植物生态学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (9): 971-983.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0068

• 综述 •    下一篇

樟子松固沙林林水关系研究进展及对营林实践的指导

党宏忠1,*(), 张学利2, 韩辉2, 石长春3, 葛玉祥4, 马全林5, 陈帅1, 刘春颖1   

  1. 1中国林业科学研究院生态保护与修复研究所, 中国林业科学研究院荒漠化研究所, 北京 100091
    2辽宁省沙地治理与利用研究所, 辽宁章古台科尔沁沙地生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 辽宁阜新 123000
    3陕西省治沙研究所, 陕西榆林毛乌素沙地荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站, 陕西榆林 719000
    4内蒙古红花尔基樟子松林国家级自然保护区管理局, 内蒙古呼伦贝尔 021112
    5甘肃省治沙研究所, 甘肃省荒漠化与风沙灾害防治国家重点实验室培育基地, 兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2022-02-18 接受日期:2022-05-05 出版日期:2022-09-20 发布日期:2022-10-19
  • 通讯作者: 党宏忠
  • 作者简介:党宏忠:ORCID:0000-0003-4428-3834 E-mail: hzdang@caf.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(32071836);国家自然科学基金(31570704);辽宁省自然科学基金项目(2019-MS-201);陕西省防护林建设科学技术研究项目(2020)

Research advances on forest-water relationships in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations for sand dune immobilization and guidance to forest management practices

DANG Hong-Zhong1,*(), ZHANG Xue-Li2, HAN Hui2, SHI Chang-Chun3, GE Yu-Xiang4, MA Quan-Lin5, CHEN Shuai1, LIU Chun-Ying1   

  1. 1Institute of Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration, Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
    2Institute of Sandyland Governance and Utilization of Liaoning, Zhanggutai Horqin Sandyland Ecosystem National Station, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China
    3Shaanxi Institute of Sand Control, Mau Us Sandy Land Ecosystem National Observation Station, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, China
    4Honghuaerji Mongolian Scots Pine Plantation National Nature Reserve Administration, Hulun Buir, Nei Mongol 021112, China
    5Gansu Institute of Sand Control, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Desertification and Aeolian Sand Disaster Control, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • Received:2022-02-18 Accepted:2022-05-05 Online:2022-09-20 Published:2022-10-19
  • Contact: DANG Hong-Zhong
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071836);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570704);Natural Science Foundation Project of Liaoning Province, China(2019-MS-201);Shaanxi Shelterbelt Construction Science and Technology Research Project(2020)

摘要:

中国有着世界上最大面积的人工林, 如何维持人工林的可持续性已成为气候变化背景下需要面对的重大挑战。樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)以其抗旱、抗寒、耐贫瘠等优良特性成为中国北方生态治理中最主要的常绿针叶树种之一, 近70年来发挥了巨大的防风固沙与生态固碳功能。然而, 随着林分的生长与气候变化, 樟子松人工固沙林正经历着越来越严峻的环境胁迫, 部分地区出现了林分“早衰”或死亡的现象, 引起了人们对樟子松固沙林适应与应对气候变化能力的担忧。该文在回溯樟子松基本生物学特征与引种推广历史, 系统总结近年来樟子松林林水关系研究新成果的基础上, 全面分析了樟子松固沙林林水关系存在的主要矛盾, 并提出了基于林水关系相协调的林分经营措施的调整: 由倡导防护功能为主的单一目标向包含林分稳定性、生态固碳功能、可持续发展等多目标平衡方向调整; 由以沙地森林景观培育为主向以良好土壤生境培育为主的方向调整; 由倡导天然更新为主向以人工造林与天然更新相结合的世代更新方向调整。在立足于北方沙地脆弱生境与气候变化客观现实的基础背景下, 应坚持樟子松在固沙林生态系统演化过程中的先锋种与建群种地位, 基于“以水定绿”原则, 采取“隔行带伐+再造林”等方式开展林分密度动态调控, 促进林分向异龄林结构演化, 促进樟子松固沙林生态服务的优质化和生态固碳功能的最大化。

关键词: 樟子松, 防风固沙, 气候变化, 碳中和, 森林经营管理, 人工林

Abstract:

China has the largest area of tree plantations in the world, and how to maintain the long-term stability of plantations has become one of the major challenges in the context of climate change. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica is one of the most important coniferous evergreen tree species in the well-known “Three-North” Shelterbelt Construction Program in China, due to its properties of tolerance to drought, low temperature, and open land condition. Afforestation with P. sylvestris var. mongolica in northern China provides great benefits to environmental protection and ecosystem carbon fixation. However, with the growth of the stands and the ongoing climate change, P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in a fragile habitat of sandy land have been subjected to increasingly severe water stresses. Typically, the phenomenon of premature dieback has occurred in some of the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, such as at the sites of Zhanggutai in the southern edge of Horqin Sandy Land, which causes great concerns on the stability of the local ecosystems. Based on recollections of studies on the basic biological characteristics and introduction history of P. sylvestris var. mongolica, we summarized the recent research achievements in understanding the forest-water relationships in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, and examined the main contradictions in the forest-water relationships in P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations under the climate change scenario. We recommend adjustment of several stand management measures based on the compromised forest-water relationships: (1) turning the single goal for environmental protection into multi-objectives with balanced consideration for stand structural stability, carbon sequestration, and sustainable development; (2) adopting more measures for improving soil conditions rather than for developing forest landscapes; and (3) establishing the sustainable shelterbelts by combining afforestation with natural regeneration rather than by merely depending on natural regeneration processes. Based on the condition of fragile sandy land and climate change, we should still regard P. sylvestris var. mongolica as a pioneer and construction tree species. In consideration of the principle of “determining forest cover by water supply”, the uneven-aged forest stands can be established by conducting alternate-row harvesting followed by replanting. As a result, the environmental protection function and carbon sequestration capacity can be continuously improved, the ecological services and productivity can be maximized, and the biodiversity and stability of the ecosystem can be protected and guaranteed. The findings from this study can be of important values for guiding the systematic management of northern ecological shelterbelts.

Key words: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, wind break and sand fixation, climate change, carbon neutralization, forest management, plantation