Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2010, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (8): 924-937.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.08.005
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
WANG Hua1,*(
), OUYANG Zhi-Yun1,**(), ZHENG Hua1, WANG Xiao-Ke1, NI Yong-Ming2, REN Yu-Fen1
Received:2009-06-23
Accepted:2010-04-21
Online:2010-06-23
Published:2010-09-28
Contact:
OUYANG Zhi-Yun
WANG Hua, OUYANG Zhi-Yun, ZHENG Hua, WANG Xiao-Ke, NI Yong-Ming, REN Yu-Fen. Characteristics of spatial variations in xylem sap flow in urban greening tree species Pinus tabulaeformis, Cedrus deodara and Robinia pseudoacacia in Beijing, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34(8): 924-937.
| 树种 Species | 胸径 DBH (cm) | 高度 Height (m) | 冠层投影面 Ac (m2) | 边材面积 As (cm2) | 插针方位 Orientation of sensor | 插针数量和类型 Number and type of sensor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松1号 Pinus tabulaeformis No. 1 | 17.00 | 5.90 | 22.02 | 163.56 | 南北 Northsouth | 2TDP30 |
| 油松2号 P. tabulaeformis No. 2 | 16.20 | 5.70 | 19.97 | 147.52 | 南北 Northsouth | 2TDP30 |
| 油松3号 P. tabulaeformis No. 3 | 18.70 | 5.80 | 23.31 | 200.60 | 南北 Northsouth | 2TDP30 + 1TDP80 |
| 雪松1号 Cedrus deodara No. 1 | 23.50 | 7.30 | 37.59 | 300.63 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
| 雪松2号 C. deodara No. 2 | 24.20 | 6.40 | 23.22 | 313.50 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
| 雪松3号 C. deodara No. 3 | 33.60 | 11.20 | 59.53 | 500.86 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP80 |
| 刺槐1号 Robinia pseudoacacia No. 1 | 40.40 | 11.50 | 56.71 | 138.80 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
| 刺槐2号 R. pseudoacacia No. 2 | 38.60 | 12.30 | 71.00 | 129.57 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
| 刺槐3号 R. pseudoacacia No. 3 | 33.50 | 12.10 | 42.96 | 104.59 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
Table 1 Characteristics of tree structures in the sampled trees for sap flow measurements
| 树种 Species | 胸径 DBH (cm) | 高度 Height (m) | 冠层投影面 Ac (m2) | 边材面积 As (cm2) | 插针方位 Orientation of sensor | 插针数量和类型 Number and type of sensor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松1号 Pinus tabulaeformis No. 1 | 17.00 | 5.90 | 22.02 | 163.56 | 南北 Northsouth | 2TDP30 |
| 油松2号 P. tabulaeformis No. 2 | 16.20 | 5.70 | 19.97 | 147.52 | 南北 Northsouth | 2TDP30 |
| 油松3号 P. tabulaeformis No. 3 | 18.70 | 5.80 | 23.31 | 200.60 | 南北 Northsouth | 2TDP30 + 1TDP80 |
| 雪松1号 Cedrus deodara No. 1 | 23.50 | 7.30 | 37.59 | 300.63 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
| 雪松2号 C. deodara No. 2 | 24.20 | 6.40 | 23.22 | 313.50 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
| 雪松3号 C. deodara No. 3 | 33.60 | 11.20 | 59.53 | 500.86 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP80 |
| 刺槐1号 Robinia pseudoacacia No. 1 | 40.40 | 11.50 | 56.71 | 138.80 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
| 刺槐2号 R. pseudoacacia No. 2 | 38.60 | 12.30 | 71.00 | 129.57 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
| 刺槐3号 R. pseudoacacia No. 3 | 33.50 | 12.10 | 42.96 | 104.59 | 东南西北 All aspects | 4TDP30 |
Fig. 1 Variations of environmental factors during the sap flow measurement.
Fig. 2 Characteristics of sap flux density (Js) at south and north aspects in Pinus tabulaeformis. A-C, Diurnal variation in Js at south and north aspects in each of three Pinus tabulaeformis trees on June, 2008. E-F, Linear relationships between Js on north side (x-axis) and Js on south side (y-axis).
