植物生态学报 ›› 2010, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (9): 1095-1106.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.010
收稿日期:
2009-09-21
接受日期:
2010-03-05
出版日期:
2010-09-21
发布日期:
2010-10-08
通讯作者:
陈全震
作者简介:
* E-mail: chenqz6509@126.com
HUANG Yi-Jun, JIANG Zhi-Bing, ZENG Jiang-Ning, CHEN Quan-Zhen*()
Received:
2009-09-21
Accepted:
2010-03-05
Online:
2010-09-21
Published:
2010-10-08
Contact:
CHEN Quan-Zhen
摘要:
海上溢油和船舶含油废水排放等石油污染给海洋生态环境带来严峻考验。为了解石油污染对海洋浮游植物的短期群落效应, 于实验室对采自浙江省乐清湾海域的四季浮游植物进行了14天的微宇宙实验研究。通过测定不同浓度原油水溶性成分(water accommodated fraction, WAF)胁迫下浮游植物群落各种类的细胞密度, 发现原油WAF对浮游植物群落的种类数、多样性、均匀度和优势种组成及优势度均有极显著影响。原油污染组的种类数均低于对照组, 多样性指数也总体上低于对照组, 但均匀度指数无明显规律。WAF对各季节浮游植物群落优势种的影响存在季节、浓度梯度和种类差异: 1)在高浓度WAF (≥2.28 mg·L-1)胁迫下, 各季节浮游植物群落中中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的优势度均呈升高趋势, 除秋季外, 长菱形藻(Nitzschia longissima)在其余季节的优势度均显著下降, 另外秋季实验中微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)的优势度呈先升高后下降的趋势, 秋冬季斜纹藻(Pleurosigma sp.)和念珠直链藻(Melosira moniliformis)的优势度呈下降趋势; 2)在低浓度WAF (≤1.16 mg·L-1)胁迫下, 除秋季中肋骨条藻仍为绝对优势种外, 其余季节该种微藻的优势度均呈下降趋势, 春、夏季长菱形藻的优势度逐渐升高, 而冬季则是念珠直链藻的优势度不断增加。原油WAF影响下, 可能r策略种将逐渐取代k策略种, 导致浮游植物群落趋于小型化。
黄逸君, 江志兵, 曾江宁, 陈全震. 石油烃污染对海洋浮游植物群落的短期毒性效应. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(9): 1095-1106. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.010
HUANG Yi-Jun, JIANG Zhi-Bing, ZENG Jiang-Ning, CHEN Quan-Zhen. Short-term toxic effects of crude oil pollution on marine phytoplankton community. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(9): 1095-1106. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.010
海水水质参数 Seawater parameters | 春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 冬 Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|
温度 Temperature (℃) | 20.5 | 28.5 | 16.5 | 10.5 |
盐度 Salinity | 24.20 | 23.58 | 25.67 | 25.18 |
pH | 8.20 | 8.05 | 8.20 | 8.10 |
溶解氧 Dissolve oxygen (mg·L-1) | 9.15 | 8.95 | 9.05 | 9.21 |
NO2- ( mg·L-1) | 0.023 | 0.036 | 0.015 | 0.072 |
NO3- ( mg·L-1) | 0.413 | 0.752 | 0.645 | 1.056 |
NH4+ (mg·L-1) | 0.527 | 0.108 | 0.212 | 0.615 |
可溶性无机氮 Dissolve inorganic nitrogen (mg·L-1) | 0.963 | 0.896 | 0.872 | 1.743 |
PO43- (mg·L-1 ) | 0.076 | 0.067 | 0.044 | 0.089 |
表1 四季中浮游植物试验海水的参数
Table 1 Parameters of phytoplankton experimental seawater in four seasons
海水水质参数 Seawater parameters | 春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 冬 Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|
温度 Temperature (℃) | 20.5 | 28.5 | 16.5 | 10.5 |
盐度 Salinity | 24.20 | 23.58 | 25.67 | 25.18 |
pH | 8.20 | 8.05 | 8.20 | 8.10 |
溶解氧 Dissolve oxygen (mg·L-1) | 9.15 | 8.95 | 9.05 | 9.21 |
NO2- ( mg·L-1) | 0.023 | 0.036 | 0.015 | 0.072 |
NO3- ( mg·L-1) | 0.413 | 0.752 | 0.645 | 1.056 |
NH4+ (mg·L-1) | 0.527 | 0.108 | 0.212 | 0.615 |
可溶性无机氮 Dissolve inorganic nitrogen (mg·L-1) | 0.963 | 0.896 | 0.872 | 1.743 |
PO43- (mg·L-1 ) | 0.076 | 0.067 | 0.044 | 0.089 |
种类 Species | 春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 冬 Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|
曲壳藻 Achnanthes sp. | + | |||
环状辐裥藻 Actinoptychus annulatus | + | |||
翼茧形藻 Amphiprora alata | + | + | ||
奇异棍形藻 Bacillaria paradoxa | + | + | ||
活动盒形藻 Biddulphia mobiliensis | + | ++ | + | |
高盒形藻 Biddulphia regia | + | + | + | |
中华盒形藻 Biddulphia sinensis | + | |||
地中海指管藻 Dactyliosolen mediterraneus | + | |||
柏氏角管藻 Cerataulina pelagica | + | |||
窄隙角毛藻 Chaetoceros affinis | + | |||
