辽西半干旱地区两种典型人工林生态系统能量通量及蒸散特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0099

植物生态学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (12): 1508-1522.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0099

所属专题：全球变化与生态系统；生态系统碳水能量通量

• 中国典型生态脆弱区碳水通量过程研究专题论文 • 上一篇下一篇

辽西半干旱地区两种典型人工林生态系统能量通量及蒸散特征

王俐爽¹, 同小娟¹^,^*(), 孟平², 张劲松², 刘沛荣¹, 李俊³, 张静茹¹, 周宇²

¹北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院, 北京 100083
²中国林业科学研究院林业研究所, 北京 100091
³中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室, 北京 100101

收稿日期:2022-03-18 接受日期:2022-06-15 出版日期:2022-12-20 发布日期:2023-01-13
通讯作者: *同小娟(tongxj@bjfu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0608101);国家自然科学基金(31872703);国家自然科学基金(31570617)

Energy flux and evapotranspiration of two typical plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning, China

WANG Li-Shuang¹, TONG Xiao-Juan¹^,^*(), MENG Ping², ZHANG Jin-Song², LIU Pei-Rong¹, LI Jun³, ZHANG Jing-Ru¹, ZHOU Yu²

¹School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
²Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
³Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2022-03-18 Accepted:2022-06-15 Online:2022-12-20 Published:2023-01-13
Contact: *TONG Xiao-Juan(tongxj@bjfu.edu.cn)
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0608101);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872703);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570617)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在气候变暖背景下, 半干旱地区林水矛盾日益突出。了解该区人工林的能量通量和蒸散(ET)变化, 可为今后造林树种的选择提供参考。该研究采用涡度相关法分别对辽西半干旱地区油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林的水热通量进行了一年(2019年10月至2020年10月)的连续观测, 利用界限温度结合归一化植被指数(NDVI)的变化特征确定了生长季长度(4月11日至10月10日), 分析了潜热通量(LE)、感热通量(H)、净辐射(R_n)、土壤热通量(G)及ET的季节动态, 利用回归分析和通径分析探讨了气温(T_a)、R_n、空气水汽压亏缺(VPD)、土壤含水量(SWC)、NDVI对ET的影响。结果表明: 油松、樟子松人工林的R_n、G、H都呈单峰形季节变化趋势, LE的波动更剧烈。全年来看, 能量消耗以H为主, 其次是LE, G消耗的能量较少。波文比生长季均值分别为1.82和2.23, 小于年平均值(3.43和4.44)。生长季ET分别为302.79和247.54 mm, 占全年ET的82.89%和84.20%; 年ET分别为365.29和293.99 mm, 为同期降水量的87.81%和72.23%。Priestley-Taylor系数(α)和退耦因子(Ω)可以用来说明SWC和冠层导度(g_c)对ET的影响。油松、樟子松人工林的α年平均值分别为0.30和0.24, Ω分别为0.12和0.07。全年来看, SWC是影响该区两种人工林ET的主导因子, 其次为R_n。在不受水分胁迫下, R_n对ET影响更大; T_a和VPD对ET的综合影响较小, 多为间接作用。NDVI和g_c是影响两种人工林的ET的重要生物因子, 对ET的控制作用在生长季更为明显。该研究说明辽西半干旱地区的油松和樟子松人工林都采取保守的耗水策略, 维持了生态系统的水量平衡, 是该地区适宜的造林树种。

关键词: 半干旱地区, 人工林, 能量通量, 蒸散, 生物环境因子

Abstract:

Aims Under the background of climate warming, the contradiction between forest and water in semi-arid areas is becoming increasingly prominent. Understanding the changes in energy flux and evapotranspiration (ET) of the plantation ecosystems in this area can provide a reference for future selection of afforestation tree species.

