Research advances on forest-water relationships in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations for sand dune immobilization and guidance to forest management practices

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0068

Abstract

Abstract:

China has the largest area of tree plantations in the world, and how to maintain the long-term stability of plantations has become one of the major challenges in the context of climate change. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is one of the most important coniferous evergreen tree species in the well-known “Three-North” Shelterbelt Construction Program in China, due to its properties of tolerance to drought, low temperature, and open land condition. Afforestation with P. sylvestris var. mongolica in northern China provides great benefits to environmental protection and ecosystem carbon fixation. However, with the growth of the stands and the ongoing climate change, P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in a fragile habitat of sandy land have been subjected to increasingly severe water stresses. Typically, the phenomenon of premature dieback has occurred in some of the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, such as at the sites of Zhanggutai in the southern edge of Horqin Sandy Land, which causes great concerns on the stability of the local ecosystems. Based on recollections of studies on the basic biological characteristics and introduction history of P. sylvestris var. mongolica, we summarized the recent research achievements in understanding the forest-water relationships in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, and examined the main contradictions in the forest-water relationships in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations under the climate change scenario. We recommend adjustment of several stand management measures based on the compromised forest-water relationships: (1) turning the single goal for environmental protection into multi-objectives with balanced consideration for stand structural stability, carbon sequestration, and sustainable development; (2) adopting more measures for improving soil conditions rather than for developing forest landscapes; and (3) establishing the sustainable shelterbelts by combining afforestation with natural regeneration rather than by merely depending on natural regeneration processes. Based on the condition of fragile sandy land and climate change, we should still regard P. sylvestris var. mongolica as a pioneer and construction tree species. In consideration of the principle of “determining forest cover by water supply”, the uneven-aged forest stands can be established by conducting alternate-row harvesting followed by replanting. As a result, the environmental protection function and carbon sequestration capacity can be continuously improved, the ecological services and productivity can be maximized, and the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem can be protected and guaranteed. The findings from this study can be of important values for guiding the systematic management of northern ecological shelterbelts.

Key words: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, wind break and sand fixation, climate change, carbon neutralization, forest management, plantation

DANG Hong-Zhong, ZHANG Xue-Li, HAN Hui, SHI Chang-Chun, GE Yu-Xiang, MA Quan-Lin, CHEN Shuai, LIU Chun-Ying. Research advances on forest-water relationships in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations for sand dune immobilization and guidance to forest management practices[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2022, 46(9): 971-983.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0068

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I9/971

Figures/Tables 2

Fig. 1 Diagrammatic illustrations of the framework for dynamical regulations of management for Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica windbreak and sanddune-fixing forest according to the balance for multi-objectives. Stage I is the growth process of natural P. sylvestris var. mongolica stands, illustrating a delayed maturity, a longer maturity maintenance period, and a higher protection and carbon sequestration function. Stage II is the growth process of the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in sandy land, illustrating a higher growth rate in the early phase, an advanced maturity, a shorter period of maturity maintenance and the accelerated overmature decline. Stage III indicate the growth process after intervention according to the principle of balance for multi-objectives. The interventions include dynamic regulation of stand density from the beginning of growth to reforestation after thinning. The timely follow-up of manual intervention ensures that the protection function of the system is enhanced after the stands enter the mature stage through harmonious forest-water relationships and well-developed canopy structure (the letter “a” in the figure indicates the beginning time of the ecological function enhancement stage). At the same time, the ecosystem maintains strong productivity and enhances carbon sequestration through an uneven aged forest stand structure (the letter “b” in the figure indicates the commencement time of the carbon sequestration increment stage).

Fig. 2 Diagrammatic framework of growth and evolution stages of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations for wind-breaking and sanddune-fixation. In the first stage, the goal is to break wind, fix sand dunes and protect soil by establishing sheltbelts. In the second stage, the goal is to improve soil habitat by establishing shelterbelt systems. The third stage aims at facilitating a stable ecosystem by promoting the formation of biodiversity. In each stage, it is necessary to maintain the status of P. sylvestris var. mongolica as a constructive species to maximize the its advantages in ecological services and productivity, and to create shelter conditions and provide guarantee for promoting ecosystem biodiversity and stability.

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