植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (10): 1075-1093.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0055
收稿日期:
2020-03-03
接受日期:
2020-07-02
出版日期:
2021-10-20
发布日期:
2020-07-03
通讯作者:
贺强
作者简介:
E-mail: he_qiang@hotmail.com基金资助:
Received:
2020-03-03
Accepted:
2020-07-02
Online:
2021-10-20
Published:
2020-07-03
Contact:
HE Qiang
Supported by:
摘要:
随着气候变化和人类活动的加剧, 生态系统组成与结构的时空动态正变得日益剧烈和复杂, 许多生态系统呈退化趋势。全球变化背景下的生态系统动态及其形成机制既是生态学的基础理论问题, 也是生态系统修复和保护中亟需认识的关键应用问题。该文在概述连续型、阈值型和随机型等生态系统动态模式的基础上, 分析生物互作影响生态系统动态的机理; 结合次生演替、稳态转换、物种分布区移位等研究热点, 总结有关生物互作对生态系统动态影响的主要研究进展; 并探讨相关生物互作理论在生态系统保护和修复中的应用。日益丰富的研究表明, 竞争、促进(包括共生)、营养级间的互作等一系列生物互作可直接或间接驱动或改变生态系统在不同时空尺度上变化的模式、方向及速率; 在生态系统管理实践中, 应用生物互作的相关理论有望大幅提升生态系统保护和修复的成效。进一步丰富和完善该领域的基础理论及应用实践, 需要今后在生物互作对生态系统动态影响的时空变异机制、多重干扰下生物互作对生态系统动态的影响、生物互作在生态系统保护和修复中的应用等方面开展深入研究。
贺强. 生物互作与全球变化下的生态系统动态: 从理论到应用. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(10): 1075-1093. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0055
HE Qiang. Biotic interactions and ecosystem dynamics under global change: from theory to application. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(10): 1075-1093. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0055
图1 自然界中的典型生物互作与生态系统动态。A, 森林生态系统中树皮甲虫导致的树木大面积死亡(开源图片, CC BY-NC 2.0, Michael McCullough拍摄)。B, 高寒生态系统中的保育植物与促进作用(开源图片, CC BY-SA 3.0, Hermanhi拍摄)。C, 热带生态系统中大型动物植食作用驱动的稀树草原稳态(开源图片, CC BY-NC 2.0, Arthur Chapman拍摄)。D, 滨海盐沼湿地中蟹类植食作用驱动的大幅度植被退化(贺强拍摄)。E, 海草床湿地与入侵植物互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的竞争作用(贺强拍摄)。F, 滩涂湿地中红树林幼苗更新与外来植物互花米草的竞争作用(贺强拍摄)。G, 湖泊生态系统捕食性鱼类影响水体清澈度(开源图片, CC BY-SA 2.0, Paul Korecky拍摄)。H, 退化海藻林生态系统中海胆植食作用维持的瘠地稳态(开源图片, CC BY 2.0, Claire Fackler, CINMS, NOAA拍摄)。I, 珊瑚礁生态系统中大型藻类挤占珊瑚生存空间(开源图片, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0, FWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute拍摄)。
Fig. 1 Representative biotic interactions and ecosystem dynamics in nature. A, Bark beetle-driven massive tree mortality in a forest (photographed by Michael McCullough, CC BY-NC 2.0). B, Nurse plants with facilitative effects in an alpine ecosystem (photographed by Hermanhi, CC BY-SA 3.0). C, Savanna as a stable state maintained by wildlife herbivory in tropical ecosystems (photographed by Arthur Chapman, CC BY-NC 2.0). D, Large-scale vegetation die-off driven by crab herbivory in a coastal salt marsh (photographed by HE Qiang). E, Exotic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora compete with seagrasses in the Yellow River Delta (photographed by HE Qiang). F, Mangrove regeneration affected by exotic cordgrass competition (photographed by HE Qiang). G, Predatory fish affect water clarity in a lake ecosystem (photographed by Paul Korecky, CC BY-SA 2.0). H, Barren state maintained by sea urchin grazing in a kelp forest (photographed by Claire Fackler, CINMS, NOAA, CC BY 2.0). I, Macroalgae compete with corals for space in a degraded coral reef (photographed by FWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0).
类型 Model | 主要特征 Characteristic | 实例 Empirical example | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
连续型 Gradual continuum models | 生态系统以线性渐变的方式响应干扰, 并随着干扰的消退向干扰前的单一顶极状态平稳演替 Ecosystems exhibit linear continuous changes and gradually progress toward the pre-disturbance climax | 中国内蒙古、青海等地区的长期草地监测样地中, 虽然植物群落生产力在20世纪80年代至21世纪10年代之间未大幅上升或下降, 但是, 物种组成随气候变化而逐渐发生变化; 内蒙古草地长期监测样地中的物种丰富度还呈线性减小趋势。 At long-term monitoring sites of grasslands in Nei Mongol and Qinghai, China, although the annual biomass production of plant communities did not greatly increase or decrease from the 1980s to the 2010s, species composition gradually changed with climate change, and there was a gradual decreasing trend in species richness at long-term monitoring sites of grasslands in Nei Mongol. | Bai et al., |
阈值型 Threshold models | 生态系统以非线性的方式响应干扰, 当环境条件的变化导致临界阈值被超出时即发生生态系统的突变 Ecosystems exhibit nonlinear responses to disturbance, and abrupt changes occur when a threshold is approached | 中国太湖水体叶绿素浓度以非线性方式响应氮、磷加载量的变化。 In Taihu Lake, China, chlorophyll concentration in the water column responded to loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus nonlinearly. | Xu et al., |
稳态转换1) Regime shift models1) | 生态系统以带有迟滞效应的非线性方式响应干扰(迟滞效应指生态系统的退化轨迹不同于恢复轨迹) Ecosystems exhibit nonlinear responses to disturbance and the trajectory of degradation differs from that of recovery | 在美国亚利桑那州半干旱草地生态系统中, 过度放牧导致乔木植物群落的扩张, 但降低放牧强度不能使系统恢复至原有的草地状态。 In Arizona, USA, livestock grazing has driven the encroachment of shrubs in semiarid grasslands, and subsequent protection from grazing failed to deter shrub encroachment. | Browning & Archer, |
随机型 Stochastic models | 物种/生态系统主要受随机过程影响, 系统状态持续波动, 不向某一特定的长期平衡态演变 Species/ecosystems are mainly affected by stochastic processes, constantly fluctuate, and do not progress toward any equilibrium | 英国苏格兰地区欧鸬鹚种群大小在1963-2005年间持续强烈波动, 没有向平衡态发展的趋势。 In Scotland, UK, the population size of the European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis continued to strongly fluctuate between 1963 and 2005, showing no tendency toward an equilibrium. | Frederiksen et al., |
表1 生态系统动态的主要类型与特征
Table 1 Main models and characteristics of ecosystem dynamics
类型 Model | 主要特征 Characteristic | 实例 Empirical example | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
