石油烃污染对海洋浮游植物群落的短期毒性效应

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海上溢油和船舶含油废水排放等石油污染给海洋生态环境带来严峻考验。为了解石油污染对海洋浮游植物的短期群落效应, 于实验室对采自浙江省乐清湾海域的四季浮游植物进行了14天的微宇宙实验研究。通过测定不同浓度原油水溶性成分(water accommodated fraction, WAF)胁迫下浮游植物群落各种类的细胞密度, 发现原油WAF对浮游植物群落的种类数、多样性、均匀度和优势种组成及优势度均有极显著影响。原油污染组的种类数均低于对照组, 多样性指数也总体上低于对照组, 但均匀度指数无明显规律。WAF对各季节浮游植物群落优势种的影响存在季节、浓度梯度和种类差异: 1)在高浓度WAF (≥2.28 mg·L^-1)胁迫下, 各季节浮游植物群落中中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的优势度均呈升高趋势, 除秋季外, 长菱形藻(Nitzschia longissima)在其余季节的优势度均显著下降, 另外秋季实验中微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)的优势度呈先升高后下降的趋势, 秋冬季斜纹藻(Pleurosigma sp.)和念珠直链藻(Melosira moniliformis)的优势度呈下降趋势; 2)在低浓度WAF (≤1.16 mg·L^-1)胁迫下, 除秋季中肋骨条藻仍为绝对优势种外, 其余季节该种微藻的优势度均呈下降趋势, 春、夏季长菱形藻的优势度逐渐升高, 而冬季则是念珠直链藻的优势度不断增加。原油WAF影响下, 可能r策略种将逐渐取代k策略种, 导致浮游植物群落趋于小型化。

关键词: 原油水溶性成分, 优势种, 海洋浮游植物, 演替

Abstract:

Aims Oil contamination in marine environments poses a significant threat to marine life, especially phytoplankton. We simulate oil contamination on the natural phytoplankton community and study species changes in the community. Our objectives are to determine influences of oil pollution on the ecology of marine phytoplankton and to provide basic data for the assessment of losses in marine ecosystems caused by oil spills and oil pollution.

Methods In four seasons from November 2008 to July 2009, we collected phytoplankton from Yueqing Bay in China’s Zhejiang Province. We chose eight levels of crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) to perform 14-day culture experiments of phytoplankton under different WAF stresses. We measured phytoplankton cell density and identified species every 24 h.

Important findings Diversity (H), evenness (J), species number (S) and species composition of phytoplankton were significantly influenced by crude oil WAF in all four seasons. Values of S and H in crude oil WAF groups were all lower than in control groups, but there were no significant differences in J. The influences of crude oil WAF on dominant species of phytoplankton were different among seasons, concentrations, and species. Under high levels of crude oil WAF (≥ 2.28 mg·L^-1), dominance of Skeletonema costatum increased in the four seasons, while dominance of Nitzschia longissima decreased in all seasons except autumn. Dominance of Prorocentrum minimum first increased and then decreased, while dominance of Pleurosigma sp. and Melosira moniliformis decreased in autumn and winter. Under low levels of crude oil WAF (≤ 1.16 mg·L^-1), dominance of S. costatum decreased in all seasons except autumn, N. longissima increased in spring and summer, and M. moniliformis increased in winter. With the impact of crude oil WAF, species with r-strategy may gradually replace species with k-strategy, thus leading to abnormal succession.

Key words: crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF), dominant species, marine phytoplankton, succession

黄逸君, 江志兵, 曾江宁, 陈全震. 石油烃污染对海洋浮游植物群落的短期毒性效应. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(9): 1095-1106. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.010

HUANG Yi-Jun, JIANG Zhi-Bing, ZENG Jiang-Ning, CHEN Quan-Zhen. Short-term toxic effects of crude oil pollution on marine phytoplankton community. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(9): 1095-1106. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.010

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.09.010

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I9/1095

图/表 10

参考文献 43

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海水水质参数 Seawater parameters	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
温度 Temperature (℃)	20.5	28.5	16.5	10.5
盐度 Salinity	24.20	23.58	25.67	25.18
pH	8.20	8.05	8.20	8.10
溶解氧 Dissolve oxygen (mg·L^-1)	9.15	8.95	9.05	9.21
NO₂^-( mg·L^-1)	0.023	0.036	0.015	0.072
NO₃^-( mg·L^-1)	0.413	0.752	0.645	1.056
NH₄⁺ (mg·L^-1)	0.527	0.108	0.212	0.615
可溶性无机氮 Dissolve inorganic nitrogen (mg·L^-1)	0.963	0.896	0.872	1.743
PO₄^3-(mg·L^-1)	0.076	0.067	0.044	0.089

