樟子松固沙林林水关系研究进展及对营林实践的指导

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0068

植物生态学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (9): 971-983.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0068

• 综述 • 下一篇

樟子松固沙林林水关系研究进展及对营林实践的指导

党宏忠¹^,^*(), 张学利², 韩辉², 石长春³, 葛玉祥⁴, 马全林⁵, 陈帅¹, 刘春颖¹

¹中国林业科学研究院生态保护与修复研究所, 中国林业科学研究院荒漠化研究所, 北京 100091
²辽宁省沙地治理与利用研究所, 辽宁章古台科尔沁沙地生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 辽宁阜新 123000
³陕西省治沙研究所, 陕西榆林毛乌素沙地荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 陕西榆林 719000
⁴内蒙古红花尔基樟子松林国家级自然保护区管理局, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔 021112
⁵甘肃省治沙研究所, 甘肃省荒漠化与风沙灾害防治国家重点实验室培育基地, 兰州 730070

收稿日期:2022-02-18 接受日期:2022-05-05 出版日期:2022-09-20 发布日期:2022-10-19
通讯作者: 党宏忠
作者简介:*党宏忠:ORCID:0000-0003-4428-3834 E-mail: hzdang@caf.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32071836);国家自然科学基金(31570704);辽宁省自然科学基金项目(2019-MS-201);陕西省防护林建设科学技术研究项目(2020)

Research advances on forest-water relationships in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations for sand dune immobilization and guidance to forest management practices

DANG Hong-Zhong¹^,^*(), ZHANG Xue-Li², HAN Hui², SHI Chang-Chun³, GE Yu-Xiang⁴, MA Quan-Lin⁵, CHEN Shuai¹, LIU Chun-Ying¹

¹Institute of Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration, Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
²Institute of Sandyland Governance and Utilization of Liaoning, Zhanggutai Horqin Sandyland Ecosystem National Station, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China
³Shaanxi Institute of Sand Control, Mau Us Sandy Land Ecosystem National Observation Station, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, China
⁴Honghuaerji Mongolian Scots Pine Plantation National Nature Reserve Administration, Hulun Buir, Nei Mongol 021112, China
⁵Gansu Institute of Sand Control, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Desertification and Aeolian Sand Disaster Control, Lanzhou 730070, China

Received:2022-02-18 Accepted:2022-05-05 Online:2022-09-20 Published:2022-10-19
Contact: DANG Hong-Zhong
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071836);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570704);Natural Science Foundation Project of Liaoning Province, China(2019-MS-201);Shaanxi Shelterbelt Construction Science and Technology Research Project(2020)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国有着世界上最大面积的人工林, 如何维持人工林的可持续性已成为气候变化背景下需要面对的重大挑战。樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)以其抗旱、抗寒、耐贫瘠等优良特性成为中国北方生态治理中最主要的常绿针叶树种之一, 近70年来发挥了巨大的防风固沙与生态固碳功能。然而, 随着林分的生长与气候变化, 樟子松人工固沙林正经历着越来越严峻的环境胁迫, 部分地区出现了林分“早衰”或死亡的现象, 引起了人们对樟子松固沙林适应与应对气候变化能力的担忧。该文在回溯樟子松基本生物学特征与引种推广历史, 系统总结近年来樟子松林林水关系研究新成果的基础上, 全面分析了樟子松固沙林林水关系存在的主要矛盾, 并提出了基于林水关系相协调的林分经营措施的调整: 由倡导防护功能为主的单一目标向包含林分稳定性、生态固碳功能、可持续发展等多目标平衡方向调整; 由以沙地森林景观培育为主向以良好土壤生境培育为主的方向调整; 由倡导天然更新为主向以人工造林与天然更新相结合的世代更新方向调整。在立足于北方沙地脆弱生境与气候变化客观现实的基础背景下, 应坚持樟子松在固沙林生态系统演化过程中的先锋种与建群种地位, 基于“以水定绿”原则, 采取“隔行带伐+再造林”等方式开展林分密度动态调控, 促进林分向异龄林结构演化, 促进樟子松固沙林生态服务的优质化和生态固碳功能的最大化。

关键词: 樟子松, 防风固沙, 气候变化, 碳中和, 森林经营管理, 人工林

Abstract:

