontanea and Paeonia rockii. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica (植物分类学报), 33, 350-356. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	Qiu YX (邱英雄), Fu CX (傅承新) (2001). Studies on the endangerment mechanism of and conservation strategies for Changium smyrnioides. Chinese Biodiversity (生物多样性), 9, 151-156. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	Qiu YX (邱英雄), Huang AJ (黄爱军), Fu CX (傅承新) (2000). Studies on genetic diversity in Changium smyrnioides Wolff (Umbelliferae). Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica (植物分类学报), 38, 111-120. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	Su XH (苏晓华), Zhang QW (张绮纹), Zheng XW (郑先武), Zhang XH (张香华), Gui F (归复) (1997). Genetic structure in Populus ussuriensis Kom. confirmed by RAPD markers. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 33, 504-512. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, Lee T, Hornes M, Frijters A, Pot J, Peleman J, Kuiper M (1995). AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 4407-4414. URL PMID
[32]	Wang SX (王绍先), Wang F (王飞), Liu CB (刘成柏), Yang ZY (杨志勇), Chen X (陈霞) (2008). Application of DNA molecular markers in endangered species conservation. Chinese Journal Ecology (生态学杂志), 27, 250-256. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]	Wang Y (王燕), Tang SQ (唐绍清), Li XK (李先琨) (2004). The genetic diversity of the endangered plant Abies yuanbaoshanensis. Chinese Biodiversity (生物多样性), 12, 269-273. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]	Xu FH (许风华), Kang M (康明), Huang HW (黄宏文), Jiang MX (江明喜) (2006). Genetic diversity in fragmented populations of Berchemiella wilsonii var. pubipetiolata, an endangered plant endemic to eastern China. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version) (植物生态学报), 30, 157-164. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]	Xue DW, Ge XJ, Hao G, Zhang CQ (2004). High genetic diversity in a rare, narrowly endemic primrose species: Primula interjacens by ISSR analysis. Acta Botanica Sinica, 46, 1163-1169.
[36]	Yan BQ (闫伯前), Wang T (王艇), Hu LL (胡理乐) (2009). Population genetic diversity and structure of Schisandra sphenanthera, a medicinal plant in China. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 28, 811-819. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[37]	Yeh FC, Yang RC, Boyle T (1997). POPGENE version 1.31, the user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. http://www.ualberta.ca/~fyeh/index.htm. Cited 20 Aug. 2009.
[38]	Zawko G, Krauss SL, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K (2001). Conservation genetics of the rare and endangered Leucopogon obtectus (Ericaceae). Molecular Ecology, 10, 2389-2396.