Methods In this paper, the water and heat fluxes of Pinus tabuliformis and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning were observed continuously for one year (October 2019 to October 2020) using the eddy covariance method. The length of growing season (April 11 to October 10) was determined using the critical temperature combined with the variation characteristics of normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI). The seasonal dynamics of latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H), net radiation (R_n), soil heat flux (G) and ET were analyzed. The effects of air temperature (T_a), R_n, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil water content (SWC), and NDVI on ET were discussed by applying regression analysis and path analysis.

Important findings The R_n, G and H of P. tabuliformis and P. sylvestrisvar. mongolica plantations showed single-peak seasonal variation trends, and the seasonal dynamics of LE fluctuated more sharply. During the whole year, energy consumption was dominated by H, followed by LE, and G consumed less energy. The average values of Bowen ratio during the growing season were 1.82 and 2.23, respectively, smaller than annual average values (3.43 and 4.44). The ET during the growing season was 302.79 and 247.54 mm, accounting for 82.89% and 84.20% of the annual ET, respectively. The annual ET was 365.29 and 293.99 mm accounting for 87.81% and 72.23% of precipitation in the same period. Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α) and decoupling factor (Ω) were used to analyze the effects of SWC and canopy conductance (g_c) on ET. The annual mean values of α was 0.30 and 0.24, respectively, and the Ω values was 0.12 and 0.07, respectively. During the whole year, SWC was the dominant factor affecting the ET of two plantations, followed by R_n. Under non-water-stressed conditions, R_n had a greater impact on ET.The combined effects of T_a and VPD on ET were small, which were mostly indirect effects. NDVI and g_c were important biological factors affecting the ET of the two plantations, especially during the growing season. This study shows that P. tabuliformis and P. sylvestrisvar. mongolica plantations in the semi-arid area of western Liaoning Province adopt a conservative water consumption strategy to maintain water balance of the ecosystem, and these species are suitable afforestation tree species in this area.

Key words: semi-arid region, plantation, energy flux, evapotranspiration, bioenvironmental factor

王俐爽, 同小娟, 孟平, 张劲松, 刘沛荣, 李俊, 张静茹, 周宇. 辽西半干旱地区两种典型人工林生态系统能量通量及蒸散特征. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(12): 1508-1522. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0099

WANG Li-Shuang, TONG Xiao-Juan, MENG Ping, ZHANG Jin-Song, LIU Pei-Rong, LI Jun, ZHANG Jing-Ru, ZHOU Yu. Energy flux and evapotranspiration of two typical plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(12): 1508-1522. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0099

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0099

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2022/V46/I12/1508

图/表 14

表1 辽西半干旱地区油松、樟子松人工林样地基本情况

Table 1 Information of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning

树种 Tree species	林龄 Stand age (a)	树高 Tree height (m)	胸径 Diameters at breast height (cm)	林分密度 Stand density (plant·hm^-2)	土壤类型 Soil type
油松 P. tabuliformis	44	8	13.4	1 150	褐土 Brown soil
樟子松 P. sylvestris var. mongolica	36	10	15.9	1?044	褐土 Brown soil

表2 辽西半干旱地区油松、樟子松人工林微气象观测系统基本信息

Table 2 Basic information of micrometeorological observation system for Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning

观测要素 Observation element	仪器 Instrument	型号 Product type	生产商 Manufacturer	距地面高度 Height
净辐射 Net radiation	净辐射表 Net radiometer	CNR-1	Kipp & Zonen, Delft, Netherlands	19 m
土壤热通量 Soil heat flux	热通量板 Soil heat flux plate	HFT-3	Campbell Scientific, Logan, USA	-5 cm
空气温湿度 Air temperature and moisture	空气温/湿度传感器 Air temperature/moisture sensor	HMP45C	Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland	19 m
降水量 Precipitation	雨量筒 Rain gauge	TE525MM	Texas Electronics, Dallas, USA	18 m
土壤含水量 Soil moisture content	土壤水分传感器 Soil moisture sensor	CS650	Campbell Scientific, Logan, USA	-10, -20, -30 cm