连续型 Gradual continuum models | 生态系统以线性渐变的方式响应干扰, 并随着干扰的消退向干扰前的单一顶极状态平稳演替 Ecosystems exhibit linear continuous changes and gradually progress toward the pre-disturbance climax | 中国内蒙古、青海等地区的长期草地监测样地中, 虽然植物群落生产力在20世纪80年代至21世纪10年代之间未大幅上升或下降, 但是, 物种组成随气候变化而逐渐发生变化; 内蒙古草地长期监测样地中的物种丰富度还呈线性减小趋势。 At long-term monitoring sites of grasslands in Nei Mongol and Qinghai, China, although the annual biomass production of plant communities did not greatly increase or decrease from the 1980s to the 2010s, species composition gradually changed with climate change, and there was a gradual decreasing trend in species richness at long-term monitoring sites of grasslands in Nei Mongol. | Bai et al., |
阈值型 Threshold models | 生态系统以非线性的方式响应干扰, 当环境条件的变化导致临界阈值被超出时即发生生态系统的突变 Ecosystems exhibit nonlinear responses to disturbance, and abrupt changes occur when a threshold is approached | 中国太湖水体叶绿素浓度以非线性方式响应氮、磷加载量的变化。 In Taihu Lake, China, chlorophyll concentration in the water column responded to loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus nonlinearly. | Xu et al., |
稳态转换1) Regime shift models1) | 生态系统以带有迟滞效应的非线性方式响应干扰(迟滞效应指生态系统的退化轨迹不同于恢复轨迹) Ecosystems exhibit nonlinear responses to disturbance and the trajectory of degradation differs from that of recovery | 在美国亚利桑那州半干旱草地生态系统中, 过度放牧导致乔木植物群落的扩张, 但降低放牧强度不能使系统恢复至原有的草地状态。 In Arizona, USA, livestock grazing has driven the encroachment of shrubs in semiarid grasslands, and subsequent protection from grazing failed to deter shrub encroachment. | Browning & Archer, |
随机型 Stochastic models | 物种/生态系统主要受随机过程影响, 系统状态持续波动, 不向某一特定的长期平衡态演变 Species/ecosystems are mainly affected by stochastic processes, constantly fluctuate, and do not progress toward any equilibrium | 英国苏格兰地区欧鸬鹚种群大小在1963-2005年间持续强烈波动, 没有向平衡态发展的趋势。 In Scotland, UK, the population size of the European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis continued to strongly fluctuate between 1963 and 2005, showing no tendency toward an equilibrium. | Frederiksen et al., |
图2 典型生物互作影响生态系统动态的概念模型。A, 生态系统对干扰的抵抗力、恢复力及韧力(图中含恢复至系统原状态和向其他稳态转换两种情况, 系统恢复也可介于二者之间)。B, 竞争作用。C, 促进作用。D, 植食作用。在B和C中, A、B、C分别表示目标物种、邻居种、干扰后新迁入物种。为简洁起见, 以单一脉冲性干扰和两种典型生物互作情景为例进行示意。在B和C中, 生物互作情景1表示系统中原有邻居种的竞争或促进作用, 生物互作情景2表示干扰后新迁入物种的竞争或促进作用; C中促进作用为互利作用(对于偏害和偏利作用, 请参见正文)。在D中, 生物互作情景1表示植食作用降低植被的恢复速率, 增加植被恢复至平衡态所需时间, 生物互作情景2表示植食作用完全抑制植被的恢复潜力, 使干扰后的生态系统向另一平衡态演变。
Fig. 2 Conceptual models showing how species interactions may affect ecosystem dynamics. A, Ecosystem resistance to, recovery from, and resilience to disturbance (shown are two scenarios where an ecosystem fully returns to pre-disturbance state and shift to an alternative state, respectively, and ecosystem recoveries could be in between these two scenarios). B, Competition. C, Facilitation. D, Herbivory. In B and C, A, B, and C indicate target species, neighboring species, and post-disturbance immigrant species. For the sake of conciseness, a single pulse disturbance and two typical species interaction scenarios are shown as examples. In B and C, species interaction scenario 1 indicates competitive or facilitative effects of neighboring species that coexist with the target species in an ecosystem, while scenario 2 indicates competitive or facilitative effects of post-disturbance immigrant species; in C, facilitation is mutualistic (see the main text for descriptions about antagonistic and commensal facilitation). In D, species interaction scenario 1 indicates that herbivory delays vegetation recovery and increases the time required for vegetation to return to pre-disturbance equilibrium, while scenario 2 indicates that herbivory fully eliminates the potential for vegetation to recover and that the ecosystem shifts to a different equilibrium.
图3 生态系统动态3个主要研究热点的变化趋势分析。A, 次生演替(Web of Science中以“succession”和“disturbance”为主题词搜索获得的“Research Area: Environmental Sciences Ecology”中的文献数据)。B, 稳态转换(以“regime shift”“stable state”“phase shift”或“tipping point”为主题词进行文献搜索)。C, 物种分布区移位(以“range shift”“range expansion”或“range contraction”为主题词搜索)。内部小图显示包含(黑色)和不包含(白色)生物互作的文献总数的比例, 以及竞争(绿色)、促进(橙色)、营养级间的互作(蓝色)、其他生物互作(灰色)研究的文献总数的比例。包含生物互作的文献以species interaction*、herbivory*、predation*、facilitat*、compet*、mutualis*、food web、trophic interaction*或top-down control*为主题词进行搜索; 包含竞争、促进、营养级间的互作的文献分别以compet*、facilitat*或mutualis*及herbivory*、predation*、food web、trophic interaction*或top-down control*为主题词进行文献搜索。
Fig. 3 Trends in the number of published papers on three major research themes of ecosystem dynamics. A, Secondary succession (a list of publications was compiled by searching Web of Science using the query TI = “succession” and “disturbance”; all papers in the Research Area: Environmental Sciences Ecology were considered). B, Regime shift (the search query was TI = “regime shift” OR “stable state” OR “phase shift” OR “tipping point”). C, Species range shift (the search query was TI = “range shift” OR “range expansion” OR “range contraction”). Inserts in each panel show proportions of publications relevant (filled) and those irrelevant (blank) to species interactions and proportions of studies on competition (green), facilitation (orange), trophic interactions (blue), and other biotic interactions (grey). Publications relevant to species interactions were compiled using, in combination with the above search queries, the query TI = species interaction* OR herbivory* OR predation* OR facilitat* OR compet* OR mutualis* OR food web OR trophic interaction* OR top-down control*. Publications on competition, facilitation, and trophic interactions were compiled by using the queries TI = compet*, TI = facilitat* OR mutualis*, and TI = herbivory* OR predation* OR food web OR trophic interaction* OR top-down control*, respectively.