[39]	Zhang DY (张大勇) (2004). Plant Life History Evolution and Reproductive Ecology (植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学). Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[40]	Zhang YJ (张颖娟), Wang YS (王玉山) (2008). Genetic diversity of endangered shrub Reaumuria trigyna population detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 44(12), 43-47. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[41]	Zhang YJ (张颖娟), Yang C (杨持) (2001). Population genetic diversity and differentiation of endemic species Tetraena mongolica on the Western Ordos. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 21, 506-511. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[42]	Zhu XQ (朱晓琴), He SA (贺善安), Yao QJ (姚青菊), Ma JX (马建霞), Yu H (於虹) (1997). Population genetic structure and conservation strategy of Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment (植物资源与环境), 6(4), 7-14. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[43]	Zu YG (祖元刚), Yan TF (颜廷芬), Zhou FJ (周福军) (1998). A preliminary study on genetic variation and endangered mechanism of Rhodiola sachalinensis natural population. Bulletin of Botanical Research (植物研究), 18, 304-310. (in Chinese with English abstract)

样地 Sampling site		海拔 Altitude (m)	纬度 Latitude (N)	经度 Longitude (E)	坡向 Slope aspect
山西 Shanxi	荷叶坪1 Heyeping1 (HYP-1)	2 709	38.722°	111.837°	北偏西40° North by west 40°
	荷叶坪2 Heyeping2 (HYP-2)	2 596	38.729°	111.862°	南偏西10° South by west 10°
	荷叶坪3 Heyeping3 (HYP-3)	2 504	38.729°	111.874°	南偏西10° South by west 10°
	荷叶坪4 Heyeping4 (HYP-4)	2 435	38.730°	111.885°	南偏西10° South by west 10°
	芦芽山1 Luyashan1 (LYS-1)	2 701	38.750°	111.926°	西偏南30° West by south 30°
	芦芽山2 Luyashan2 (LYS-2)	2 580	38.744°	111.926°	南偏西10° South by west 10°
	关帝山 Guandishan (GDS)	2 557	37.895°	111.518°	北坡 North slope
	五台山中台顶 Wutaishanzhongtaiding (WTZ)	2 895	39.047°	113.531°	南坡 South slope
	五台山西台顶 Wutaishanxitaiding (WTX)	2 783	39.037°	113.492°	北偏东2.5° North by east 2.5°
	五台山北台顶1 Wutaishanbeitaiding1 (WTB-1)	3 066	39.080°	113.568°	东偏北3° East by north 3°
	五台山北台顶2 Wutaishanbeitaiding2 (WTB-2)	3 066	39.080°	113.568°	南偏北 South by north
河北 Hebei	白石山 Baishishan (BSS)	1 940	39.208°	114.698°	南偏西25° South by west 25°
	雾灵山 Wulingshan (WLS)	1 939	40.577°	117.461°	东坡 East slope
	小五台山B Xiaowutaishan B (XWTB)	2 500	39.945°	115.061°	东偏北5.7° East by north 5.7°
	小五台山C Xiaowutaishan C (XWTC)	2 706	39.943°	115.047°	东偏北5.7° East by north 5.7°
	小五台山A Xiaowutaishan A (XWTA)	2 480	39.912°	114.968°	西偏南8.9° West by south 8.9°
北京 Beijing	百花山 Baihuashan (BHS)	2 033	39.813°	115.582°	西坡 West slope
