Relationship between fine root functional traits and rhizosphere microenvironment of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0280

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Individual size reflects the radial growth of trees, while fine roots are highly sensitive to changes in the rhizosphere soil environment. Investigating the relationship between functional traits of fine root and the microenvironment of rhizosphere soil in trees at different sizes can contribute to elucidating interaction mechanisms within the forest subsurface ecosystem of trees at the individual level.

Methods In this study, fine roots and rhizosphere soil sampling were conducted based on Machilus pauhoi individuals of different sizes in an 11-year-old plantation. The aim is to analyze the relationship between fine root functional traits, rhizosphere soil nutrients content, microbial community structure, and enzyme activities of M. pauhoi individuals of different sizes.

Important findings The results indicate that: 1) There are differences in fine root functional traits and rhizosphere microenvironment among trees of different sizes. Significant differences were observed in traits such as fine root biomass, specific root length, root length density, root volume density, root tissue density, root nitrogen content and root phosphorus content. Except for the specific root area and root tissue density, other fine roots functional traits were highest in the medium-sized individuals, and rhizosphere soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents were also highest in medium-sized M. pauhoi. 2) Variability coefficients of fine root traits such as specific root length, root volume density, fine root biomass, and rhizosphere soil fungal and actinomycete contents were relatively large among M. pauhoi individuals of different sizes, particularly pronounced in medium- sized individuals and relatively low in small-sized individuals. All individuals tend to adapt to environmental changes by adjusting traits such as root volume density, fine root biomass, rhizosphere soil fungal contents and nitrate nitrogen content. 3) The fine roots at different individual sizes adopted different resource utilization strategies. Medium-sized M. pauhoi exhibited larger specific root length, root nitrogen content, and root phosphorus content, indicating a resource acquisition strategy to optimize nutrient acquisition capacity. Small-sized individuals with larger root tissue density adopted a resource conservation strategy to enhance their ability to cope with environmental stress, while large individuals exhibited a balanced strategy between above-ground and below-ground growth. 4) Soil total carbon content, microbial biomass carbon content, actinomycete content, ammonium nitrogen content, acid phosphatase activity, and microbial biomass nitrogen content in the rhizosphere soil microenvironment were identified as the main factors influencing fine root functional traits of M. pauhoi. The relationship between fine root functional traits and rhizosphere microenvironment varied among individuals of different sizes. Fine roots of small-sized M. pauhoi individuals were mainly affected by rhizosphere soil nutrients, while those of medium-sized M. pauhoi individuals were primarily influenced by the content of actinomycete and acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil. Fine root traits of large-sized individuals were affected by both rhizosphere soil nutrients and soil microbial community structure, including bacteria and actinomycete content. The finding provide theoretical insights for implementing afforestation of M. pauhoi on a microtopographic scale, precisely developing artificial forest tending and thinning measures, and cultivating large-diameter timber plantations.

Key words: fine root function trait, rhizosphere soil, soil microbial community structure, soil enzyme activity, tree size

LIU Yao, ZHONG Quan-Lin, XU Chao-Bin, CHENG Dong-Liang, ZHENG Yue-Fang, ZOU Yu-Xing, ZHANG Xue, ZHENG Xin-Jie, ZHOU Yun-Ruo. Relationship between fine root functional traits and rhizosphere microenvironment of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(6): 744-759.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2023.0280

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2024/V48/I6/744

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1 Phenotypic traits of fine roots of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes (mean ± SE). LI, large individual; MI, medium individual; SI, small individual. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between individuals of different sizes (p < 0.05).

Fig. 2 Nutrient traits of fine roots of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes (mean ± SE). LI, large individual; MI, medium individual; SI, small individual. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between individuals of different sizes (p < 0.05).

Fig. 3 Principal component (PC) analysis of fine root function traits of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes. LI, large individual; MI, medium individual; SI, small individual. Contrib, contribution value; Kmeans, K-means clustering; RB, root biomass; RCC, root carbon content; RCC:RNC, root carbon nitrogen ratio; RCC:RPC, root carbon phosphorus ratio; RLD, root length density; RNC, root nitrogen content; RNC:RPC, root nitrogen phosphorus ratio; RPC, root phosphorus content; RTD, root tissue density; RVD, root volume density; SRA, specific root area; SRL, specific root length. PERMANOVA: different individual size p = 0.001.

