附生维管植物生境营建作用的生态学功能

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0454

植物生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7): 895-911.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0454

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附生维管植物生境营建作用的生态学功能

张中扬¹, 宋希强¹, 任明迅², 张哲¹^,²^,^*()

¹热带特色林木花卉遗传与种质创新教育部重点实验室, 海南大学林学院, 海口 570228
²环南海陆域生物多样性研究中心, 海南大学生态与环境学院, 海口 570228

收稿日期:2022-11-10 接受日期:2023-02-24 出版日期:2023-07-20 发布日期:2023-07-21
通讯作者: *张哲(zhangzhe@hainanu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
海南省自然科学基金(322RC569);海南省自然科学基金(321QN188);国家自然科学基金(32201347)

Ecological functions of vascular epiphytes in habitat construction

ZHANG Zhong-Yang¹, SONG Xi-Qiang¹, REN Ming-Xun², ZHANG Zhe¹^,²^,^*()

¹Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
²Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China

Received:2022-11-10 Accepted:2023-02-24 Online:2023-07-20 Published:2023-07-21
Contact: *ZHANG Zhe(zhangzhe@hainanu.edu.cn)
Supported by:
The Hainan Natural Science Foundation(322RC569);The Hainan Natural Science Foundation(321QN188);The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201347)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在森林生态系统中, 林冠层的附生维管植物通过缓冲环境压力, 为其他生物营建出重要的生境条件, 增加了森林生态系统的复杂性, 提升了物种多样性和群落稳定性。不同附生维管植物类群可以营建出不同的生境形式, 进而发挥独特的生态功能, 根据附生维管植物形态、功能特征的不同, 可将其分为收集型植物和蚁巢型植物两大类, 前者包括“篮式植物”和“水箱植物”, 后者包括“蚂蚁花园植物”和“蚁栖植物”。该文论述了附生维管植物所营建的生境对林冠生物多样性起到的积极作用; 同时揭示这些微生境的存在可以增加林冠群落结构及食物网的复杂性, 使群落更加稳定; 并进一步剖析植食性防御与营养获取是如何促使附生维管植物演化出营建生境的特殊结构, 以及这些结构对其他林冠生物演化产生的影响。结合当前林冠学研究热点, 探究具有生境营建能力的附生维管植物在林冠中的生物互作、群落演替、响应全球变化这3个热点问题中发挥的作用。该文论证了附生维管植物通过营建特殊生境和庇护所, 成为全球变化背景下具有极大保护价值的“伞护种”。建议加强不同类型附生维管植物演化历史与生态功能的研究, 并探讨在全球变化背景下的热带、亚热带森林生态系统生物多样性保护策略。

关键词: 森林生态系统, 生物多样性, 生物互作, 群落生态学, 伞护种, 林冠

Abstract:

In forest ecosystems, vascular epiphytes in the forest canopy act as buffers against environmental pressures, create important habitats for other organisms, increase the complexity of forest ecosystems, and enhance species diversity and community stability. Vascular epiphytes can create distinct habitat forms and perform unique ecological functions. Based on their morphological functional characteristics, they can be categorized into two groups: collecting plants and ant-nest plants. The former group includes “trash-basket” and “tank-form” plants, while the latter group includes “ant-garden” and “ant-house” plants. The present paper discusses the positive effect of vascular epiphytes on canopy biodiversity through the creation of habitats. It reveals the existence of these microhabitats can increase the complexity of the canopy community structure and food web, thereby promoting community stability. Additionally, we analyze how herbivorous defense and nutrient acquisition promote the evolution of special structures of vascular epiphytes for creating habitats, and the impact of these structures on the evolution of other canopy organisms. Drawing on the current research hotspots in canopy science, this paper explores the role of habitat-constructing vascular epiphytes in the three prominent areas: biological interactions in forest canopies, community succession, and responses to global change. This paper highlights the role of habitat-constructing vascular epiphytes as “umbrella species” with significant conservation value in the face of global change. We suggested to strengthen the research on the evolutionary history and ecological functions of different types of vascular epiphytes, and to explore the biodiversity conservation strategies for tropical and subtropical forests ecosystems in the context of global change.