	东灵山1 Donglingshan1 (DLS-1)	2 303	40.031°	115.454°	西偏南30° West by south 30°
	东灵山2 Donglingshan2 (DLS-2)	2 202	40.031°	115.462°	东偏南30° East by south 30°
	东灵山3 Donglingshan3 (DLS-3)	2 160	40.029°	115.451°	西坡 West slope
	东灵山4 Donglingshan4 (DLS-4)	2 106	40.034°	115.471°	西偏南15° East by south 15°
	东灵山5 Donglingshan5 (DLS-5)	2 018	40.033°	115.475°	东偏北40° East by north 40°
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	大青山 Daqingshan (DQS)	2 068	40.838°	111.259°	北偏西30° North by west 30°
宁夏 Ningxia	贺兰山1 Helanshan 1 (HLS-1)	3 428	38.838°	105.944°	西坡 West slope
	贺兰山2 Helanshan 2 (HLS-2)	2 900	38.846°	105.944°	北坡 North slope

样地 Sampling site		海拔 Altitude (m)	纬度 Latitude (N)	经度 Longitude (E)	坡向 Slope aspect
山西 Shanxi	荷叶坪1 Heyeping1 (HYP-1)	2 709	38.722°	111.837°	北偏西40° North by west 40°
	荷叶坪2 Heyeping2 (HYP-2)	2 596	38.729°	111.862°	南偏西10° South by west 10°
	荷叶坪3 Heyeping3 (HYP-3)	2 504	38.729°	111.874°	南偏西10° South by west 10°
	荷叶坪4 Heyeping4 (HYP-4)	2 435	38.730°	111.885°	南偏西10° South by west 10°
	芦芽山1 Luyashan1 (LYS-1)	2 701	38.750°	111.926°	西偏南30° West by south 30°
	芦芽山2 Luyashan2 (LYS-2)	2 580	38.744°	111.926°	南偏西10° South by west 10°
	关帝山 Guandishan (GDS)	2 557	37.895°	111.518°	北坡 North slope
	五台山中台顶 Wutaishanzhongtaiding (WTZ)	2 895	39.047°	113.531°	南坡 South slope
	五台山西台顶 Wutaishanxitaiding (WTX)	2 783	39.037°	113.492°	北偏东2.5° North by east 2.5°
	五台山北台顶1 Wutaishanbeitaiding1 (WTB-1)	3 066	39.080°	113.568°	东偏北3° East by north 3°
	五台山北台顶2 Wutaishanbeitaiding2 (WTB-2)	3 066	39.080°	113.568°	南偏北 South by north
河北 Hebei	白石山 Baishishan (BSS)	1 940	39.208°	114.698°	南偏西25° South by west 25°
	雾灵山 Wulingshan (WLS)	1 939	40.577°	117.461°	东坡 East slope
	小五台山B Xiaowutaishan B (XWTB)	2 500	39.945°	115.061°	东偏北5.7° East by north 5.7°
	小五台山C Xiaowutaishan C (XWTC)	2 706	39.943°	115.047°	东偏北5.7° East by north 5.7°
	小五台山A Xiaowutaishan A (XWTA)	2 480	39.912°	114.968°	西偏南8.9° West by south 8.9°
北京 Beijing	百花山 Baihuashan (BHS)	2 033	39.813°	115.582°	西坡 West slope
	东灵山1 Donglingshan1 (DLS-1)	2 303	40.031°	115.454°	西偏南30° West by south 30°
	东灵山2 Donglingshan2 (DLS-2)	2 202	40.031°	115.462°	东偏南30° East by south 30°
	东灵山3 Donglingshan3 (DLS-3)	2 160	40.029°	115.451°	西坡 West slope
	东灵山4 Donglingshan4 (DLS-4)	2 106	40.034°	115.471°	西偏南15° East by south 15°
	东灵山5 Donglingshan5 (DLS-5)	2 018	40.033°	115.475°	东偏北40° East by north 40°
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	大青山 Daqingshan (DQS)	2 068	40.838°	111.259°	北偏西30° North by west 30°
宁夏 Ningxia	贺兰山1 Helanshan 1 (HLS-1)	3 428	38.838°	105.944°	西坡 West slope
	贺兰山2 Helanshan 2 (HLS-2)	2 900	38.846°	105.944°	北坡 North slope

种群 Population	样本数 Sample size	多态位点数 No. of polymorphic bands	多态位点百分率 PPL (%)	Nei’s基因多样性 H	Shannon多态性信息指数 I