图4 生物互作在生态系统管理中的应用: 以海岸带生态系统为例。A, 辽河口盐沼湿地通过人为控制植食性蟹类进行植被修复(He et al., 2017; 图片由贺强拍摄)。B, 美国佐治亚利用Geukensia demissa与互花米草的共生关系促进干旱后互花米草植被的修复(Derksen-Hooijberg et al., 2018; 图片由贺强拍摄)。C, 美国西海岸顶级捕食动物海獭的保护可促进海藻林的恢复(Lotze et al., 2011; 开源图片, CC BY-NC 2.0, Ingrid Taylar拍摄)。D, 美国佛罗里达等世界许多地区依据植食性鱼类对藻类-珊瑚竞争的调控作用制定珊瑚礁生态系统的保护和修复政策(Mumby et al., 2014; 开源图片, CC BY 2.0, Paul Asman和Jill Lenoble 拍摄)。
Fig. 4 Applications of species interactions in ecosystem management: coastal ecosystems as examples. A, Vegetation restoration through controlling crab herbivory in salt marshes in Liaohe Estuary (He et al., 2017; photoed by HE Qiang). B, Restoration of drought-impaired cordgrass marshes using mussels in Georgia, USA (Derksen-Hooijberg et al., 2018; photoed by HE Qiang). C, Conservation of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)—a top predator—can promote restoration of kelp forests on US West Coast (Lotze et al., 2011; photoed by Ingrid Taylar, CC BY-NC 2.0). D, Coral reef conservation and restoration polices in Florida, the USA and many other places around the world were formulated based on the roles herbivorous fishes play in mediating algae-coral competition (Mumby et al., 2014; photoed by Paul Asman & Jill Lenoble, CC BY 2.0).
[1] |
Alexander JM, Diez JM, Levine JM (2015). Novel competitors shape species’ responses to climate change. Nature, 525, 515-518.
DOI URL |
[2] |
Amundrud SL, Srivastava DS (2016). Trophic interactions determine the effects of drought on an aquatic ecosystem. Ecology, 97, 1475-1483.
PMID |
[3] |
Asner GP, Elmore AJ, Olander LP, Martin RE, Harris AT (2004). Grazing systems, ecosystem responses, and global change. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 29, 261-299.
DOI URL |
[4] |
Bai Y, Han X, Wu J, Chen Z, Li L (2004). Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Nature, 431, 181-184.
DOI URL |
[5] | Begon M, Townsend CR, Harper JL (2006). Ecology: from Individuals to Ecosystems. 4th ed. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, USA. |
[6] |
Bernhardt JR, Leslie HM (2013). Resilience to climate change in coastal marine ecosystems. Annual Review of Marine Science, 5, 371-392.
DOI PMID |
[7] |
Bertness MD, Callaway R (1994). Positive interactions in communities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9, 191-193.
DOI URL |
[8] |
Blois JL, Zarnetske PL, Fitzpatrick MC, Finnegan S (2013). Climate change and the past, present, and future of biotic interactions. Science, 341, 499-504.
DOI URL |
[9] |
Boersma M, Mathew KA, Niehoff B, Schoo KL, Franco-Santos RM, Meunier CL (2016). Temperature-driven changes in the diet preference of omnivorous copepods: No more meat when itʼs hot? A response to Winder et al. Ecology Letters, 19, 1386-1388.
DOI URL |
[10] | Boivin NL, Zeder MA, Fuller DQ, Crowther A, Larson G, Erlandson JM, Denham T, Petraglia MD (2016). Ecological consequences of human niche construction: examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 6388-6396. |
[11] |
Brooker RW, Travis JMJ, Clark EJ, Dytham C (2007). Modelling species’ range shifts in a changing climate: the impacts of biotic interactions, dispersal distance and the rate of climate change. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 245, 59-65.
PMID |
[12] |
Browning DM, Archer SR (2011). Protection from livestock fails to deter shrub proliferation in a desert landscape with a history of heavy grazing. Ecological Applications, 21, 1629-1642.
DOI URL |
[13] |
Cairns DM, Moen J (2004). Herbivory influences tree lines. Journal of Ecology, 92, 1019-1024.
DOI URL |
[14] |
Carreira BM, Segurado P, Orizaola G, Gonçalves N, Pinto V, Laurila A, Rebelo R (2016). Warm vegetarians? Heat waves and diet shifts in tadpoles. Ecology, 97, 2964-2974.
DOI PMID |
[15] | Chen IC, Hill JK, Ohlemüller R, Roy DB, Thomas CD (2011). Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming. Science, 333, 1024-1026. |
[16] |
Chen Y, Uriarte M, Wright SJ, Yu S (2019). Effects of neighborhood trait composition on tree survival differ between drought and postdrought periods. Ecology, 100, e02766. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2766.
DOI |
[17] | Clements FE (1916). Plant Succession: an Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C. |
[18] |
Cruz-Alonso V, Villar-Salvador P, Ruiz-Benito P, Ibáñez I, Rey-Benayas JM (2020). Long-term dynamics of shrub facilitation shape the mixing of evergreen and deciduous oaks in Mediterranean abandoned fields. Journal of Ecology, 108, 1125-1137.
DOI |
[19] |
Curtis PG, Slay CM, Harris NL, Tyukavina A, Hansen MC (2018). Classifying drivers of global forest loss. Science, 361, 1108-1111.
DOI URL |
[20] |
Daleo P, Alberti J, Pascual J, Canepuccia A, Iribarne O (2014). Herbivory affects salt marsh succession dynamics by suppressing the recovery of dominant species. Oecologia, 175, 335-343.
DOI URL |
[21] |
Dangles O, Herrera M, Carpio C, Lortie CJ (2018). Facilitation costs and benefits function simultaneously on stress gradients for animals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285, 20180983. DOI: 10.1098/rspb. 2018.0983.
DOI URL |
[22] |
Davidson DW (1993). The effects of herbivory and granivory on terrestrial plant succession. Oikos, 68, 23-35.