Fig. 3 Characteristics of sap flux density (Js) at north, south, east and west aspects in Cedrus deodara trees. A-C, Diurnal variation in Js at four aspects in each of three Cedrus deodara trees in June, 2008. E-F, Linear relationships between Js on north side (x-axis) and Js on east, south and west sides (y-axis).
Fig. 4 Characteristics of sap flux density (Js) at north, south, east and west aspects in Robinia pseudoacacia trees. A-C, Diurnal variation in Js at four aspects in each of three Robinia pseudoacacia trees in June, 2008. E-F, Linear relationships between Js on north side (x-axis) and Js on east, south and west sides (y-axis).
| 物种 Species | 方位 Orientation | 方程 Equation | 解释量 R2 | 显著度 p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松 P. tabulaeformis | 南和北 South and North | Js-south = 5e - 5 + 1.075Js-north | 0.971 | < 0.000 1 |
| 雪松 C. deodara | 东和北 East and North | Js-east = 3e - 5 + 0.807Js-north | 0.957 | < 0.000 1 |
| 南和北 South and North | Js-south = 0.0001 + 1.038Js-north | 0.905 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 西和北 West and North | Js-west = 1e - 5 + 0.817Js-north | 0.936 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 刺槐 R. pseudoacacia | 东和北 East and North | Js-east = - 6e - 6 + 0.988Js-north | 0.955 | < 0.000 1 |
| 南和北 South and North | Js-south = 2.9e - 5 + 0.930Js-north | 0.967 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 西和北 West and North | Js-west = - 1e - 5 + 1.072Js-north | 0.984 | < 0.000 1 |
Table 2 Curve estimation between sap flux density (Js) on north side (x-axis) and Js on east, south, west side (y-axis) in each of three Pinus tabulaeformis, Cedrus deodara and Robinia pseudoacacia trees from June to November, 2008
| 物种 Species | 方位 Orientation | 方程 Equation | 解释量 R2 | 显著度 p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松 P. tabulaeformis | 南和北 South and North | Js-south = 5e - 5 + 1.075Js-north | 0.971 | < 0.000 1 |
| 雪松 C. deodara | 东和北 East and North | Js-east = 3e - 5 + 0.807Js-north | 0.957 | < 0.000 1 |
| 南和北 South and North | Js-south = 0.0001 + 1.038Js-north | 0.905 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 西和北 West and North | Js-west = 1e - 5 + 0.817Js-north | 0.936 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 刺槐 R. pseudoacacia | 东和北 East and North | Js-east = - 6e - 6 + 0.988Js-north | 0.955 | < 0.000 1 |
| 南和北 South and North | Js-south = 2.9e - 5 + 0.930Js-north | 0.967 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 西和北 West and North | Js-west = - 1e - 5 + 1.072Js-north | 0.984 | < 0.000 1 |
| 树种 Species | 方差同质性检验 Levene’s test for equality of variances | 均值的t检验 t-test for equality of means | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | 显著度 p | t | 自由度 df | 显著度 p | ||
| 油松 P. tabulaeformis, | 1.176 | 0.339 | 1.796 | 4 | 0.147 | |
| 雪松 C. deodara | 0.175 | 0.697 | 0.904 | 4 | 0.417 | |
| 刺槐 R. pseudoacacia | 7.748 | 0.050 | 2.500 | 4 | 0.067 | |
Table 3 The t-test for canopy width from south to north and canopy width from east to west of three Pinus tabulaeformis, Cedrus deodara and Robinia pseudoacacia trees
| 树种 Species | 方差同质性检验 Levene’s test for equality of variances | 均值的t检验 t-test for equality of means | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | 显著度 p | t | 自由度 df | 显著度 p | ||
| 油松 P. tabulaeformis, | 1.176 | 0.339 | 1.796 | 4 | 0.147 | |
| 雪松 C. deodara | 0.175 | 0.697 | 0.904 | 4 | 0.417 | |
| 刺槐 R. pseudoacacia | 7.748 | 0.050 | 2.500 | 4 | 0.067 | |
| 物种 Species | 方位 Orientation | 环境因子 Environmental factors | 方程 Equation | 解释量 R2 | 显著度 p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松 | 南 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0028 + 0.0021lnD | 0.569 | < 0.000 1 |
| P. tabulaeformis | South | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0007 + 9e - 6Rs | 0.707 | < 0.000 1 |
| 北 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0025 + 0.00019lnD | 0.555 | < 0.000 1 | |
| North | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0006 + 8e - 6Rs | 0.682 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 雪松 | 东 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.002 + 0.0014lnD | 0.364 | < 0.000 1 |
| C. deodara | East | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0008 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.562 | < 0.000 1 |
| 南 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0026 + 0.0019lnD | 0.447 | < 0.000 1 | |
| South | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0009 + 8e - 6Rs | 0.655 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 西 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.002 + 0.0015lnD | 0.410 | < 0.000 1 | |