荷叶坪1 Heyeping1 (HYP-1)	32	331	83.17	0.241 8 (0.186 7)	0.369 3 (0.256 4)
荷叶坪2 Heyeping2 (HYP-2)	32	338	84.92	0.266 6 (0.177 1)	0.405 6 (0.242 3)
荷叶坪3 Heyeping3 (HYP-3)	32	335	84.17	0.272 2 (0.179 4)	0.411 5 (0.246 5)
荷叶坪4 Heyeping4 (HYP-4)	32	333	83.67	0.278 2 (0.179 9)	0.419 0 (0.246 4)
芦芽山1 Luyashan1 (LYS-1)	31	328	82.41	0.264 0 (0.180 0)	0.400 3 (0.2485)
芦芽山2 Luyashan2 (LYS-2)	32	309	77.64	0.240 2 (0.188 1)	0.365 5 (0.260 7)
关帝山 Guandishan (GDS)	32	367	92.21	0.303 6 (0.174 4)	0.455 1 (0.231 1)
五台山中台顶 Wutaishanzhongtaiding (WTZ)	30	293	73.62	0.249 5 (0.190 8)	0.374 7 (0.268 7)
五台山中台顶 Wutaishanxitaiding (WTX)	29	309	77.64	0.258 2 (0.193 1)	0.386 9 (0.268 1)
五台山北台顶1 Wutaishanbeitaiding1 (WTB-1)	31	290	72.86	0.233 7 (0.191 3)	0.353 6 (0.269 1)
五台山北台顶2 Wutaishanbeitaiding2 (WTB-2)	28	309	77.64	0.268 1 (0.190 7)	0.400 7 (0.264 7)
百花山 Baihuashan (BHS)	32	274	68.84	0.220 8 (0.193 3)	0.333 9 (0.273 8)
白石山 Baishishan (BSS)	32	352	88.44	0.297 9 (0.167 3)	0.448 7 (0.226 5)
雾灵山 Wulingshan (WLS)	29	291	73.12	0.249 0 (0.193 0)	0.373 1 (0.272 0)
小五台山A Xiaowutaishan A (XWTA)	30	281	70.60	0.222 2 (0.189 9)	0.337 7 (0.268 7)
小五台山B Xiaowutaishan B (XWTB)	30	246	61.81	0.202 0 (0.198 7)	0.304 0 (0.282 3)
小五台山C Xiaowutaishan C (XWTC)	30	305	76.63	0.246 0 (0.181 4)	0.374 1 (0.256 0)
东灵山1 Donglingshan1 (DLS-1)	32	273	68.59	0.224 2 (0.194 4)	0.338 3 (0.274 9)
东灵山2 Donglingshan2 (DLS-2)	32	298	74.87	0.245 9 (0.189 3)	0.370 6 (0.266 7)
东灵山3 Donglingshan3 (DLS-3)	32	310	77.89	0.254 7 (0.182 7)	0.385 8 (0.255 7)
东灵山4 Donglingshan4 (DLS-4)	32	352	88.44	0.284 8 (0.170 3)	0.431 9 (0.229 6)
东灵山5 Donglingshan5 (DLS-5)	32	319	80.15	0.250 4 (0.182 7)	0.380 6 (0.254 7)
大青山 Daqingshan (DQS)	32	325	81.66	0.277 4 (0.185 1)	0.415 6 (0.255 0)
贺兰山1 Helanshan1 (HLS-1)	30	321	80.65	0.283 1 (0.186 2)	0.422 1 (0.257 0)
贺兰山2 Helanshan2 ( HLS-2)	30	318	79.90	0.266 5 (0.186 4)	0.400 5 (0.258 3)
种群水平 Population level				0.256 0 (0.185 3)	0.384 6 (0.257 3)
物种水平 Species level	776	312	78.46	0.364 9 (0.122 9)	0.542 2 (0.146 8)

种群 Population	样本数 Sample size	多态位点数 No. of polymorphic bands	多态位点百分率 PPL (%)	Nei’s基因多样性 H	Shannon多态性信息指数 I
荷叶坪1 Heyeping1 (HYP-1)	32	331	83.17	0.241 8 (0.186 7)	0.369 3 (0.256 4)
荷叶坪2 Heyeping2 (HYP-2)	32	338	84.92	0.266 6 (0.177 1)	0.405 6 (0.242 3)
荷叶坪3 Heyeping3 (HYP-3)	32	335	84.17	0.272 2 (0.179 4)	0.411 5 (0.246 5)
荷叶坪4 Heyeping4 (HYP-4)	32	333	83.67	0.278 2 (0.179 9)	0.419 0 (0.246 4)
芦芽山1 Luyashan1 (LYS-1)	31	328	82.41	0.264 0 (0.180 0)	0.400 3 (0.2485)
芦芽山2 Luyashan2 (LYS-2)	32	309	77.64	0.240 2 (0.188 1)	0.365 5 (0.260 7)
关帝山 Guandishan (GDS)	32	367	92.21	0.303 6 (0.174 4)	0.455 1 (0.231 1)