DOI URL |
[23] |
de Dios VR, Weltzin JF, Sun W, Huxman TE, Williams DG (2014). Transitions from grassland to savanna under drought through passive facilitation by grasses. Journal of Vegetation Science, 25, 937-946.
DOI URL |
[24] |
de Fouw J, Govers LL, van de Koppel J, van Belzen J, Dorigo W, Sidi Cheikh MA, Christianen MJA, van der Reijden KJ, van der Geest M, Piersma T, Smolders AJP, Olff H, Lamers LPM, van Gils JA, van der Heide T (2016). Drought, mutualism breakdown, and landscape-scale degradation of seagrass beds. Current Biology, 26, 1051-1056.
DOI URL |
[25] |
de Steven D (1991). Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: seedling survival and growth. Ecology, 72, 1076-1088.
DOI URL |
[26] |
Derksen-Hooijberg M, Angelini C, Lamers LPM, Borst A, Smolders A, Hoogveld JRH de Paoli H, van de Koppel J, Silliman BR, van der Heide T (2018). Mutualistic interactions amplify saltmarsh restoration success. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55, 405-414.
DOI URL |
[27] |
Donohue I, Hillebrand H, Montoya JM, Petchey OL, Pimm SL, Fowler MS, Healy K, Jackson AL, Lurgi M, McClean D, OʼConnor NE, OʼGorman EJ, Yang Q (2016). Navigating the complexity of ecological stability. Ecology Letters, 19, 1172-1185.
DOI PMID |
[28] |
Dublin HT, Sinclair ARE, McGlade J (1990). Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti-Mara woodlands. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59, 1147- 1164.
DOI URL |
[29] |
Duncan RS, Chapman CA (2003). Tree-shrub interactions during early secondary forest succession in Uganda. Restoration Ecology, 11, 198-207.
DOI URL |
[30] |
Engelkes T, Morriën E, Verhoeven KJF, Bezemer TM, Biere A, Harvey JA, McIntyre LM, Tamis WLM, van der Putten WH (2008). Successful range-expanding plants experience less above-ground and below-ground enemy impact. Nature, 456, 946-948.
DOI URL |
[31] |
Eskelinen A, Kaarlejärvi E, Olofsson J (2017). Herbivory and nutrient limitation protect warming tundra from lowland species’ invasion and diversity loss. Global Change Biology, 23, 245-255.
DOI PMID |
[32] |
Estes JA, Terborgh J, Brashares JS, Power ME, Berger J, Bond WJ, Carpenter SR, Essington TE, Holt RD, Jackson JBC, Marquis RJ, Oksanen L, Oksanen T, Paine RT, Pikitch EK, et al. (2011). Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science, 333, 301-306.
DOI URL |
[33] |
Ettinger A, HilleRisLambers J (2017). Competition and facilitation may lead to asymmetric range shift dynamics with climate change. Global Change Biology, 23, 3921-3933.
DOI PMID |
[34] |
Eynaud Y, McNamara DE, Sandin SA (2016). Herbivore space use influences coral reef recovery. Royal Society Open Science, 3, 160262. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160262.
DOI PMID |
[35] |
Farjalla VF, Srivastava DS, Marino NAC, Azevedo FD, Dib V, Lopes PM, Rosado AS, Bozelli RL, Esteves FA (2012). Ecological determinism increases with organism size. Ecology, 93, 1752-1759.
DOI URL |
[36] |
Filbee-Dexter K, Scheibling RE (2014). Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 495, 1-25.
DOI URL |
[37] |
Fischman HS, Crotty SM, Angelini C (2019). Optimizing coastal restoration with the stress gradient hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286, 20191978. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1978.
DOI URL |
[38] |
Folke C, Carpenter S, Walker B, Scheffer M, Elmqvist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35, 557-581.
DOI URL |
[39] |
Fraterrigo JM, Rusak JA (2008). Disturbance-driven changes in the variability of ecological patterns and processes. Ecology Letters, 11, 756-770.
DOI PMID |
[40] |
Frederiksen M, Daunt F, Harris MP, Wanless S (2008). The demographic impact of extreme events: stochastic weather drives survival and population dynamics in a long-lived seabird. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77, 1020-1029.
DOI PMID |
[41] |
Frishkoff LO, Echeverri A, Chan KMA, Karp DS (2018). Do correlated responses to multiple environmental changes exacerbate or mitigate species loss? Oikos, 127, 1724-1734.
DOI URL |
[42] |
Fukami T (2015). Historical contingency in community assembly: integrating niches, species pools, and priority effects. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 46, 1-23.
DOI URL |
[43] |
Gallardo B, Clavero M, Sánchez MI, Vilà M (2016). Global ecological impacts of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 22, 151-163.
DOI PMID |
[44] |
Garland HG, Kimbro DL (2015). Drought increases consumer pressure on oyster reefs in Florida, USA. PLOS ONE, 10, e0125095. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125095.
DOI URL |
[45] |
Gedan KB, Crain CM, Bertness MD (2009). Small-mammal herbivore control of secondary succession in New England tidal marshes. Ecology, 90, 430-440.
DOI URL |
[46] |
Guisan A, Tingley R, Baumgartner JB, Naujokaitis-Lewis I, Sutcliffe PR, Tulloch AIT, Regan TJ, Brotons L, McDonald- Madden E, Mantyka-Pringle C, Martin TG, Rhodes JR, Maggini R, Setterfield SA, Elith J, et al. (2013). Predicting species distributions for conservation decisions. Ecology Letters, 16, 1424-1435.
DOI URL |
[47] |
Guo H, Zhang Y, Lan Z, Pennings SC (2013). Biotic interactions mediate the expansion of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) into salt marshes under climate change. Global Change Biology, 19, 2765-2774.
DOI URL |
[48] |
Harley CDG (2011). Climate change, keystone predation, and biodiversity loss. Science, 334, 1124-1127.
DOI URL |
[49] |
Harris RMB, Beaumont LJ, Vance TR, Tozer CR, Remenyi TA, Perkins-Kirkpatrick SE, Mitchell PJ, Nicotra AB, McGregor S, Andrew NR, Letnic M, Kearney MR, Wernberg T, Hutley LB, Chambers LE, et al. (2018). Biological responses to the press and pulse of climate trends and extreme events. Nature Climate Change, 8, 579-587.
DOI URL |
[50] |
He Q, Bertness MD, Altieri AH (2013). Global shifts towards positive species interactions with increasing environmental stress. Ecology Letters, 16, 695-706.