海水水质参数 Seawater parameters	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
温度 Temperature (℃)	20.5	28.5	16.5	10.5
盐度 Salinity	24.20	23.58	25.67	25.18
pH	8.20	8.05	8.20	8.10
溶解氧 Dissolve oxygen (mg·L^-1)	9.15	8.95	9.05	9.21
NO₂^-( mg·L^-1)	0.023	0.036	0.015	0.072
NO₃^-( mg·L^-1)	0.413	0.752	0.645	1.056
NH₄⁺ (mg·L^-1)	0.527	0.108	0.212	0.615
可溶性无机氮 Dissolve inorganic nitrogen (mg·L^-1)	0.963	0.896	0.872	1.743
PO₄^3-(mg·L^-1)	0.076	0.067	0.044	0.089

种类 Species	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
曲壳藻 Achnanthes sp.		+
环状辐裥藻 Actinoptychus annulatus			+
翼茧形藻 Amphiprora alata		+	+
奇异棍形藻 Bacillaria paradoxa		+	+
活动盒形藻 Biddulphia mobiliensis	+	++	+
高盒形藻 Biddulphia regia	+	+	+
中华盒形藻 Biddulphia sinensis		+
地中海指管藻 Dactyliosolen mediterraneus		+
柏氏角管藻 Cerataulina pelagica				+
窄隙角毛藻 Chaetoceros affinis			+
洛氏角毛藻 Chaetoceros lorenzianus			+
圆柱角毛藻 Chaetoceros teres		+
盾卵形藻 Cocconeis scutellum	+
棘冠藻 Corethron criophilum		+
蛇目圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus argus		+
星脐圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus asteromphalus	+	+	+	+
有翼圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus bipartitus		+	+
中心圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus centralis	+	+
琼氏圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus jonesianus		+
线形圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus lineatus	+	+	+	+
具边圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus marginatus	+
具边线形圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus marginato-lineatus			+	+
虹彩圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis			+
辐射圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus radiatus	+	+		+
苏氏圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus thorii		+
条纹小环藻 Cyclotella striata		+	+
柱状小环藻 Cyclotella stylorum	+	+	+	+
双壁藻 Diploneis sp.			+	+
布氏双尾藻 Ditylum brightwelli		++	+
柔弱井字藻 Eunotogramma debile	+	+	+
波罗的海布纹藻 Gyrosigma balticum	+	+
刀形布纹藻 Gyrosigma scalproides		+
斯氏布纹藻 Gyrosigma spencerii	+	+
丹麦细柱藻 Leptocylindrus danicus		+	+
胸隔藻 Mastogloia sp.		+
念珠直链藻 Melosira moniliformis	+	+	+	+++
拟货币直链藻 Melosira nummuloides	+			+
具槽直链藻 Melosira sulcata	+		+	+
盔状舟形藻 Navicula corymbosa	+	+
直舟形藻 Navicula directa	+++	+	+	+
小形舟形藻 Navicula parva	+	+
瞳孔舟形藻 Navicula pupula	+
长菱形藻 Nitzschia longissima	+++	++	+	+
洛氏菱形藻 Nitzschia lorenziana	+	+	+
卵形菱形藻 Nitzschia cocconeiformis		+
簇生菱形藻 Nitzschia fasciculata	+
碎片菱形藻 Nitzschia frustulum		+
匈牙利菱形藻 Nitzschia hungarica	+	+
琴式菱形藻 Nitzschia panduriformis		+
纤细菱形藻 Nitzschia subtilis		+
菱形藻 Nitzschia sp.	+	+	+	+
北方羽纹藻 Pinnularia borealis	+
微辐节羽纹藻 Pinnularia microstauron	+	+
端尖斜纹藻 Pleurosigma acutum	+	+	+
艾希斜纹藻 Pleurosigma aestuarii		+
柔弱斜纹藻 Pleurosigma delicatulum	+
镰刀斜纹藻 Pleurosigma falx	+	+		+
飞马斜纹藻 Pleurosigma finmarchicum	+	+	+
中型斜纹藻 Pleurosigma intermedium		+
诺马斜纹藻 Pleurosigma normanii	+	+		+
坚实斜纹藻 Pleurosigma rigidum	+
斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp.			+++	++
尖刺拟菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia pungens			+
小伪菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia sicula		+
翼根管藻 Rhizosolenia alata			+
优美旭氏藻矮小变种 Schr?derella delicatula f. schr?deri	+
中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum	+++	++++	++	+++
透明针杆藻 Synedra crystallina	+
平片针杆藻 Synedra tabulata	+	+	+	+
佛氏海毛藻 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii		+	+
菱形海线藻 Thalassionema nitzschioides			+	+
海链藻 Thalassiosira sp.		+
亚历山大藻 Alexandrium sp.		+
叉角藻 Ceratium furca		+
微小原甲藻 Prorocentrum minimum	+		++	+
原多甲藻 Protoperidinium sp.			+