五台山中台顶 Wutaishanzhongtaiding (WTZ)	30	293	73.62	0.249 5 (0.190 8)	0.374 7 (0.268 7)
五台山中台顶 Wutaishanxitaiding (WTX)	29	309	77.64	0.258 2 (0.193 1)	0.386 9 (0.268 1)
五台山北台顶1 Wutaishanbeitaiding1 (WTB-1)	31	290	72.86	0.233 7 (0.191 3)	0.353 6 (0.269 1)
五台山北台顶2 Wutaishanbeitaiding2 (WTB-2)	28	309	77.64	0.268 1 (0.190 7)	0.400 7 (0.264 7)
百花山 Baihuashan (BHS)	32	274	68.84	0.220 8 (0.193 3)	0.333 9 (0.273 8)
白石山 Baishishan (BSS)	32	352	88.44	0.297 9 (0.167 3)	0.448 7 (0.226 5)
雾灵山 Wulingshan (WLS)	29	291	73.12	0.249 0 (0.193 0)	0.373 1 (0.272 0)
小五台山A Xiaowutaishan A (XWTA)	30	281	70.60	0.222 2 (0.189 9)	0.337 7 (0.268 7)
小五台山B Xiaowutaishan B (XWTB)	30	246	61.81	0.202 0 (0.198 7)	0.304 0 (0.282 3)
小五台山C Xiaowutaishan C (XWTC)	30	305	76.63	0.246 0 (0.181 4)	0.374 1 (0.256 0)
东灵山1 Donglingshan1 (DLS-1)	32	273	68.59	0.224 2 (0.194 4)	0.338 3 (0.274 9)
东灵山2 Donglingshan2 (DLS-2)	32	298	74.87	0.245 9 (0.189 3)	0.370 6 (0.266 7)
东灵山3 Donglingshan3 (DLS-3)	32	310	77.89	0.254 7 (0.182 7)	0.385 8 (0.255 7)
东灵山4 Donglingshan4 (DLS-4)	32	352	88.44	0.284 8 (0.170 3)	0.431 9 (0.229 6)
东灵山5 Donglingshan5 (DLS-5)	32	319	80.15	0.250 4 (0.182 7)	0.380 6 (0.254 7)
大青山 Daqingshan (DQS)	32	325	81.66	0.277 4 (0.185 1)	0.415 6 (0.255 0)
贺兰山1 Helanshan1 (HLS-1)	30	321	80.65	0.283 1 (0.186 2)	0.422 1 (0.257 0)
贺兰山2 Helanshan2 ( HLS-2)	30	318	79.90	0.266 5 (0.186 4)	0.400 5 (0.258 3)
种群水平 Population level				0.256 0 (0.185 3)	0.384 6 (0.257 3)
物种水平 Species level	776	312	78.46	0.364 9 (0.122 9)	0.542 2 (0.146 8)

分组 Group	变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 df	平方和 Sum of squares	方差分量 Variance components	方差分量百分率 Percentage of variation (%)	F 统计值 F statistics
所有种群为一组 All populations were divided into one group	种群间	24	18 857.993	23.700 46	32.10	0.321 00*
	Among populations	24	18 857.993	23.700 46	32.10
	种群内	751	37 649.060	50.131 90	67.90
	Within populations	751	37 649.060	50.131 90	67.90
基于UPGMA分两组Two groups based on UPGMA	地理单元间	1	6 111.456	17.509 04	20.87	0.208 71*
	Among geographic units	1	6 111.456	17.509 04	20.87	0.208 71*
	地理单元内	23	12 746.537	16.249 94	19.37	0.244 79*
	Among populations within geographic unit	23	12 746.537	16.249 94	19.37	0.244 79*
	种群内	751	37 649.060	50.131 9	59.76	0.402 42*
	Within populations	751	37 649.060	50.131 9	59.76	0.402 42*
基于山脉分五组 Five groups based on the mountains	地理单元间	4	9 597.026	16.750 0	20.90	0.208 98*
	Among geographic units	4	9 597.026	16.750 0	20.90	0.208 98*
	地理单元内	20	9260.967	13.270 7	16.56	0.209 31*
	Among populations within geographic unit	20	9260.967	13.270 7	16.56	0.209 31*
	种群内	751	37 649.060	50.131 9	62.55	0.374 54*
	Within populations	751	37 649.060	50.131 9	62.55	0.374 54*