DOI URL |
[51] | He Q, Silliman BR (2019). Climate change, human impacts, and coastal ecosystems in the Anthropocene. Current Biology, 29, 1021-1035. |
[52] |
He Q, Silliman BR, Liu Z, Cui B (2017). Natural enemies govern ecosystem resilience in the face of extreme droughts. Ecology Letters, 20, 194-201.
DOI URL |
[53] |
He Q, Silliman BR, van de Koppel J, Cui B (2019). Weather fluctuations affect the impact of consumers on vegetation recovery following a catastrophic die-off. Ecology, 100, e02559. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2559.
DOI |
[54] |
Hebblewhite M, Miquelle DG, Robinson H, Pikunov DG, Dunishenko YM, Aramilev VV, Nikolaev IG, Salkina GP, Seryodkin IV, Gaponov VV, Litvinov MN, Kostyria AV, Fomenko PV, Murzin AA (2014). Including biotic interactions with ungulate prey and humans improves habitat conservation modeling for endangered Amur tigers in the Russian Far East. Biological Conservation, 178, 50-64.
DOI URL |
[55] |
Hin V, Schellekens T, Persson L, de Roos AM (2011). Coexistence of predator and prey in intraguild predation systems with ontogenetic niche shifts. The American Naturalist, 178, 701-714.
DOI URL |
[56] |
Holling CS (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23.
DOI URL |
[57] |
Holt RD, Barfield M (2009). Trophic interactions and range limits: the diverse roles of predation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276, 1435-1442.
DOI URL |
[58] |
Holt RD, Bonsall MB (2017). Apparent competition. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 48, 447-471.
DOI URL |
[59] |
Holtkamp R, Kardol P, van der Wal A, Dekker SC, van der Putten WH, de Ruiter PC (2008). Soil food web structure during ecosystem development after land abandonment. Applied Soil Ecology, 39, 23-34.
DOI URL |
[60] |
Horn HS (1974). The ecology of secondary succession. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 25-37.
DOI URL |
[61] |
Hughes BB, Eby R, Van Dyke E, Tinker MT, Marks CI, Johnson KS, Wasson K (2013). Recovery of a top predator mediates negative eutrophic effects on seagrass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 15313-15318.
DOI PMID |
[62] |
Hughes TP, Barnes ML, Bellwood DR, Cinner JE, Cumming GS, Jackson JBC, Kleypas J, van de Leemput IA, Lough JM, Morrison TH, Palumbi SR, van Nes EH, Scheffer M (2017). Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature, 546, 82-90.
DOI URL |
[63] |
Ibelings BW, Portielje R, Lammens EHRR, Noordhuis R, van den Berg MS, Joosse W, Meijer ML (2007). Resilience of alternative stable states during the recovery of shallow lakes from eutrophication: Lake Veluwe as a case study. Ecosystems, 10, 4-16.
DOI URL |
[64] |
Ingrisch J, Bahn M (2018). Towards a comparable quantification of resilience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33, 251-259.
DOI URL |
[65] |
Jackson JBC, Kirby MX, Berger WH, Bjorndal KA, Botsford LW, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke R, Erlandson J, Estes JA, Hughes TP, Kidwell S, Lange CB, Lenihan HS, Pandolfi JM, et al. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science, 293, 629-637.
PMID |
[66] |
Janssen ABG de Jager VCL, Janse JH, Kong X, Liu S, Ye Q, Mooij WM (2017). Spatial identification of critical nutrient loads of large shallow lakes: implications for Lake Taihu (China). Water Research, 119, 276-287.
DOI URL |
[67] |
Janssen ABG, Teurlincx S, An S, Janse JH, Paerl HW, Mooij WM (2014). Alternative stable states in large shallow lakes? Journal of Great Lakes Research, 40, 813-826.
DOI URL |
[68] |
Jourdan M, Kunstler G, Morin X (2020). How neighbourhood interactions control the temporal stability and resilience to drought of trees in mountain forests. Journal of Ecology, 108, 666-677.
DOI |
[69] |
Kaarlejärvi E, Eskelinen A, Olofsson J (2013). Herbivory prevents positive responses of lowland plants to warmer and more fertile conditions at high altitudes. Functional Ecology, 27, 1244-1253.
DOI URL |
[70] |
Kang L, Han X, Zhang Z, Sun OJ (2007). Grassland ecosystems in China: review of current knowledge and research advancement. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362, 997-1008.
DOI URL |
[71] |
Kissling WD, Dormann CF, Groeneveld J, Hickler T, Kühn I, McInerny GJ, Montoya JM, Römermann C, Schiffers K, Schurr FM, Singer A, Svenning JC, Zimmermann NE, O’Hara RB (2012). Towards novel approaches to modelling biotic interactions in multispecies assemblages at large spatial extents. Journal of Biogeography, 39, 2163- 2178.
DOI URL |
[72] |
Ladd MC, Miller MW, Hunt JH, Sharp WC, Burkepile DE (2018). Harnessing ecological processes to facilitate coral restoration. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16, 239-247.
DOI URL |
[73] |
Lande R (1993). Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophes. The American Naturalist, 142, 911-927.
DOI URL |
[74] | Lenton TM, Held H, Kriegler E, Hall JW, Lucht W, Rahmstorf S, Schellnhuber HJ (2008). Tipping elements in the Earthʼs climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 1786-1793. |
[75] |
Lewontin RC (1969). The meaning of stability. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology, 22, 13-23.
PMID |
[76] |
Li B, Ma KP (2010). Biological invasions: opportunities and challenges facing Chinese ecologists in the era of translational ecology. Biodiversity Science, 18, 529-532.
DOI URL |
[ 李博, 马克平 (2010). 生物入侵: 中国学者面临的转化生态学机遇与挑战. 生物多样性, 18, 529-532.]
DOI |
|
[77] |
Li G, Liu Y, Frelich LE, Sun S (2011). Experimental warming induces degradation of a Tibetan alpine meadow through trophic interactions. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 659-667.
DOI URL |
[78] | Li YH (1994). Research on the grazing degradation model of the main steppe rangelands in inner mongolia and some considerations for the establishment of a computerized rangeland monitoring system. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 18, 68-79. |
[ 李永宏 (1994). 内蒙古草原草场放牧退化模式研究及退化监测专家系统雏议. 植物生态学报, 18, 68-79.] | |
[79] | Liang E, Wang Y, Piao S, Lu X, Camarero JJ, Zhu H, Zhu L, Ellison AM, Ciais P, Peñuelas J (2016). Species interactions slow warming-induced upward shifts of treelines on the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 4380-4385. |
[80] |
Liebhold A, Bascompte J (2003). The Allee effect, stochastic dynamics and the eradication of alien species. Ecology Letters, 6, 133-140.