洛氏角毛藻 Chaetoceros lorenzianus | + | |||
圆柱角毛藻 Chaetoceros teres | + | |||
盾卵形藻 Cocconeis scutellum | + | |||
棘冠藻 Corethron criophilum | + | |||
蛇目圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus argus | + | |||
星脐圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus asteromphalus | + | + | + | + |
有翼圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus bipartitus | + | + | ||
中心圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus centralis | + | + | ||
琼氏圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus jonesianus | + | |||
线形圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus lineatus | + | + | + | + |
具边圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus marginatus | + | |||
具边线形圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus marginato-lineatus | + | + | ||
虹彩圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis | + | |||
辐射圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus radiatus | + | + | + | |
苏氏圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus thorii | + | |||
条纹小环藻 Cyclotella striata | + | + | ||
柱状小环藻 Cyclotella stylorum | + | + | + | + |
双壁藻 Diploneis sp. | + | + | ||
布氏双尾藻 Ditylum brightwelli | ++ | + | ||
柔弱井字藻 Eunotogramma debile | + | + | + | |
波罗的海布纹藻 Gyrosigma balticum | + | + | ||
刀形布纹藻 Gyrosigma scalproides | + | |||
斯氏布纹藻 Gyrosigma spencerii | + | + | ||
丹麦细柱藻 Leptocylindrus danicus | + | + | ||
胸隔藻 Mastogloia sp. | + | |||
念珠直链藻 Melosira moniliformis | + | + | + | +++ |
拟货币直链藻 Melosira nummuloides | + | + | ||
具槽直链藻 Melosira sulcata | + | + | + | |
盔状舟形藻 Navicula corymbosa | + | + | ||
直舟形藻 Navicula directa | +++ | + | + | + |
小形舟形藻 Navicula parva | + | + | ||
瞳孔舟形藻 Navicula pupula | + | |||
长菱形藻 Nitzschia longissima | +++ | ++ | + | + |
洛氏菱形藻 Nitzschia lorenziana | + | + | + | |
卵形菱形藻 Nitzschia cocconeiformis | + | |||
簇生菱形藻 Nitzschia fasciculata | + | |||
碎片菱形藻 Nitzschia frustulum | + | |||
匈牙利菱形藻 Nitzschia hungarica | + | + | ||
琴式菱形藻 Nitzschia panduriformis | + | |||
纤细菱形藻 Nitzschia subtilis | + | |||
菱形藻 Nitzschia sp. | + | + | + | + |
北方羽纹藻 Pinnularia borealis | + | |||
微辐节羽纹藻 Pinnularia microstauron | + | + | ||
端尖斜纹藻 Pleurosigma acutum | + | + | + | |
艾希斜纹藻 Pleurosigma aestuarii | + | |||
柔弱斜纹藻 Pleurosigma delicatulum | + | |||
镰刀斜纹藻 Pleurosigma falx | + | + | + | |
飞马斜纹藻 Pleurosigma finmarchicum | + | + | + | |
中型斜纹藻 Pleurosigma intermedium | + | |||
诺马斜纹藻 Pleurosigma normanii | + | + | + | |
坚实斜纹藻 Pleurosigma rigidum | + | |||
斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp. | +++ | ++ | ||
尖刺拟菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia pungens | + | |||
小伪菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia sicula | + | |||
翼根管藻 Rhizosolenia alata | + | |||
优美旭氏藻矮小变种 Schr?derella delicatula f. schr?deri | + | |||
中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum | +++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ |
透明针杆藻 Synedra crystallina | + | |||
平片针杆藻 Synedra tabulata | + | + | + | + |
佛氏海毛藻 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii | + | + | ||
菱形海线藻 Thalassionema nitzschioides | + | + | ||
海链藻 Thalassiosira sp. | + | |||
亚历山大藻 Alexandrium sp. | + | |||
叉角藻 Ceratium furca | + | |||
微小原甲藻 Prorocentrum minimum | + | ++ | + | |
原多甲藻 Protoperidinium sp. | + |
表2 四季的浮游植物种类
Table 2 Phytoplankton species of four seasons
