蒸散发广义互补原理中关键参数αe的时空变化特征及计算方法分析

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0292

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

蒸散发广义互补原理是实测数据稀少条件下估算蒸散发的重要方法, 其中准确估算参数α_e是应用该方法的关键。该研究利用中国不同气候和生态类型的8个通量站数据, 首先基于实测数据校准得到α_e年值及月值, 探究α_e的时空变异性并对比使用不同时间尺度的α_e对广义互补原理模型计算精度的影响。考虑到实际情况下蒸散发实测数据缺乏而无法校准得到α_e, 进一步探究两个基于干旱系数(AI)的α_e年值统计模型(下称Liu法和Brutsaert法)在站点尺度的适用性, 明确α_e是否可以利用AI确定, 最后探讨各计算方法的误差来源。主要结论如下: 1)季节变化影响α_e, 不同通量站α_e月值变化规律有所差异; 在空间变化上, 湿润站点α_e年值总体大于干旱站点。Liu法和Brutsaert法计算的α_e接近年校准值。2)在应用广义互补原理模型时, 使用校准α_e年值能取得较好的模拟精度, 使用各月份α_e时精度进一步提升。两种基于AI的免校准方法取得较好的模拟效果, 当缺少实测数据而无法校准α_e时, 基于AI计算α_e具有较大的潜力。3)使用校准α_e年值时广义互补原理模型能模拟出蒸散发的年内变化趋势, 但在部分月份估算值出现偏差。Liu法和Brutsaert法计算的蒸散发在干旱站点的夏季月份呈现低估现象, 原因可能在于高估了降雨集中的夏季月份的AI。结果也进一步验证了广义互补原理在估算广泛不同的自然环境下的蒸散发的潜力。

关键词: 实际蒸散发, 干旱系数, 互补原理, 涡度相关, 参数计算方法

Abstract:

Aims The generalized complementary principle of evapotranspiration is one of the important methods to estimate evapotranspiration when the observed data are scarce. In implementing this method, an accurate estimation of parameter α_e is critical. The temporal and spatial variation of α_e and the applicability of different methods for calculating α_e were investigated at eight flux stations under different climatic conditions and ecosystem types in China.
Methods Firstly, the annual and monthly values of α_e were calibrated based on the measured data. The spatiotemporal variability of α_e was investigated and the influence of α_e with different temporal scales on the calculation accuracy of the generalized complementarity principle model were compared. Considering that α_ecan not be calibrated without measured evapotranspiration data, the applicability of two statistical models of annual α_e values based on aridity index (AI)(Liu method and Brutsaert method) were evaluated to determine whether α_e can be determined using AI. Finally, the error sources of each calculation method were analyzed.
Important findings α_e value varies with season, and the monthly variations of α_e differ among different flux stations. In terms of spatial variation, the annual values of α_e at humid sites were larger than those at arid sites. The α_e calculated by Liu method and Brutsaert method were close to the calibrated values. In applying the generalized complementary principle model, high simulation accuracy can be achieved by using the calibrated annual α_e, and the accuracy can be further improved by using the monthly α_e. Two AI-based methods also achieved accurate simulation results, which further confirmed the potential of predicting α_e based on AI in the absence of observed data. The generalized complementary principle model can simulate the annual variation trend of evapotranspiration when using annual α_e, but the estimated value were biased in some months. The evapotranspiration calculated by Liu method and Brutsaert method were underestimated in summer months of the drought sites, which may be caused by the fact that the AI was overestimated in summer months when rainfall was concentrated. The results further demonstrate the potential of the generalized complementary principle in estimating evapotranspiration in a wide range of natural environments.