DOI URL |
[81] |
Liu J, Rühland KM, Chen J, Xu Y, Chen S, Chen Q, Huang W, Xu Q, Chen F, Smol JP (2017). Aerosol-weakened summer monsoons decrease lake fertilization on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Nature Climate Change, 7, 190-194.
DOI URL |
[82] |
Lotze HK, Coll M, Magera AM, Ward-Paige C, Airoldi L (2011). Recovery of marine animal populations and ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26, 595-605.
DOI URL |
[83] |
Louthan AM, Doak DF, Angert AL (2015). Where and when do species interactions set range limits? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30, 780-792.
DOI URL |
[84] |
Lucero JE, Noble T, Haas S, Westphal M, Butterfield HS, Lortie CJ (2019). The dark side of facilitation: native shrubs facilitate exotic annuals more strongly than native annuals. NeoBiota, 44, 75-93.
DOI URL |
[85] |
Mammola S, Isaia M (2017). Rapid poleward distributional shifts in the European cave-dwelling Meta spiders under the influence of competition dynamics. Journal of Biogeography, 44, 2789-2797.
DOI URL |
[86] |
Mattson WJ, Haack RA (1987). The role of drought in outbreaks of plant-eating insects. BioScience, 37, 110-118.
DOI URL |
[87] | Maxwell PS, Eklöf JS, van Katwijk MM, OʼBrien KR, de la Torre-Castro M, Boström C, Bouma TJ, Krause-Jensen D, Unsworth RKF, van Tussenbroek BI, van der Heide T (2017). The fundamental role of ecological feedback mechanisms for the adaptive management of seagrass ecosystems-A review. Biological Reviews, 92, 1521-1538. |
[88] |
May RM (1977). Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. Nature, 269, 471-477.
DOI URL |
[89] |
McDowell NG, Fisher RA, Xu C, Domec JC, Hölttä T, Scott Mackay D, Sperry JS, Boutz A, Dickman L, Gehres N, Limousin JM, Macalady A, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, Plaut JA, et al. (2013). Evaluating theories of drought-induced vegetation mortality using a multimodel- experiment framework. New Phytologist, 200, 304-321.
DOI PMID |
[90] |
Menge BA, Sutherland JP (1987). Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. The American Naturalist, 130, 730-757.
DOI URL |
[91] |
Mills JN (1986). Herbivores and early postfire succession in southern California chaparral. Ecology, 67, 1637-1649.
DOI URL |
[92] |
Minucci JM, Miniat CF, Wurzburger N (2019). Drought sensitivity of an N2-fixing tree may slow temperate deciduous forest recovery from disturbance. Ecology, 100, e02862. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2862.
DOI |
[93] |
Moore KA, Shields EC, Jarvis JC (2010). The role of habitat and herbivory on the restoration of tidal freshwater submerged aquatic vegetation populations. Restoration Ecology, 18, 596-604.
DOI URL |
[94] |
Mumby PJ, Wolff NH, Bozec YM, Chollett I, Halloran P (2014). Operationalizing the resilience of coral reefs in an era of climate change. Conservation Letters, 7, 176-187.
DOI URL |
[95] |
Novoplansky A, Goldberg D (2001). Interactions between neighbour environments and drought resistance. Journal of Arid Environments, 47, 11-32.
DOI URL |
[96] | Odum EP (1969). The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164, 262-270. |
[97] |
Opperman JJ, Merenlender AM (2000). Deer herbivory as an ecological constraint to restoration of degraded riparian corridors. Restoration Ecology, 8, 41-47.
DOI URL |
[98] |
Padilla FM, Pugnaire FI (2006). The role of nurse plants in the restoration of degraded environments. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, 196-202.
DOI URL |
[99] |
Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003). A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421, 37-42.
DOI URL |
[100] |
Puig P, Canals M, Company JB, Martín J, Amblas D, Lastras G, Palanques A, Calafat AM (2012). Ploughing the deep sea floor. Nature, 489, 286-289.
DOI URL |
[101] |
Qi Z, Liu H, Wu X, Hao Q (2015). Climate-driven speedup of alpine treeline forest growth in the Tianshan Mountains, Northwestern China. Global Change Biology, 21, 816-826.
DOI URL |
[102] |
Rasmann S, Bauerle TL, Poveda K, Vannette R (2011). Predicting root defence against herbivores during succession. Functional Ecology, 25, 368-379.
DOI URL |
[103] |
Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2007). Restoring Yellowstone’s aspen with wolves. Biological Conservation, 138, 514-519.
DOI URL |
[104] |
Samson DA, Philippi TE, Davidson DW (1992). Granivory and competition as determinants of annual plant diversity in the Chihuahuan desert. Oikos, 65, 61-80.
DOI URL |
[105] |
Scheffer M, Bascompte J, Brock WA, Brovkin V, Carpenter SR, Dakos V, Held H, van Nes EH, Rietkerk M, Sugihara G (2009). Early-warning signals for critical transitions. Nature, 461, 53-59.
DOI URL |
[106] |
Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B (2001). Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature, 413, 591-596.
DOI URL |
[107] |
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR (2003). Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18, 648-656.
DOI URL |
[108] |
Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Lenton TM, Bascompte J, Brock W, Dakos V, van de Koppel J, van de Leemput IA, Levin SA, van Nes EH, Pascual M, Vandermeer J (2012). Anticipating critical transitions. Science, 338, 344-348.
DOI PMID |
[109] |
Scheffer M, Hosper SH, Meijer ML, Moss B, Jeppesen E (1993). Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 8, 275-279.
DOI URL |
[110] |
Schelhaas MJ, Nabuurs GJ, Schuck A (2003). Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Global Change Biology, 9, 1620-1633.
DOI URL |
[111] |
Schröder A, Persson L, De Roos AM (2005). Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review. Oikos, 110, 3-19.
DOI URL |
[112] |
Schweiger O, Heikkinen RK, Harpke A, Hickler T, Klotz S, Kudrna O, Kühn I, Pöyry J, Settele J (2012). Increasing range mismatching of interacting species under global change is related to their ecological characteristics. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 88-99.
DOI URL |
[113] |
Shantz HL (1917). Plant succession on abandoned roads in eastern Colorado. Journal of Ecology, 5, 19-42.
DOI URL |
[114] |
Silliman BR, He Q (2018). Physical stress, consumer control, and new theory in ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33, 492-503.
