Comparison of methods for dividing nighttime sap flow components in Populus tomentosa trees

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0043

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Nighttime sap flow can be lost through the leave stomata as nocturnal transpiration or stored in the stem as nocturnal refilling. Distinguishing transpiration and refilling from nighttime sap flow has been a challenging and pressing problem that needs to be addressed. Although the water-refilling forecasting method is widely used due to its convenience, its accuracy is highly questionable.
Methods To systematically analyze the accuracy and applicability of four water-refilling forecasting methods for the division of nighttime sap flow components, we conducted a study using Populus tomentosa as the test material. The thermal dissipation probe (TDP) were utilized to measure the nighttime sap flow. By combining the accuracy advantage of the height difference method in stem water-refilling with that of the water-refilling forecasting method in nighttime transpiration, we compared and analyzed the estimation effects of the four commonly used water-refilling forecasting methods in this study.
Important findings In terms of estimating the amount of the nocturnal transpiration using the four methods based on sap flow at different heights, only the linear decay model method (Line Method) showed no significant difference, while the other methods exhibited large deviations. When comparing the estimated stem water refilling using the four water-refilling forecasting methods with the results calculated by the height difference method, only the prediction method based on transpiration inversion (Et method) showed a significant difference, while the other methods did not. Additionally, among the four water-refilling forecasting methods, the Line method had the smallest deviation. Thereby, we propose using the sap flow height difference method for water-refilling forecasting to divide nighttime sap flow into three components, namely stem water-refilling, canopy water-refilling, and nocturnal transpiration. This method improves the estimation accuracy of stem water-refilling below the canopy by applying the height difference method. Furthermore, it enhances the accuracy in differentiating canopy water-refilling and nocturnal transpiration through the Line method with the smallest error. Using the new method, the calculated amount of nocturnal refilling was approximately 76.5%, which was 19.8%-26.5% higher than the findings of existing studies. The responses of the divided nighttime sap flow components to environmental factors indicated that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and shallow soil water content were the main factors influencing nocturnal refilling. The proportion of nocturnal transpiration in nighttime sap flow exhibited a negative and nonlinear correlation with VPD.

Key words: comparison of methods, nighttime sap flow, nocturnal transpiration, nocturnal refilling, component division, poplar plantation, thermal dissipation probe

YANG Shang-Jin, FAN Yun-Xiang, ZHANG Yu-Wen, HAN Qiao-Ling, ZHAO Yue, DUAN Jie, DI Nan, XI Ben-Ye. Comparison of methods for dividing nighttime sap flow components in Populus tomentosa trees[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(4): 496-507.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2023.0043

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2024/V48/I4/496

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of experimental design and component division of nocturnal sap flow. Ah, nocturnal refilling of stems by height difference method; A1 + B1, nocturnal refilling of stems by prediction methods at 1.3 m; B2, nocturnal canopy refilling by prediction methods at 7.0 m; C1, nocturnal transpiration by prediction methods at 1.3 m; C2, nocturnal transpiration by prediction methods at 7.0 m; F1.3 m, nocturnal sap flow rate at 1.3 m; F7.0 m, nocturnal sap flow rate at 7.0 m; Q1.3 m, nighttime sap flow volume at 1.3 m; Q7.0 m, nighttime sap flow volume at 7.0 m; P1, inflection point where the nighttime sap flow rate decrease changes from rapid to slow; P2, inflection point before the sap flow rate decrease tends to stabilize. Et method, the prediction method based on transpiration inversion; Exp method, the water-refilling prediction method based on Exponential decay model; Line method, the water-refilling prediction method based on linear decay model; Re method, the water-refilling prediction method based on “Time Segment”.

Fig. 2 Comparison of nocturnal transpiration (A) and nocturnal refilling of stems (B) predicted by four prediction methods using night-time sap flow data in different heights of stem (mean ± SE). Ah, nocturnal refilling of stems by height difference method; A1, nocturnal refilling of stems by four prediction methods; C1, nocturnal transpiration at 1.3 m; C2, night-time transpiration at 7.0 m; Et, the prediction method based on extend transpiration inversion; Exp, the water-refilling prediction method based on Exponential decay model; Line, the water-refilling prediction method based on linear decay model; Re, the water-refilling prediction method based on “Time Segment”. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

Fig. 3 Responses of components of nocturnal sap flow to nighttime environmental factors. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. A, estimate the stem refilling using the Line Method; Bline, estimate the canopy refilling using the Line Method; Cline, estimate the transpiration using the Line Method.

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