| West | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0007 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.609 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 北 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0023 + 0.0018lnD | 0.460 | < 0.000 1 | |
| North | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0008 + 7e - 6Rs | 0.642 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 刺槐 | 东 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0022 + 0.0014lnD | 0.565 | < 0.000 1 |
| R. pseudoacacia | East | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0008 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.679 | < 0.000 1 |
| 南 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0021 + 0.0013lnD | 0.515 | < 0.000 1 | |
| South | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0008 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.636 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 西 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0023 + 0.0015lnD | 0.535 | < 0.000 1 | |
| West | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0009 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.618 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 北 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0021 + 0.0013lnD | 0.493 | < 0.000 1 | |
| North | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0009 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.597 | < 0.000 1 |
Table 4 Curve estimation between sap flux density (Js) at four aspects and vapor pressure deficit (D), total radiation (Rs) in Pinus tabulaeformis, Cedrus deodara and Robinia pseudoacacia from June to November, 2008
| 物种 Species | 方位 Orientation | 环境因子 Environmental factors | 方程 Equation | 解释量 R2 | 显著度 p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松 | 南 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0028 + 0.0021lnD | 0.569 | < 0.000 1 |
| P. tabulaeformis | South | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0007 + 9e - 6Rs | 0.707 | < 0.000 1 |
| 北 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0025 + 0.00019lnD | 0.555 | < 0.000 1 | |
| North | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0006 + 8e - 6Rs | 0.682 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 雪松 | 东 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.002 + 0.0014lnD | 0.364 | < 0.000 1 |
| C. deodara | East | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0008 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.562 | < 0.000 1 |
| 南 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0026 + 0.0019lnD | 0.447 | < 0.000 1 | |
| South | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0009 + 8e - 6Rs | 0.655 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 西 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.002 + 0.0015lnD | 0.410 | < 0.000 1 | |
| West | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0007 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.609 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 北 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0023 + 0.0018lnD | 0.460 | < 0.000 1 | |
| North | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0008 + 7e - 6Rs | 0.642 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 刺槐 | 东 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0022 + 0.0014lnD | 0.565 | < 0.000 1 |
| R. pseudoacacia | East | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0008 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.679 | < 0.000 1 |
| 南 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0021 + 0.0013lnD | 0.515 | < 0.000 1 | |
| South | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0008 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.636 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 西 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0023 + 0.0015lnD | 0.535 | < 0.000 1 | |
| West | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0009 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.618 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 北 | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js = 0.0021 + 0.0013lnD | 0.493 | < 0.000 1 | |
| North | 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js = 0.0009 + 6e - 6Rs | 0.597 | < 0.000 1 |
Fig. 5 Characteristics of sap flux density (Js) at different depths in Pinus tabulaeformis trees. A, Diurnal variation in Js on the north aspect with two depths in Pinus tabulaeformis No. 3 tree on 3th, August, 2008. B, Linear relationships between Js at depth of 15 mm (x-axis) and Js at depth of 75 mm (y-axis). Arrows point to the time lag.