DOI URL |
[115] |
Silliman BR, McCoy MW, Angelini C, Holt RD, Griffin JN, van de Koppel J (2013). Consumer fronts, global change, and runaway collapse in ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44, 503-538.
DOI URL |
[116] |
Silliman BR, Schrack E, He Q, Cope R, Santoni A, van der Heide T, Jacobi R, Jacobi M, van de Koppel J (2015). Facilitation shifts paradigms and can amplify coastal restoration efforts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 14295-14300.
DOI PMID |
[117] |
Simberloff D,von Holle B (1999). Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biological Invasions, 1, 21-32.
DOI URL |
[118] |
Simenstad CA, Estes JA, Kenyon KW (1978). Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities. Science, 200, 403-411.
PMID |
[119] |
Smith MD, Knapp AK, Collins SL (2009). A framework for assessing ecosystem dynamics in response to chronic resource alterations induced by global change. Ecology, 90, 3279-3289.
DOI URL |
[120] | Soberón J, Nakamura M (2009). Niches and distributional areas: concepts, methods, and assumptions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 19644-19650. |
[121] | Søndergaard M, Jeppesen E, Mortensen E, Dall E, Kristensen P, Sortkjær O (1990). Phytoplankton biomass reduction after planktivorous fish reduction in a shallow, eutrophic lake: a combined effect of reduced internal P-loading and increased zooplankton grazing//Gulati RD, Lammens EHRR, Meijer ML, van Donk E. Biomanipulation Tool for Water Management. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 229-240. |
[122] |
Speed JDM, Austrheim G, Hester AJ, Mysterud A (2010). Experimental evidence for herbivore limitation of the treeline. Ecology, 91, 3414-3420.
DOI URL |
[123] | Stylinski CD, Allen EB (1999). Lack of native species recovery following severe exotic disturbance in southern Californian shrublands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 544-554. |
[124] | Suding KN, Gross KL (2016). The dynamic nature of ecological systems: multiple states and restoration trajectories//Palmer MA, Zedler JB, Falk DA. Foundations of Restoration Ecology. 2nd ed. Island Press, Washington D.C. 190-209. |
[125] |
Suding KN, Gross KL, Houseman GR (2004). Alternative states and positive feedbacks in restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19, 46-53.
DOI URL |
[126] |
Suding KN, Hobbs RJ (2009). Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 271-279.
DOI URL |
[127] |
Suttle KB, Thomsen MA, Power ME (2007). Species interactions reverse grassland responses to changing climate. Science, 315, 640-642.
PMID |
[128] | Svenning JC, Pedersen PBM, Donlan CJ, Ejrnæs R, Faurby S, Galetti M, Hansen DM, Sandel B, Sandom CJ, Terborgh JW, Vera FWM (2016). Science for a wilder Anthropocene: synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 898-906. |
[129] | Tilman D (1999). The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. Ecology, 80, 1455-1474. |
[130] |
Toscano BJ, Rombado BR, Rudolf VHW (2016). Deadly competition and life-saving predation: the potential for alternative stable states in a stage-structured predator-prey system. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283, 20161546. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1546.
DOI URL |
[131] |
Turner MG (2010). Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. Ecology, 91, 2833-2849.
DOI URL |
[132] |
Tylianakis JM, Didham RK, Bascompte J, Wardle DA (2008). Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 11, 1351-1363.
PMID |
[133] |
van de Koppel J, Rietkerk M, Weissing FJ (1997). Catastrophic vegetation shifts and soil degradation in terrestrial grazing systems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12, 352-356.
DOI URL |
[134] |
van der Heide T, Govers LL, de Fouw J, Olff H, van der Geest M, van Katwijk MM, Piersma T, van de Koppel J, Silliman BR, Smolders AJP, van Gils JA (2012). A three-stage symbiosis forms the foundation of seagrass ecosystems. Science, 336, 1432-1434.
DOI URL |
[135] |
van der Putten WH(2012). Climate change, aboveground- belowground interactions, and speciesʼ range shifts. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 43, 365-383.
DOI URL |
[136] |
van der Putten WH, Macel M, Visser ME (2010). Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: Why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, 2025-2034.
DOI URL |
[137] |
van der Wal R, van Wijnen H, van Wieren S, Beucher O, Bos D (2000). On facilitation between herbivores: How Brent Geese profit from brown hares? Ecology, 81, 969-980.
DOI URL |
[138] |
van Langevelde F, van de Vijver CADM, Kumar L, van de Koppel J, de Ridder N, van Andel J, Skidmore AK, Hearne JW, Stroosnijder L, Bond WJ, Prins HHT, Rietkerk M (2003). Effects of fire and herbivory on the stability of savanna ecosystems. Ecology, 84, 337-350.
DOI URL |
[139] |
Vilà M, Espinar JL, Hejda M, Hulme PE, Jarošík V, Maron JL, Pergl J, Schaffner U, Sun Y, Pyšek P (2011). Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 14, 702-708.
DOI URL |
[140] | Walker LR del Moral R (2008). Transition dynamics in succession: implications for rates, trajectories and restoration// Suding K, Hobbs RJ. New Models for Ecosystem Dynamics and Restoration. Island Press, Washington D.C. 33-49. |
[141] | Wang G, Zhao SL (1988). The niche model of secondary succession of Picea wilsonii forests. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 8, 371-376. |
[ 王刚, 赵松岭 (1988). 青扦林次生演替的生态位模型. 生态学报, 8, 371-376.] | |
[142] |
Wang H, Liu H, Cao G, Ma Z, Li Y, Zhang F, Zhao X, Zhao X, Jiang L, Sanders NJ, Classen AT, He JS (2020). Alpine grassland plants grow earlier and faster but biomass remains unchanged over 35 years of climate change. Ecology Letters, 23, 701-710.
DOI PMID |
[143] | Wang L, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Wang D, Isbell F, Liu J, Feng C, Liu J, Zhong Z, Zhu H, Yuan X, Chang Q, Liu C (2019a). Diversifying livestock promotes multidiversity and multifunctionality in managed grasslands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 6187-6192. |
[144] |
Wang R, Chen XY, Chen Y, Wang G, Dunn DW, Quinnell RJ, Compton SG (2019b). Loss of top-down biotic interactions changes the relative benefits for obligate mutualists. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286, 20182501. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2501.
DOI URL |
[145] |
Wernberg T, Bennett S, Babcock RC de Bettignies T, Cure K, Depczynski M, Dufois F, Fromont J, Fulton CJ, Hovey RK, Harvey ES, Holmes TH, Kendrick GA, Radford B, Santana-Garcon J, et al. (2016). Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem. Science, 353, 169-172.