Key words: forest ecosystem, biodiversity, biotic interaction, community ecology, umbrella species, canopy

张中扬, 宋希强, 任明迅, 张哲. 附生维管植物生境营建作用的生态学功能. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(7): 895-911. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0454

ZHANG Zhong-Yang, SONG Xi-Qiang, REN Ming-Xun, ZHANG Zhe. Ecological functions of vascular epiphytes in habitat construction. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(7): 895-911. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0454

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0454

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I7/895

图/表 5

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科 Family	属 Genus	分布地 Distribution	主要共存动物(纲) Main coexisting fauna (class)	参考文献 Reference
天南星科 Araceae	花烛属 Anthurium	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	F, M	Zona & Christenhusz, 2015; Ortega-Solis et al., 2021
	喜林芋属 Philodendron	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	崖角藤属 Rhaphidophora	东南亚 Southeast Asia
	藤芋属 Scindapsus	东南亚 Southeast Asia
铁角蕨科 Aspleniaceae	铁角蕨属 Asplenium	热带、亚热带广布 Widespread in Tropics, Subtropics	A-N
聚星草科 Asteliaceae	Collospermum	大洋洲 Oceania	A-G, J, K, L
兰科 Orchidaceae	合萼兰属 Acriopsis	东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania	N
	Ansellia	中非、东非、南非 Central Africa, East Africa, South Africa
	石豆兰属 Bulbophyllum	东南亚 Southeast Asia
	Catasetum	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	Clowesia	中美洲 Central America
	Coryanthes	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	兰属 Cymbidium	东南亚 Southeast Asia
	Cyrtopodium	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	Gongora	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	Grammangis	东非 East Africa
	Grammatophyllum	东南亚 Southeast Asia
	Graphorkis	中非、东非 Central Africa, East Africa
	Stanhopea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	Thecostele	东南亚 Southeast Asia
露兜树科 Pandanaceae	Benstonea	东南亚 Southeast Asia	—
水龙骨科 Polypodiaceae	Campyloneurum	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	A-C, E-G, J, L
	槲蕨属 Drynaria	南亚、东亚、东南亚、大洋洲 South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania
	舌蕨属 Elaphoglossum	热带广布 Widespread in Tropics
	禾叶蕨属 Grammitis	南美洲 South America
	剑蕨属 Loxogramme	中非、东非 Central Africa, East Africa
	星蕨属 Microsorum	中非、东非、东南亚、大洋洲 Central Africa, East Africa, Southeast Asia, Oceania
	鹿角蕨属 Platycerium	热带广布 Widespread in Tropics
环花草科 Cyclanthaceae	Ludovia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	—

科 Family	属 Genus	分布地 Distribution	主要共存动物(纲) Main coexisting fauna (class)	参考文献 Reference
天南星科 Araceae	花烛属 Anthurium	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	F, M	Zona & Christenhusz, 2015; Ortega-Solis et al., 2021
	喜林芋属 Philodendron	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	崖角藤属 Rhaphidophora	东南亚 Southeast Asia
	藤芋属 Scindapsus	东南亚 Southeast Asia
铁角蕨科 Aspleniaceae	铁角蕨属 Asplenium	热带、亚热带广布 Widespread in Tropics, Subtropics	A-N
聚星草科 Asteliaceae	Collospermum	大洋洲 Oceania	A-G, J, K, L
兰科 Orchidaceae	合萼兰属 Acriopsis	东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania	N
	Ansellia	中非、东非、南非 Central Africa, East Africa, South Africa
	石豆兰属 Bulbophyllum	东南亚 Southeast Asia
	Catasetum	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	Clowesia	中美洲 Central America
	Coryanthes	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	兰属 Cymbidium	东南亚 Southeast Asia
	Cyrtopodium	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	Gongora	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	Grammangis	东非 East Africa
	Grammatophyllum	东南亚 Southeast Asia
	Graphorkis	中非、东非 Central Africa, East Africa
	Stanhopea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America
	Thecostele	东南亚 Southeast Asia
露兜树科 Pandanaceae	Benstonea	东南亚 Southeast Asia	—
水龙骨科 Polypodiaceae	Campyloneurum	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	A-C, E-G, J, L
	槲蕨属 Drynaria	南亚、东亚、东南亚、大洋洲 South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania
	舌蕨属 Elaphoglossum	热带广布 Widespread in Tropics
	禾叶蕨属 Grammitis	南美洲 South America
	剑蕨属 Loxogramme	中非、东非 Central Africa, East Africa
	星蕨属 Microsorum	中非、东非、东南亚、大洋洲 Central Africa, East Africa, Southeast Asia, Oceania
	鹿角蕨属 Platycerium	热带广布 Widespread in Tropics
环花草科 Cyclanthaceae	Ludovia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	—