Fig. 6 Characteristics of sap flux density (Js) at different depths at four aspects in Cedrus deodara No. 3. A-D, Diurnal variation in Js at four aspects with two depths in Cedrus deodara No. 3 tree on 3rd, August, 2008. E-H, Linear relationships between Js at depth of 15 mm (x-axis) and Js at depth of 75 mm (y-axis). Arrows point to the time lag.
| 物种 Species | 深度 Depth | 方程 Equation | 解释量 R2 | 显著度 p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松 Pinus tabulaeformis | 15 mm vs 75 mm | Js-75mm = 4e - 5 + 0.149Js-15mm | 0.943 | < 0.000 1 |
| 雪松 Cedrus deodara | 15 mm vs 75 mm | Js-75mm = 2e - 5 + 0.105Js-15mm | 0.889 | < 0.000 1 |
Table 5 Curve estimation between sap flux density (Js) between Js at depth of 15 mm and Js at depth of 75 mm in Pinus tabulaeformis and Cedrus deodara from July to November
| 物种 Species | 深度 Depth | 方程 Equation | 解释量 R2 | 显著度 p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松 Pinus tabulaeformis | 15 mm vs 75 mm | Js-75mm = 4e - 5 + 0.149Js-15mm | 0.943 | < 0.000 1 |
| 雪松 Cedrus deodara | 15 mm vs 75 mm | Js-75mm = 2e - 5 + 0.105Js-15mm | 0.889 | < 0.000 1 |
| 物种 Species | 深度 Depth | 环境因子 Environmental factors | 方程 Equation | 解释量 R2 | 显著度 p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松 Pinus tabulaeformis | 15 mm | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js-15cm = 0.004 + 0.0029lnD | 0.607 | < 0.000 1 |
| 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js-15cm = 0.0009 + 1e - 5Rs | 0.664 | < 0.000 1 | ||
| 75 mm | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js-75cm = 0.0006 + 0.0004lnD | 0.541 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js-75cm = 0.0002 + 2e - 6Rs | 0.584 | < 0.000 1 | ||
| 雪松 Cedrus deodara | 15 mm | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js-15cm = 0.003 + 0.002 1lnD | 0.570 | < 0.000 1 |
| 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js-15cm = 0.0007 + 9e - 6Rs | 0.674 | < 0.000 1 | ||
| 75 mm | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js-75cm = 0.0003 + 0.0002lnD | 0.546 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js-75cm = 1e - 4 + 1e - 6Rs | 0.626 | < 0.000 1 |
Table 6 Curve estimation between sap flux density (Js) at depth of 15 mm, 75 mm and vapor pressure deficit (D), total radiation (Rs) in Pinus tabulaeformis and in Cedrus deodara from July to November
| 物种 Species | 深度 Depth | 环境因子 Environmental factors | 方程 Equation | 解释量 R2 | 显著度 p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 油松 Pinus tabulaeformis | 15 mm | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js-15cm = 0.004 + 0.0029lnD | 0.607 | < 0.000 1 |
| 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js-15cm = 0.0009 + 1e - 5Rs | 0.664 | < 0.000 1 | ||
| 75 mm | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js-75cm = 0.0006 + 0.0004lnD | 0.541 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js-75cm = 0.0002 + 2e - 6Rs | 0.584 | < 0.000 1 | ||
| 雪松 Cedrus deodara | 15 mm | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js-15cm = 0.003 + 0.002 1lnD | 0.570 | < 0.000 1 |
| 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js-15cm = 0.0007 + 9e - 6Rs | 0.674 | < 0.000 1 | ||
| 75 mm | 水汽压亏缺 D (kPa) | Js-75cm = 0.0003 + 0.0002lnD | 0.546 | < 0.000 1 | |
| 总辐射Rs (W·m-2) | Js-75cm = 1e - 4 + 1e - 6Rs | 0.626 | < 0.000 1 |
Fig. 7 Error to whole-tree transpiration caused by spatial variation. A, Error to whole-tree transpiration caused by axial variation of sap flux density (Js) on different orientation in Pinus tabulaeformis, Cedrus deodara and Robinia pseudoacacia. B, Error to whole-tree transpiration caused by radial variation of Js at different depth in Pinus tabulaeformis, Cedrus deodara and Robinia pseudoacacia.
Fig. 8 Diurnal variation in sap flux density (Js) at four aspects with two depths in Cedrus deodara No. 3 from DOY210 to DOY213. A, Diurnal variation in Js at four aspects at the depth of 15 mm in Cedrus deodara No. 3. B, Diurnal variation in Js at four aspects at the depth of 75 mm in Cedrus deodara No. 3.
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