Key words: actual evapotranspiration, aridity index, complementary principle, eddy covariance, parameter calculation method

黄樱, 陈挚, 石喆, 熊博文, 鄢春华, 邱国玉. 蒸散发广义互补原理中关键参数α_e的时空变化特征及计算方法分析. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(3): 300-310. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0292

HUANG Ying, CHEN Zhi, SHI Zhe, XIONG Bo-Wen, YAN Chun-Hua, QIU Guo-Yu. Temporal and spatial variation characteristics and different calculation methods for the key parameter α_e in the generalized complementary principle of evapotranspiration. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(3): 300-310. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0292

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2022/V46/I3/300

图/表 9

参考文献 23

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生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	通量站 Flux station	下垫面类型 Underlying surface type	气候类型 Climate type	海拔 Altitude (m)	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	干旱系数 Aridity index	研究年限 Research time
森林 Forest	鼎湖山 Dinghushan	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broadleaf forest	亚热带季风湿润气候 Subtropical monsoon humid climate	300	112.32° E 23.10° N	0.85	2003-01-2010-12
	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	热带雨林 Tropical rainforest	热带季风气候 Tropical monsoon climate	756	101.15° E 21.55° N	0.73	2003-01-2010-12
	千烟洲 Qianyanzhou	人工林 Artificial forest	亚热带季风气候 Subtropical monsoon climate	100	115.03° E 26.44° N	1.02	2003-01- 2010-12
	长白山 Changbaishan	针阔混交林 Mixed needleleaf and broadleaf forest	温带大陆性气候 Temperate continental climate	738	128.05° E 42.24° N	1.92	2003-01-2010-12
	九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou	针叶林 Coniferous forest	高原温带季风气候 Plateau temperate monsoon climate	2 478	103.87° E 33.15° N	1.00	2013-08-2015-12
草地 Grassland	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	温带典型草原 Typical temperate grassland	温带半干旱草原气候 Temperate semi-arid steppe climate	1 200	116.24° E 43.19° N	3.96	2004-01-2010-12
草地 Grassland	海北 Haibei	高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	高原大陆性气候 Plateau continental climate	3 190	101.19° E 37.39° N	1.58	2003-01-2010-12
农田 Farmland	禹城 Yucheng	旱作农田 Dry farmland	温带季风半湿润气候 Temperate monsoon semi-humid climate	28	116.34° E 36.49° N	2.28	2003-01-2010-12

生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	通量站 Flux station	下垫面类型 Underlying surface type	气候类型 Climate type	海拔 Altitude (m)	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	干旱系数 Aridity index	研究年限 Research time
森林 Forest	鼎湖山 Dinghushan	常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broadleaf forest	亚热带季风湿润气候 Subtropical monsoon humid climate	300	112.32° E 23.10° N	0.85	2003-01-2010-12
	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	热带雨林 Tropical rainforest	热带季风气候 Tropical monsoon climate	756	101.15° E 21.55° N	0.73	2003-01-2010-12
	千烟洲 Qianyanzhou	人工林 Artificial forest	亚热带季风气候 Subtropical monsoon climate	100	115.03° E 26.44° N	1.02	2003-01- 2010-12
	长白山 Changbaishan	针阔混交林 Mixed needleleaf and broadleaf forest	温带大陆性气候 Temperate continental climate	738	128.05° E 42.24° N	1.92	2003-01-2010-12
	九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou	针叶林 Coniferous forest	高原温带季风气候 Plateau temperate monsoon climate	2 478	103.87° E 33.15° N	1.00	2013-08-2015-12
草地 Grassland	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	温带典型草原 Typical temperate grassland	温带半干旱草原气候 Temperate semi-arid steppe climate	1 200	116.24° E 43.19° N	3.96	2004-01-2010-12
草地 Grassland	海北 Haibei	高寒草甸 Alpine meadow	高原大陆性气候 Plateau continental climate	3 190	101.19° E 37.39° N	1.58	2003-01-2010-12
农田 Farmland	禹城 Yucheng	旱作农田 Dry farmland	温带季风半湿润气候 Temperate monsoon semi-humid climate	28	116.34° E 36.49° N	2.28	2003-01-2010-12