亚科 Subfamily	属 Genus	分布 Distribution	主要共存动物(纲) Main coexisting fauna (class)	参考文献 Reference
沙漠凤梨亚科 Pitcairnioideae	Brocchinia	南美洲 South America	P	Givnish et al.,1984
凤梨亚科 Bromelioideae	Aechmea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	A-N, P-T	Freire et al., 2021
	Androlepis	中美洲 Central America	F	Fragoso & Rojas-Fernández, 1996
	Araeococcus	中美洲 Central America	P	Benzing & Bennett, 2000
	水塔花属 Billbergia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	P	Cardoso et al., 2015
	Canistrum	中美洲 Central America	P	Albertoni et al., 2016
	Hohenbergia	中美洲 Central America	P	Albertoni et al., 2016
	Lymania	中美洲 Central America	—	Benzing & Bennett, 2000
	Neoregelia	中美洲 Central America	A, I, M, P, Q, R	Almeida & Souza, 2020
	Ronnbergia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	—	Benzing & Bennett, 2000
	Nidularium	中美洲 Central America	P	Albertoni et al., 2016
	Quesnelia	中美洲 Central America	P	Cardoso et al., 2015
空气凤梨亚科 Tillandsioideae	Alcantarea	中美洲 Central America	P, R	Henle & Knogge, 2009
	Mezobromelia	南美洲 South America	P	Moyano & Benitez-Ortiz, 2013
	Catopsis	中美洲 Central America	E, I, P, O, L, K, J	Nielsen, 2011
	Glomeropitcairnia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	I, P, Q	Jowers et al., 2008
	Guzmania	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	P, Q, T	Torreias et al., 2010
	铁兰属 Tillandsia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	I, K, M, N, P, H	Frank et al., 2004
	Vriesea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	A, F, G, I, K, E, N, P, H, Q	Laviski et al., 2021

亚科 Subfamily	属 Genus	分布 Distribution	主要共存动物(纲) Main coexisting fauna (class)	参考文献 Reference
沙漠凤梨亚科 Pitcairnioideae	Brocchinia	南美洲 South America	P	Givnish et al.,1984
凤梨亚科 Bromelioideae	Aechmea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	A-N, P-T	Freire et al., 2021
	Androlepis	中美洲 Central America	F	Fragoso & Rojas-Fernández, 1996
	Araeococcus	中美洲 Central America	P	Benzing & Bennett, 2000
	水塔花属 Billbergia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	P	Cardoso et al., 2015
	Canistrum	中美洲 Central America	P	Albertoni et al., 2016
	Hohenbergia	中美洲 Central America	P	Albertoni et al., 2016
	Lymania	中美洲 Central America	—	Benzing & Bennett, 2000
	Neoregelia	中美洲 Central America	A, I, M, P, Q, R	Almeida & Souza, 2020
	Ronnbergia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	—	Benzing & Bennett, 2000
	Nidularium	中美洲 Central America	P	Albertoni et al., 2016
	Quesnelia	中美洲 Central America	P	Cardoso et al., 2015
空气凤梨亚科 Tillandsioideae	Alcantarea	中美洲 Central America	P, R	Henle & Knogge, 2009
	Mezobromelia	南美洲 South America	P	Moyano & Benitez-Ortiz, 2013
	Catopsis	中美洲 Central America	E, I, P, O, L, K, J	Nielsen, 2011
	Glomeropitcairnia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	I, P, Q	Jowers et al., 2008
	Guzmania	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	P, Q, T	Torreias et al., 2010
	铁兰属 Tillandsia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	I, K, M, N, P, H	Frank et al., 2004
	Vriesea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	A, F, G, I, K, E, N, P, H, Q	Laviski et al., 2021