种类 Species | 春 Spring | 夏 Summer | 秋 Autumn | 冬 Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|
曲壳藻 Achnanthes sp. | + | |||
环状辐裥藻 Actinoptychus annulatus | + | |||
翼茧形藻 Amphiprora alata | + | + | ||
奇异棍形藻 Bacillaria paradoxa | + | + | ||
活动盒形藻 Biddulphia mobiliensis | + | ++ | + | |
高盒形藻 Biddulphia regia | + | + | + | |
中华盒形藻 Biddulphia sinensis | + | |||
地中海指管藻 Dactyliosolen mediterraneus | + | |||
柏氏角管藻 Cerataulina pelagica | + | |||
窄隙角毛藻 Chaetoceros affinis | + | |||
洛氏角毛藻 Chaetoceros lorenzianus | + | |||
圆柱角毛藻 Chaetoceros teres | + | |||
盾卵形藻 Cocconeis scutellum | + | |||
棘冠藻 Corethron criophilum | + | |||
蛇目圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus argus | + | |||
星脐圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus asteromphalus | + | + | + | + |
有翼圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus bipartitus | + | + | ||
中心圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus centralis | + | + | ||
琼氏圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus jonesianus | + | |||
线形圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus lineatus | + | + | + | + |
具边圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus marginatus | + | |||
具边线形圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus marginato-lineatus | + | + | ||
虹彩圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis | + | |||
辐射圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus radiatus | + | + | + | |
苏氏圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus thorii | + | |||
条纹小环藻 Cyclotella striata | + | + | ||
柱状小环藻 Cyclotella stylorum | + | + | + | + |
双壁藻 Diploneis sp. | + | + | ||
布氏双尾藻 Ditylum brightwelli | ++ | + | ||
柔弱井字藻 Eunotogramma debile | + | + | + | |
波罗的海布纹藻 Gyrosigma balticum | + | + | ||
刀形布纹藻 Gyrosigma scalproides | + | |||
斯氏布纹藻 Gyrosigma spencerii | + | + | ||
丹麦细柱藻 Leptocylindrus danicus | + | + | ||
胸隔藻 Mastogloia sp. | + | |||
念珠直链藻 Melosira moniliformis | + | + | + | +++ |
拟货币直链藻 Melosira nummuloides | + | + | ||
具槽直链藻 Melosira sulcata | + | + | + | |
盔状舟形藻 Navicula corymbosa | + | + | ||
直舟形藻 Navicula directa | +++ | + | + | + |
小形舟形藻 Navicula parva | + | + | ||
瞳孔舟形藻 Navicula pupula | + | |||
长菱形藻 Nitzschia longissima | +++ | ++ | + | + |
洛氏菱形藻 Nitzschia lorenziana | + | + | + | |
卵形菱形藻 Nitzschia cocconeiformis | + | |||
簇生菱形藻 Nitzschia fasciculata | + | |||
碎片菱形藻 Nitzschia frustulum | + | |||
匈牙利菱形藻 Nitzschia hungarica | + | + | ||
琴式菱形藻 Nitzschia panduriformis | + | |||
纤细菱形藻 Nitzschia subtilis | + | |||
菱形藻 Nitzschia sp. | + | + | + | + |
北方羽纹藻 Pinnularia borealis | + | |||
微辐节羽纹藻 Pinnularia microstauron | + | + | ||
端尖斜纹藻 Pleurosigma acutum | + | + | + | |
艾希斜纹藻 Pleurosigma aestuarii | + | |||
柔弱斜纹藻 Pleurosigma delicatulum | + | |||
镰刀斜纹藻 Pleurosigma falx | + | + | + | |
飞马斜纹藻 Pleurosigma finmarchicum | + | + | + | |
中型斜纹藻 Pleurosigma intermedium | + | |||
诺马斜纹藻 Pleurosigma normanii | + | + | + | |
坚实斜纹藻 Pleurosigma rigidum | + | |||
斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp. | +++ | ++ | ||
尖刺拟菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia pungens | + | |||
小伪菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia sicula | + | |||
翼根管藻 Rhizosolenia alata | + | |||
优美旭氏藻矮小变种 Schr?derella delicatula f. schr?deri | + | |||
中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum | +++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ |
透明针杆藻 Synedra crystallina | + | |||