种类 Species	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
曲壳藻 Achnanthes sp.		+
环状辐裥藻 Actinoptychus annulatus			+
翼茧形藻 Amphiprora alata		+	+
奇异棍形藻 Bacillaria paradoxa		+	+
活动盒形藻 Biddulphia mobiliensis	+	++	+
高盒形藻 Biddulphia regia	+	+	+
中华盒形藻 Biddulphia sinensis		+
地中海指管藻 Dactyliosolen mediterraneus		+
柏氏角管藻 Cerataulina pelagica				+
窄隙角毛藻 Chaetoceros affinis			+
洛氏角毛藻 Chaetoceros lorenzianus			+
圆柱角毛藻 Chaetoceros teres		+
盾卵形藻 Cocconeis scutellum	+
棘冠藻 Corethron criophilum		+
蛇目圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus argus		+
星脐圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus asteromphalus	+	+	+	+
有翼圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus bipartitus		+	+
中心圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus centralis	+	+
琼氏圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus jonesianus		+
线形圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus lineatus	+	+	+	+
具边圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus marginatus	+
具边线形圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus marginato-lineatus			+	+
虹彩圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis			+
辐射圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus radiatus	+	+		+
苏氏圆筛藻 Coscinodiscus thorii		+
条纹小环藻 Cyclotella striata		+	+
柱状小环藻 Cyclotella stylorum	+	+	+	+
双壁藻 Diploneis sp.			+	+
布氏双尾藻 Ditylum brightwelli		++	+
柔弱井字藻 Eunotogramma debile	+	+	+
波罗的海布纹藻 Gyrosigma balticum	+	+
刀形布纹藻 Gyrosigma scalproides		+
斯氏布纹藻 Gyrosigma spencerii	+	+
丹麦细柱藻 Leptocylindrus danicus		+	+
胸隔藻 Mastogloia sp.		+
念珠直链藻 Melosira moniliformis	+	+	+	+++
拟货币直链藻 Melosira nummuloides	+			+
具槽直链藻 Melosira sulcata	+		+	+
盔状舟形藻 Navicula corymbosa	+	+
直舟形藻 Navicula directa	+++	+	+	+
小形舟形藻 Navicula parva	+	+
瞳孔舟形藻 Navicula pupula	+
长菱形藻 Nitzschia longissima	+++	++	+	+
洛氏菱形藻 Nitzschia lorenziana	+	+	+
卵形菱形藻 Nitzschia cocconeiformis		+
簇生菱形藻 Nitzschia fasciculata	+
碎片菱形藻 Nitzschia frustulum		+
匈牙利菱形藻 Nitzschia hungarica	+	+
琴式菱形藻 Nitzschia panduriformis		+
纤细菱形藻 Nitzschia subtilis		+
菱形藻 Nitzschia sp.	+	+	+	+
北方羽纹藻 Pinnularia borealis	+
微辐节羽纹藻 Pinnularia microstauron	+	+
端尖斜纹藻 Pleurosigma acutum	+	+	+
艾希斜纹藻 Pleurosigma aestuarii		+
柔弱斜纹藻 Pleurosigma delicatulum	+
镰刀斜纹藻 Pleurosigma falx	+	+		+
飞马斜纹藻 Pleurosigma finmarchicum	+	+	+
中型斜纹藻 Pleurosigma intermedium		+
诺马斜纹藻 Pleurosigma normanii	+	+		+
坚实斜纹藻 Pleurosigma rigidum	+
斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp.			+++	++
尖刺拟菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia pungens			+
小伪菱形藻 Pseudo-nitzschia sicula		+
翼根管藻 Rhizosolenia alata			+
优美旭氏藻矮小变种 Schr?derella delicatula f. schr?deri	+
中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum	+++	++++	++	+++
透明针杆藻 Synedra crystallina	+
平片针杆藻 Synedra tabulata	+	+	+	+
佛氏海毛藻 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii		+	+
菱形海线藻 Thalassionema nitzschioides			+	+
海链藻 Thalassiosira sp.		+
亚历山大藻 Alexandrium sp.		+
叉角藻 Ceratium furca		+
微小原甲藻 Prorocentrum minimum	+		++	+
原多甲藻 Protoperidinium sp.			+

季节 Season	优势种 Dominant species	优势度 Dominance
春	中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum	0.419
Spring	长菱形藻 Nitzschia longissima	0.322
	直舟形藻 Navicula directa	0.207
夏	中肋骨条藻 S. costatum	0.592
Summer	长菱形藻 N. longissima	0.106
	布氏双尾藻 Ditylum brightwelli	0.221
	活动盒形藻 Biddulphia mobiliensis	0.230
秋	斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp.	0.333
Autumn	中肋骨条藻 S. costatum	0.178
	微小原甲藻 Prorocentrum minimum	0.103
冬	中肋骨条藻 S. costatum	0.354
Winter	念珠直链藻 Melosira moniliformis	0.321
	斜纹藻 Pleurosigma sp.	0.127