方法 Method		鼎湖山 Dinghushan	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	千烟洲 Qianyanzhou	长白山 Changbaishan	九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou	海北 Haibei	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	禹城 Yucheng
校准法(年值) Calibration method (annual α_e)		1.03	1.16	1.07	1.11	1.11	1.04	0.92	1.42
Liu法 Liu method		1.18	1.20	1.15	1.05	1.15	1.08	0.95	1.02
Brutsaert法 Brutsaert method		1.07	1.10	1.03	0.89	1.04	0.94	0.71	0.85
校准法(月值) Calibration method (monthly α_e)	1	1.02	1.24	1.06	-	1.10	0.93	-	-
	2	0.96	1.29	1.07	-	1.06	0.86	-	-
	3	0.96	1.16	1.06	-	1.00	0.85	-	-
	4	1.04	1.06	1.08	-	1.00	0.92	-	-
	5	1.04	1.06	1.09	-	1.15	0.92	-	-
	6	1.01	1.17	1.12	-	1.15	1.04	-	-
	7	0.98	1.19	1.09	-	1.11	1.16	-	-
	8	1.00	1.19	1.03	-	1.10	1.17	-	-
	9	1.04	1.13	1.02	-	1.20	1.08	-	-
	10	1.11	1.14	1.05	-	1.19	0.90	-	-
	11	1.18	1.16	1.07	-	1.20	0.89	-	-
	12	1.18	1.18	1.08	-	1.20	0.99	-	-

方法 Method		鼎湖山 Dinghushan	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	千烟洲 Qianyanzhou	长白山 Changbaishan	九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou	海北 Haibei	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	禹城 Yucheng
校准法(年值) Calibration method (annual α_e)		1.03	1.16	1.07	1.11	1.11	1.04	0.92	1.42
Liu法 Liu method		1.18	1.20	1.15	1.05	1.15	1.08	0.95	1.02
Brutsaert法 Brutsaert method		1.07	1.10	1.03	0.89	1.04	0.94	0.71	0.85
校准法(月值) Calibration method (monthly α_e)	1	1.02	1.24	1.06	-	1.10	0.93	-	-
	2	0.96	1.29	1.07	-	1.06	0.86	-	-
	3	0.96	1.16	1.06	-	1.00	0.85	-	-
	4	1.04	1.06	1.08	-	1.00	0.92	-	-
	5	1.04	1.06	1.09	-	1.15	0.92	-	-
	6	1.01	1.17	1.12	-	1.15	1.04	-	-
	7	0.98	1.19	1.09	-	1.11	1.16	-	-
	8	1.00	1.19	1.03	-	1.10	1.17	-	-
	9	1.04	1.13	1.02	-	1.20	1.08	-	-
	10	1.11	1.14	1.05	-	1.19	0.90	-	-
	11	1.18	1.16	1.07	-	1.20	0.89	-	-
	12	1.18	1.18	1.08	-	1.20	0.99	-	-

生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	通量站 Flux station	校准法(年值) Calibration method (annual value)		校准法(月值) Calibration method (monthly value)		Brutsaert法 Brutsaert method (Brutsaert et al., 2020)		Liu法 Liu method (Liu et al., 2016)
生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	通量站 Flux station	R²	RMSE	R²	RMSE	R²	RMSE	R²	RMSE
森林 Forest	鼎湖山 Dinghushan	0.81	0.67	0.81	0.64	0.81	0.68	0.81	0.82
	西双版纳 Xishuangbanna	0.73	0.51	0.75	0.49	0.73	0.55	0.73	0.54
	千烟洲 Qianyanzhou	0.92	0.55	0.92	0.54	0.91	0.60	0.91	0.64
	长白山 Changbaishan	0.80	0.78	-	-	0.81	1.02	0.81	0.79
	九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou	0.85	0.59	0.87	0.53	0.85	0.63	0.85	0.61
草地 Grassland	海北 Haibei	0.92	0.45	0.96	0.34	0.92	0.54	0.92	0.46
草地 Grassland	内蒙古 Nei Mongol	0.67	0.75	-	-	0.64	0.93	0.63	0.75
农田 Farmland	禹城 Yucheng	0.78	0.97	-	-	0.76	1.82	0.77	1.45