China has the largest area of tree plantations in the world, and how to maintain the long-term stability of plantations has become one of the major challenges in the context of climate change. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is one of the most important coniferous evergreen tree species in the well-known “Three-North” Shelterbelt Construction Program in China, due to its properties of tolerance to drought, low temperature, and open land condition. Afforestation with P. sylvestris var. mongolica in northern China provides great benefits to environmental protection and ecosystem carbon fixation. However, with the growth of the stands and the ongoing climate change, P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in a fragile habitat of sandy land have been subjected to increasingly severe water stresses. Typically, the phenomenon of premature dieback has occurred in some of the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, such as at the sites of Zhanggutai in the southern edge of Horqin Sandy Land, which causes great concerns on the stability of the local ecosystems. Based on recollections of studies on the basic biological characteristics and introduction history of P. sylvestris var. mongolica, we summarized the recent research achievements in understanding the forest-water relationships in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, and examined the main contradictions in the forest-water relationships in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations under the climate change scenario. We recommend adjustment of several stand management measures based on the compromised forest-water relationships: (1) turning the single goal for environmental protection into multi-objectives with balanced consideration for stand structural stability, carbon sequestration, and sustainable development; (2) adopting more measures for improving soil conditions rather than for developing forest landscapes; and (3) establishing the sustainable shelterbelts by combining afforestation with natural regeneration rather than by merely depending on natural regeneration processes. Based on the condition of fragile sandy land and climate change, we should still regard P. sylvestris var. mongolica as a pioneer and construction tree species. In consideration of the principle of “determining forest cover by water supply”, the uneven-aged forest stands can be established by conducting alternate-row harvesting followed by replanting. As a result, the environmental protection function and carbon sequestration capacity can be continuously improved, the ecological services and productivity can be maximized, and the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem can be protected and guaranteed. The findings from this study can be of important values for guiding the systematic management of northern ecological shelterbelts.

Key words: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, wind break and sand fixation, climate change, carbon neutralization, forest management, plantation

党宏忠, 张学利, 韩辉, 石长春, 葛玉祥, 马全林, 陈帅, 刘春颖. 樟子松固沙林林水关系研究进展及对营林实践的指导. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(9): 971-983. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0068

DANG Hong-Zhong, ZHANG Xue-Li, HAN Hui, SHI Chang-Chun, GE Yu-Xiang, MA Quan-Lin, CHEN Shuai, LIU Chun-Ying. Research advances on forest-water relationships in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations for sand dune immobilization and guidance to forest management practices. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(9): 971-983. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0068

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0068

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2022/V46/I9/971

图/表 2

图1 多目标平衡下樟子松防风固沙林经营动态调控框架示意图。I为天然樟子松林生长过程, 示意更晚的成熟期、更久的成熟期维持阶段和更高的防护与固碳功能。II为人工樟子松固沙林生长过程, 示意早期更高的生长速率、更早的成熟期、更短的成熟期维持阶段和更早的过熟衰退阶段。III为在多目标平衡原则下人工干预后樟子松固沙林的生长过程。人工干预包括从生长初期开始的林分密度动态调控和间伐迹地再造林。人工干预的及时跟进保障了林分在进入成熟期后系统整体的防护功能得到增强(林水关系协调, 冠层结构发育良好, 简称“升能”。图中字母a示意“升能”阶段开始时刻), 系统维持旺盛的生产力, 固碳能力不减(异龄复层结构, 简称“增碳”。图中字母b示意“增碳”阶段开始时刻)。

Fig. 1 Diagrammatic illustrations of the framework for dynamical regulations of management for Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica windbreak and sanddune-fixing forest according to the balance for multi-objectives. Stage I is the growth process of natural P. sylvestris var. mongolica stands, illustrating a delayed maturity, a longer maturity maintenance period, and a higher protection and carbon sequestration function. Stage II is the growth process of the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in sandy land, illustrating a higher growth rate in the early phase, an advanced maturity, a shorter period of maturity maintenance and the accelerated overmature decline. Stage III indicate the growth process after intervention according to the principle of balance for multi-objectives. The interventions include dynamic regulation of stand density from the beginning of growth to reforestation after thinning. The timely follow-up of manual intervention ensures that the protection function of the system is enhanced after the stands enter the mature stage through harmonious forest-water relationships and well-developed canopy structure (the letter “a” in the figure indicates the beginning time of the ecological function enhancement stage). At the same time, the ecosystem maintains strong productivity and enhances carbon sequestration through an uneven aged forest stand structure (the letter “b” in the figure indicates the commencement time of the carbon sequestration increment stage).

图2 樟子松固沙林生长演化阶段框架图。在第I阶段以防风固沙、保护土壤为主要经营目标, 以营建林带为主要手段。第II阶段以土壤生境改良为主要经营目标, 以营建完善的防护林体系为主要手段。第III阶段以培育稳定的生态系统为主要经营目标, 以促进形成生物多样性为主要措施。各个阶段中需要维护樟子松的建群种地位, 最大限度地发挥樟子松固沙林生态服务功能与生产潜力, 为促进生态系统生物多样性与稳定性创造庇护条件与提供保障。

Fig. 2 Diagrammatic framework of growth and evolution stages of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations for wind-breaking and sanddune-fixation. In the first stage, the goal is to break wind, fix sand dunes and protect soil by establishing sheltbelts. In the second stage, the goal is to improve soil habitat by establishing shelterbelt systems. The third stage aims at facilitating a stable ecosystem by promoting the formation of biodiversity. In each stage, it is necessary to maintain the status of P. sylvestris var. mongolica as a constructive species to maximize the its advantages in ecological services and productivity, and to create shelter conditions and provide guarantee for promoting ecosystem biodiversity and stability.

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樟子松固沙林林水关系研究进展及对营林实践的指导

Research advances on forest-water relationships in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations for sand dune immobilization and guidance to forest management practices

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