图1 辽西半干旱地区油松(A-C)和樟子松人工林(D-F)环境和生物因子的动态特征。gc, 冠层导度; NDVI, 归一化植被指数; P, 降水量; SWC, 土壤含水量; SWC10、SWC20、SWC30分别表示10、20、30 cm土壤含水量; Ta, 气温; VPD, 空气水汽压亏缺。gc、NDVI、SWC、Ta、VPD均是日均值, P为日总量。阴影部分为生长季。

Fig. 1 Dynamics of environmental and biological factors in Pinus tabuliformis (A-C) and P. sylvestris var. mongolica (D-F) plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning. gc, canopy conductance; NDVI, normalized differential vegetation index; P, precipitation; SWC, soil water content; SWC10, SWC20 and SWC30 represent soil water content of 10, 20 and 30 cm, respectively; Ta, air temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit. gc, NDVI, SWC, Ta, VPD are daily averages, P is the daily total value. The shaded part is the growing season.

图2 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林能量闭合分析(2019年10月至2020年10月)。LE + H, 湍流通量; Rn - G - S, 有效能量。

Fig. 2 Energy closure of Pinus tabulaeformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning from October 2019 to October 2020. LE + H, turbulent heat fluxes; Rn - G - S, available energy.

图3 辽西半干旱地区油松(A-C)和樟子松人工林(D-F)能量通量的季节变化。G, 土壤热通量; H, 感热通量; LE, 潜热通量; Rn, 净辐射。阴影部分为生长季。

Fig. 3 Seasonal variation of energy fluxes of Pinus tabulaeformis (A-C) and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations (D-F) in semi-arid area of western Liaoning. G, soil heat flux; H, sensible heat flux; LE, latent heat flux; Rn, net radiation. The shaded part is the growing season.

表3 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林能量分配(LE/Rn、H/Rn、G/Rn)和波文比(β)的月均值(4-10月)、生长季平均值和年平均值

Table 3 Monthly mean (April to October), mean value of growing season and annual daily mean of energy partitioning (LE/Rn, H/Rn, G/Rn) and Bowen ratio (β) of Pinus tabulaeformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning

林分 Forest stand	变量 Variable	生长季 Growing season								年平均值 Mean annual value
林分 Forest stand	变量 Variable	4月 April	5月 May	6月 June	7月 July	8月 August	9月 September	10月 October	平均值 Mean value	年平均值 Mean annual value
油松人工林 P. tabuliformis plantation	LE/R_n	0.10	0.18	0.30	0.43	0.47	0.61	0.45	0.37	0.28
	H/R_n	0.57	0.63	0.53	0.45	0.42	0.27	0.47	0.47	0.67
	G/R_n	0.05	0.07	0.06	0.05	0.03	-0.05	-0.03	0.03	-0.05
	β	5.51	3.61	1.77	1.03	0.85	0.44	1.03	1.82	3.43
樟子松人工林 P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantation	LE/R_n	0.18	0.15	0.35	0.20	0.32	0.47	0.49	0.30	0.22
	H/R_n	0.51	0.61	0.47	0.60	0.45	0.35	0.43	0.49	0.57
	G/R_n	0.06	0.09	0.05	0.06	0.03	-0.04	-0.05	0.04	-0.05
	β	2.79	4.43	1.40	3.07	1.60	0.76	0.95	2.23	4.44

图4 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林蒸散(ET)的季节变化。阴影部分为生长季。

Fig. 4 Seasonal variation of evapotranspiration (ET) of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning. The shaded part is the growing season.

图5 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林的累积蒸散量(ETcum)、累积降水量(Pcum)和两者之间的差值(ETcum - Pcum)的季节动态。

Fig. 5 Seasonal patterns of annual cumulative evapotranspiration (ETcum), precipitation (Pcum) and the difference between ETcum and Pcum of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning.

图6 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林蒸散(ET)与环境因子的关系(平均值±标准差)。Rn, 净辐射; SWC, 土壤含水量; Ta, 气温; VPD, 空气水汽压亏缺。

Fig. 6 Relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) and environmental factors of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning (mean ± SD). Rn, net radiation; SWC, soil water content; Ta, air temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit.