科 Family	属 Genus	分布地 Distribution	参考文献 Reference
夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	眼树莲属 Dischidia	东南亚 Southeast Asia	Kaufmann, 2002
夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	Hoya	东南亚 Southeast Asia	Kaufmann, 2002
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	芒毛苣苔属 Aeschynanthus	东南亚 Southeast Asia	Kaufmann & Maschwitz, 2006
	Codonanthe	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Blüthgen et al., 2001
	Columnea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Orivel & Leroy, 2011
野牡丹科 Melastomataceae	酸脚杆属 Medinilla	东南亚 Southeast Asia	Kaufmann, 2002
野牡丹科 Melastomataceae	厚距花属 Pachycentria	东南亚 Southeast Asia	Kaufmann, 2002
桑科 Moraceae	榕属 Ficus	东南亚、中美洲、南美洲 Southeast Asia, Central, South America	Kaufmann, 2002; Davidson & Epstein, 1989
荨麻科 Urticaceae	锥头麻属 Poikilospermum	东南亚 Southeast Asia	Kaufmann & Maschwitz, 2006; Kaufmann, 2002
姜科 Zingiberaceae	姜花属 Hedychium	东南亚 Southeast Asia	Kaufmann, 2002
天南星科 Araceae	花烛属 Anthurium	南美洲 South America	Blüthgen et al., 2001
天南星科 Araceae	喜林芋属 Philodendron	南美洲 South America	Schmit-Neuerburg & Blüthgen, 2007; Blüthgen et al., 2001
凤梨科 Bromeliaceae	Aechmea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Morales-Linares et al., 2016
	Neoregelia	南美洲 South America	Davidson & Epstein, 1989
	Streptocalyx	南美洲 South America	Davidson & Epstein, 1989
仙人掌科 Cactaceae	昙花属 Epiphyllum	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Schmit-Neuerburg & Blüthgen, 2007
兰科 Orchidaceae	Coryanthes	中美洲 Central America	Morales-Linares et al., 2016
兰科 Orchidaceae	Epidendrum	中美洲 Central America	Morales-Linares et al., 2016
胡椒科 Piperaceae	草胡椒属 Peperomia	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Youngsteadt et al., 2009
茄科 Solanaceae	Markea	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Dejean et al., 2000

附生维管植物生境营建作用的生态学功能

Ecological functions of vascular epiphytes in habitat construction

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科 Family	属 Genus	特化器官 Specialized organ	分布地 Distribution	参考文献 Reference
茜草科 Rubiaceae	Myrmecodia	通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem	东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania	Kapitany, 2008
	Hydnophytum	通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem	东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania	Kapitany, 2008
	Squamellaria	通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem	大洋洲 Oceania	Chomicki & Renner, 2019
夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	眼树莲属 Dischidia	特化叶 Special leaves	东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania	Treseder et al., 1995
水龙骨科 Polypodiaceae	Lecanopteris	中空根状茎 Hollow rhizome	东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania	Gay, 1991
兰科 Orchidaceae	鹿角蕨属 Platycerium	叶包鞘 Leaf sheath	东南亚 Southeast Asia	Franken & Roos, 1982
	Microgramma	中空的侧根状囊 Hollow lateral root sac	南美洲 South America	Davidson & Epstein, 1989
	Caularthron	中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Fisher et al., 1990
凤梨科 Bromeliaceae	Myrmecophila	中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Fisher et al., 1990
	Schomburgkia	中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Rico-Gray & Thien, 1989
	Dimerandra	中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Stuntz et al., 2002
	Tillandsia	叶基部扩宽 Leaf base widening	中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America	Benzing, 1970

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