DOI PMID |
[146] | White PS, Jentsch A (2001). The search for generality in studies of disturbance and ecosystem dynamics//Esser K, Lüttge U, Kadereit JW, Beyschlag W. Progress in Botany. Springer, Berlin. 399-450. |
[147] | Wilson SD (1999). Plant interactions during secondary succession//Walker LR. Ecosystems of the World. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 611-632. |
[148] | Wright JP, Fridley JD (2010). Biogeographic synthesis of secondary succession rates in eastern North America. Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1584-1596. |
[149] |
Xu C, Holmgren M, van Nes EH, Maestre FT, Soliveres S, Berdugo M, Kéfi S, Marquet PA, Abades S, Scheffer M (2015a). Can we infer plant facilitation from remote sensing? A test across global drylands. Ecological Applications, 25, 1456-1462.
DOI URL |
[150] |
Xu H, Paerl HW, Qin B, Zhu G, Hall NS, Wu Y (2015b). Determining critical nutrient thresholds needed to control harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic Lake Taihu, China. Environmental Science & Technology, 49, 1051-1059.
DOI URL |
[151] |
Yalcin S, Leroux SJ (2017). Diversity and suitability of existing methods and metrics for quantifying species range shifts. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 26, 609-624.
DOI URL |
[152] |
Yan Y, Li Y, Wang WJ, He JS, Yang RH, Wu HJ, Wang XL, Jiao L, Tang Z, Yao YJ (2017). Range shifts in response to climate change of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. Biological Conservation, 206, 143-150.
DOI URL |
[153] |
Yang JR, Lv H, Isabwe A, Liu L, Yu X, Chen H, Yang J (2017). Disturbance-induced phytoplankton regime shifts and recovery of cyanobacteria dominance in two subtropical reservoirs. Water Research, 120, 52-63.
DOI PMID |
[154] |
Yelenik SG, D’Antonio CM (2013). Self-reinforcing impacts of plant invasions change over time. Nature, 503, 517-520.
DOI URL |
[155] |
Zanini L, Ganade G, Hübel I (2006). Facilitation and competition influence succession in a subtropical old field. Plant Ecology, 185, 179-190.
DOI URL |
[156] | Zhang RZ, Zhang YP, Jiang YX (2008). The threat of the worldʼs major invasive pests to China. Science in China Series C: Life Sciences, 38, 1095-1102. |
[ 张润志, 张亚平, 蒋有绪 (2008). 世界重要入侵害虫对中国的威胁. 中国科学C辑: 生命科学, 38, 1095-1102.] | |
[157] |
Zhang Y, Loreau M, He N, Wang J, Pan Q, Bai Y, Han X (2018). Climate variability decreases species richness and community stability in a temperate grassland. Oecologia, 188, 183-192.
DOI URL |
[158] | Zhang ZB (2003). Grassland rodent damage and management strategy. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18, 343-347. |
[ 张知彬 (2003). 我国草原鼠害的严重性及防治对策. 中国科学院院刊, 18, 343-347.] |
[1] | 胡蝶 蒋欣琪 戴志聪 陈戴一 张雨 祁珊珊 杜道林. 丛枝菌根真菌提高入侵杂草南美蟛蜞菊对除草剂的耐受性[J]. 植物生态学报, 2024, 48(5): 651-659. |
[2] | 牛一迪, 蔡体久. 大兴安岭北部次生林演替过程中物种多样性的变化及其影响因子[J]. 植物生态学报, 2024, 48(3): 349-363. |
[3] | 杨安娜, 李曾燕, 牟凌, 杨柏钰, 赛碧乐, 张立, 张增可, 王万胜, 杜运才, 由文辉, 阎恩荣. 上海大金山岛不同植被类型土壤细菌群落的变异[J]. 植物生态学报, 2024, 48(3): 377-389. |
[4] | 李安艳, 黄先飞, 田源斌, 董继兴, 郑菲菲, 夏品华. 贵州草海草-藻型稳态转换过程中叶绿素a的变化及其影响因子[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(8): 1171-1181. |
[5] | 张中扬, 宋希强, 任明迅, 张哲. 附生维管植物生境营建作用的生态学功能[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(7): 895-911. |
[6] | 唐海萍, 陈姣, 薛海丽. 生态阈值: 概念、方法与研究展望[J]. 植物生态学报, 2015, 39(9): 932-940. |
[7] | 王纳纳, 陈颖, 应娇妍, 高勇生, 白永飞. 内蒙古草原典型植物对土壤微生物群落的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(2): 201-208. |
[8] | 孙宝伟, 杨晓东, 张志浩, 马文济, 黄海侠, 阎恩荣. 浙江天童常绿阔叶林演替过程中土壤碳库与植被碳归还的关系[J]. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(9): 803-810. |
[9] | 杨晓东,阎恩荣,张志浩,孙宝伟,黄海侠,Ali ARSHAD,马文济,史青茹. 浙江天童常绿阔叶林演替阶段共有种的树木构型[J]. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(7): 611-619. |
[10] | 付登高, 何锋, 郭震, 阎凯, 吴晓妮, 段昌群. 滇池流域富磷区退化山地马桑-蔗茅植物群落的生态修复效能评价[J]. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(4): 326-334. |
[11] | 阎恩荣, 王希华, 周武. 天童常绿阔叶林演替系列植物群落的N:P化学计量特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(1): 13-22. |
[12] | 龙新宪, 王艳红, 刘洪彦. 不同生态型东南景天对土壤中Cd的生长反应及吸收积累的差异性[J]. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(1): 168-175. |
[13] | 乔秀娟, 曹敏, 林华. 西双版纳不同林龄次生植物群落优势树种的热值[J]. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(2): 326-332. |
[14] | 林露湘, 曹敏, 唐勇, 付先惠, 张建侯. 西双版纳刀耕火种弃耕地树种多样性比较研究[J]. 植物生态学报, 2002, 26(2): 216-222. |
[15] | 黄世能, 李意德, 王伯荪. 海南岛尖峰岭两类热带山地雨林次生群落在15年演替过程中的林木消长(英文)[J]. 植物生态学报, 2000, 24(6): 710-717. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||
Copyright © 2022 版权所有 《植物生态学报》编辑部
地址: 北京香山南辛村20号, 邮编: 100093
Tel.: 010-62836134, 62836138; Fax: 010-82599431; E-mail: apes@ibcas.ac.cn, cjpe@ibcas.ac.cn
备案号: 京ICP备16067583号-19