平片针杆藻 Synedra tabulata | + | + | + | + |
佛氏海毛藻 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii | + | + | ||
菱形海线藻 Thalassionema nitzschioides | + | + | ||
海链藻 Thalassiosira sp. | + | |||
亚历山大藻 Alexandrium sp. | + | |||
叉角藻 Ceratium furca | + | |||
微小原甲藻 Prorocentrum minimum | + | ++ | + | |
原多甲藻 Protoperidinium sp. | + |
季节 Season | 优势种 Dominant species | 优势度 Dominance |
---|---|---|
春 | 中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum | 0.419 |
Spring | 长菱形藻 Nitzschia longissima | 0.322 |
直舟形藻 Navicula directa | 0.207 | |
夏 | 中肋骨条藻 S. costatum | 0.592 |
Summer | 长菱形藻 N. longissima | 0.106 |
布氏双尾藻 Ditylum brightwelli | 0.221 | |
活动盒形藻 Biddulphia mobiliensis | 0.230 | |
秋 | 斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp. | 0.333 |
Autumn | 中肋骨条藻 S. costatum | 0.178 |
微小原甲藻 Prorocentrum minimum | 0.103 | |
冬 | 中肋骨条藻 S. costatum | 0.354 |
Winter | 念珠直链藻 Melosira moniliformis | 0.321 |
斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp. | 0.127 |
表3 各个季节浮游植物群落的优势种及其占细胞总数的百分比
Table 3 Dominant species of phytoplankton community and percentage of total cell density in different seasons
季节 Season | 优势种 Dominant species | 优势度 Dominance |
---|---|---|
春 | 中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum | 0.419 |
Spring | 长菱形藻 Nitzschia longissima | 0.322 |
直舟形藻 Navicula directa | 0.207 | |
夏 | 中肋骨条藻 S. costatum | 0.592 |
Summer | 长菱形藻 N. longissima | 0.106 |
布氏双尾藻 Ditylum brightwelli | 0.221 | |
活动盒形藻 Biddulphia mobiliensis | 0.230 | |
秋 | 斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp. | 0.333 |
Autumn | 中肋骨条藻 S. costatum | 0.178 |
微小原甲藻 Prorocentrum minimum | 0.103 | |
冬 | 中肋骨条藻 S. costatum | 0.354 |
Winter | 念珠直链藻 Melosira moniliformis | 0.321 |
斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp. | 0.127 |
图1 各原油水溶性成分(WAF)浓度试验组第14天浮游植物群落多样性指数(H)的变化(平均值±标准误差)。
Fig. 1 Seasonal change of diversity index (H) of phytoplankton community at 14th day under different concentrations of crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) (mean ± SE).
图2 各原油水溶性成分(WAF)浓度试验组第14天浮游植物群落均匀度指数(J)的变化(平均值±标准误差)。
Fig. 2 Seasonal change of evenness index (J) of phytoplankton community at 14th day under different concentrations of crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) (mean ± SE).
图3 各原油水溶性成分(WAF)浓度试验组第14天浮游植物群落种类数(S)的变化(平均值±标准误差)。
Fig. 3 Seasonal change of species richness (S) of phytoplankton community at 14th day under different concentrations of crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) (mean ± SE).
图4 不同原油水溶性成分浓度下春季浮游植物优势种优势度(D)的变化(平均值±标准误差)。
Fig. 4 Change of dominance (D) of dominant species of phytoplankton in spring under different crude oil water accommodated fraction concentrations (mean ± SE).
图5 不同原油水溶性成分浓度下夏季浮游植物优势种优势度的变化(平均值±标准误差)。
Fig. 5 Change of dominance (D) of dominant species of phytoplankton in summer under different crude oil water accommodated fraction concentrations (mean ± SE).
图6 不同原油水溶性成分浓度下秋季浮游植物优势种优势度(D)的变化(平均值±标准误差)。
Fig. 6 Change of dominance (D) of dominant species of phytoplankton in autumn under different crude oil water accommodated fraction concentrations (mean ± SE).
图7 不同原油水溶性成分浓度下冬季浮游植物优势种优势度(D)的变化(平均值±标准误差)。
Fig. 7 Change of dominance (D) of dominant species of phytoplankton in winter under different crude oil water accommodated fraction concentrations (mean ± SE).
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