Table 1 Physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes (mean ± SE)

个体 Individual	STN (mg·g^-1)	STC (mg·g^-1)	STP (mg·g^-1)	NH₄⁺-N (mg·kg^-1)	NO₃^--N (mg·kg^-1)	pH	SWC (%)	SD (g·cm^-3)	Ca (mg·g^-1)	Mg (mg·g^-1)
SI	1.46 ±0.05^b	18.00 ± 0.97^b	0.29 ± 0.01^b	3.01 ± 0.21^b	0.57 ± 0.03^a	4.60 ± 0.02^a	30.24 ± 0.81^a	0.96 ± 0.03^a	21.93 ± 5.03^a	8.73 ± 0.77^ab
MI	1.73 ± 0.09^a	22.08 ± 1.86^a	0.32 ± 0.01^a	4.29 ± 0.24^a	0.59 ± 0.08^a	4.62 ± 0.03^a	26.75 ± 1.61^a	1.06 ± 0.05^a	11.05 ± 2.73^b	6.68 ± 1.69^b
LI	1.59 ± 0.08^ab	19.43 ± 0.42^ab	0.28 ± 0.01^b	3.91 ± 0.40^a	0.59 ± 0.05^a	4.57 ± 0.03^a	27.93 ± 1.14^a	0.95 ± 0.05^a	25.29 ± 3.50^a	9.85 ± 2.13^a

Fig. 4 Microbial concentration of rhizosphere soil of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes (mean ± SE). LI, large individual; MI, medium individual; SI, small individual. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between individuals of different sizes (p < 0.05).

Fig. 5 Enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes (mean ± SE). LI, large individual; MI, medium individual; SI, small individual. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between individuals of different sizes (p < 0.05).

Fig. 6 Coefficients of variation of fine root function traits (A) and rhizosphere soil microenvironment (B) at different sizes of Machilus pauhoi. LI, large individual; MI, medium individual; SI, small individual. Act, actinomycetes content; ACP, acid phosphatase activity; Bac, bacteria content; Ca, calcium content; CAT, catalase activity; DHA, dehydrogenase activity; Fun, fungus content; MBC, microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen content; Mg, magnesium content; NH4+-N, soil ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, soil nitrate nitrogen content; RB, root biomass; RCC, root carbon content; RLD, root length density; RNC, root nitrogen content; RPC, root phosphorus content; RTD, root tissue density; RVD, root volume density; SD, soil density; SRA, specific root area; SRL, specific root length; STC, soil total carbon content; STN, soil total nitrogen content; STP, soil total phosphorus content; SWC, soil water content; UE, urease activity.

Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of fine root functional traits and rhizosphere soil microenvironment of Machilus pauhoi at different sizes. LI, large individual; MI, medium individual; SI, small individual. Act, actinomycetes content; ACP, acid phosphatase activity; Bac, bacteria content; Ca, calcium content; CAT, catalase activity; DHA, dehydrogenase activity; Fun, fungus content; MBC, microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen content; Mg, magnesium content; NH4+-N, soil ammonium nitrogen content; RB, root biomass; RCC, root carbon content; RLD, root length density; RNC, root nitrogen content; RPC, root phosphorus content; RTD, root tissue density; RVD, root volume density; SD, soil density; SRA, specific root area; SRL, specific root length; STC, soil total carbon content; STN, soil total nitrogen content; STP, soil total phosphorus content; SWC, soil water content; UE, urease activity.

Fig. 8 Mantel correlation analysis between rhizosphere soil microenvironmental and fine root function traits at different sizes of Machilus pauhoi. A, Small individual. B, Medium individual. C, Large individual. Act, actinomycetes content; ACP, acid phosphatases activity; Bac, bacteria content; Ca, calcium content; CAT, catalase activity; DHA, dehydrogenase activity; Fun, fungus content; MBC, microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen content; Mg, magnesium content; NH4+-N, soil ammonium nitrogen content; NO3--N, soil nitrate nitrogen content; SD, soil density; STC, soil total carbon content; STN, soil total nitrogen content; STP, soil total phosphorus content; SWC, soil water content; UE, urease activity.

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