图7 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林蒸散(ET)与归一化植被指数(NDVI)的关系(平均值±标准差)。

Fig. 7 Relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning (mean ± SD).

图8 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林Priestly-Taylor系数(α)(A, C)和退耦因子(Ω)(B, D)的季节变化。

Fig. 8 Seasonal variations of the Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α)(A, C) and the decoupling factor (Ω)(B, D) of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning.

图9 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林日均Priestly-Taylor系数(α)与冠层导度(gc)的关系。

Fig. 9 Relationship between the daily average Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α) and canopy conductance (gc) of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning.

表4 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林蒸散与生物环境因子的通径分析

Table 4 Path analysis between evapotranspiration and bioenvironmental factors of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning

林分 Stand	时期 Period	因子 Factor	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
林分 Stand	时期 Period	因子 Factor	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	总和 Total	T_a	R_n	VPD	SWC	NDVI
油松人工林 P. tabuliformis plantation	生长季 Growing season	T_a	0.40^**	-0.04	0.44		0.19	-0.11	0.03	0.33
		R_n	0.25^**	0.41	-0.16	-0.02		-0.12	-0.13	0.11
		VPD	-0.05	-0.19	0.14	-0.02	0.28		-0.16	0.04
		SWC	0.64^**	0.57	0.07	0.00	-0.10	0.06		0.11
		NDVI	0.64^**	0.43	0.21	-0.03	0.11	-0.02	0.15
	非生长季 Non-growing season	T_a	0.71^**	0.15	0.56		0.11	0.04	0.41	0.00
		R_n	0.49^**	0.24	0.25	0.07		0.02	0.16	0.00
		VPD	0.66^**	0.05	0.61	0.13	0.11		0.36	0.00
		SWC	0.75^**	0.52	0.23	0.12	0.07	0.03		0.01
		NDVI	0.55^**	0.01	0.54	0.09	0.03	0.02	0.40
樟子松人工林 P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantation	生长季 Growing season	T_a	0.17^*	-0.08	0.25		0.15	0.03	-0.08	0.15
		R_n	0.18^**	0.34	-0.16	-0.04		0.04	-0.16	0.00
		VPD	0.02	0.05	-0.03	-0.05	0.22		-0.17	-0.03
		SWC	0.52^**	0.50	0.02	0.01	-0.11	-0.02		0.14
		NDVI	0.50^**	0.34	0.16	-0.04	0.00	-0.01	0.21
	非生长季 Non-growing season	T_a	0.65^**	0.28	0.37		0.12	0.05	0.16	0.04
		R_n	0.60^**	0.37	0.23	0.09		0.02	0.10	0.02
		VPD	0.65^**	0.06	0.59	0.23	0.16		0.16	0.04
		SWC	0.68^**	0.22	0.46	0.20	0.16	0.04		0.06
		NDVI	0.47^**	0.09	0.38	0.13	0.07	0.03	0.15

表5 辽西半干旱地区油松和樟子松人工林在不同条件下冠层导度与环境因子的相关分析

Table 5 Correlation analysis between canopy conductance and environmental factors of Pinus tabuliformis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning under different conditions

	油松人工林 P. tabuliformis plantation			樟子松人工林 P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantation
	T_a	VPD	SWC	T_a	VPD	SWC
T_a ≤ 20 ℃	0.49^**	-0.22^**	0.81^**	0.53^**	0.19^**	0.74^**
T_a > 20 ℃	-0.54^**	-0.81^**	0.73^**	-0.57^**	-0.62^**	0.74^**
VPD ≤ 1.8 kPa	0.28^**	-0.14^**	0.62^**	0.45^**	0.11^*	0.74^**
VPD > 1.8 kPa	0.14	-0.17	0.76^**	-0.20	0.06	0.73^**

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辽西半干旱地区两种典型人工林生态系统能量通量及蒸散特征

Energy flux and evapotranspiration of two typical plantations in semi-arid area of western Liaoning, China

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