基于涡度相关法和树干液流法评价杨树人工林 生态系统蒸发散及其环境响应

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.009

植物生态学报 ›› 2009, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 706-718.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.009

所属专题：生态系统碳水能量通量

基于涡度相关法和树干液流法评价杨树人工林生态系统蒸发散及其环境响应

刘晨峰¹, 张志强¹^,^*(), 孙阁², 查同刚¹, 朱金兆¹, 申李华¹, 陈军¹, 方显瑞¹, 陈吉泉³

1 北京林业大学水土保持与荒漠化防治教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
2 Southern Global Change Program, USDA Forest Service, NC 27606, USA
3 Landscape Ecology & Ecosystem Science, University of Toledo, OH 43606, USA

收稿日期:2008-04-11 修回日期:2009-03-23 出版日期:2009-04-11 发布日期:2009-07-30
通讯作者: 张志强
作者简介:*(zhqzhang@bjfu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
北京市教育委员会共建项目“北京地区人工林碳平衡与碳汇功能环境响应机理”;教育部重点项目“人工林生态系统碳水通量耦合动态变化研究”(105027);国家林业局“948”项目(2005-04-01);高等学校博士专项科研基金“人工林生态系统碳水通量动态变化及其环境影响机理”(20040022013);国家十五科技攻关课题“森林生态结构与功能”;中美碳联盟USCCC国际合作项目

QUANTIFYING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND BIOPHYSICAL REGULATIONS OF A POPLAR PLANTATION ASSESSED BY EDDY COVARIANCE AND SAP-FLOW METHODS

LIU Chen-Feng¹, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang¹^,^*(), SUN Ge², ZHA Tong-Gang¹, ZHU Jin-Zhao¹, SHEN Li-Hua¹, CHEN Jun¹, FANG Xian-Rui¹, CHEN Ji-Quan³

¹Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating, Ministry of Education, Water and Soil Conservation College at Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
²Southern Global Change Program, USDA Forest Service, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
³Landscape Ecology & Ecosystem Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA

Received:2008-04-11 Revised:2009-03-23 Online:2009-04-11 Published:2009-07-30
Contact: ZHANG Zhi-Qiang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

运用涡度相关(Eddy covariance)开路系统、树干液流(Sap flow)、土壤水分以及微气象观测系统, 于2006年生长季(5~10月)对北京大兴区永定河沿河沙地杨树(Populus euramericana)人工林生态系统的水量和能量平衡进行了连续测定; 分析了该系统能量平衡闭合水平及其组分分配特征, 不同水分条件下蒸发散及其各组分变化过程和分配特征, 以及影响蒸发散的主要环境因子; 并对组分求和法、土壤水分平衡法与涡度相关法测得该生态系统生长季蒸发散总量的结果进行了对比。结果表明: 生长季内该生态系统的能量闭合水平较高, 能量平衡各组分在不同土壤水分环境条件下所占比例变化较大; 在水分充足的条件下, 潜热通量在可利用能量分配过程中占优势, 显热通量在水分胁迫条件下占可提供能量的比例比潜热通量大。雨季到来之前, 土壤蒸发与植被蒸腾强度相差较小; 进入雨季后, 土壤深层水分得到补偿, 植被蒸腾显著增强而土壤蒸发强度减弱。涡度相关法所得的总蒸发散量与基于树干液流法等组分求和法得到的蒸发散结果较接近, 分别为513和492 mm。土壤水分平衡法的观测结果略高于前二者的观测结果, 雨季研究界面以下的土体也有水分交换是该方法高估蒸发散的主要原因。与环境因子的响应关系表明, 蒸发散以及蒸腾的变化过程对净辐射的响应程度比对饱和水汽压差高; 水分条件较好情况下, 蒸发散以及蒸腾的变化过程与水汽压差关系不明显, 说明水分充足时, 水汽压差不是蒸散强弱的限制因子。

Abstract:

Aims Using field data from an eddy-covariance (EC) flux tower and sap-flow sensors installed in a poplar (Populus euramericana) plantation, we investigated the magnitudes and changes of evapotranspiration (ET) under different soil moisture and climatic conditions. Our objectives were to quantify the energy partitioning and energy balance, explore the dynamic process and regulatory mechanisms on ET, and understand primary biophysical regulations, especially soil moisture.
Methods An open path EC system, sap-flow sensors, soil water balance monitoring system, and microclimatic station were installed to record various components of energy fluxes and water budget at an 11-year-old poplar plantation in Daxing District, Beijing, China. We used data collected at 30-min intervals in the growing season of 2006 in this study.
Important findings The overall energy closure of the study site was high (86%) during the growing season, but with notable dependence on soil water conditions. The ratio between sensible heat and net radiation (Hs:Rn) was much higher during dry conditions than that during moist conditions. With dry soils, net radiation and soil physical properties played important roles in transpiration, which was less than evaporation prior to rain events. In contrast, transpiration exceeded evaporation when the soil water content in the deep layers was more abundant following rain events. The total ET rates quantified by the soil water balance and sap-flow methods were comparable and lower than that determined by the EC method. The ratio between transpiration and ET appeared to be more dependent on net radiation and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) during wet periods than that during dry periods.

Key words: eddy covariance, energy balance, sap flow, soil water balance, poplar plantation

刘晨峰, 张志强, 孙阁, 查同刚, 朱金兆, 申李华, 陈军, 方显瑞, 陈吉泉. 基于涡度相关法和树干液流法评价杨树人工林生态系统蒸发散及其环境响应. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(4): 706-718. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.009

LIU Chen-Feng, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang, SUN Ge, ZHA Tong-Gang, ZHU Jin-Zhao, SHEN Li-Hua, CHEN Jun, FANG Xian-Rui, CHEN Ji-Quan. QUANTIFYING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND BIOPHYSICAL REGULATIONS OF A POPLAR PLANTATION ASSESSED BY EDDY COVARIANCE AND SAP-FLOW METHODS. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 33(4): 706-718. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.009

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.04.009

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2009/V33/I4/706

图/表 9

图1 2006年1~12月经质量控制后的数据每日能量闭合情况 LE: Latent heat H: Sensible heat Rn: Net radiation G: Soil heat flux

Fig. 1 Daily energy balance closure using the quality controlled data from January to December in 2006 for the Daxing site

图2 2006年生长季内日降雨总量和日平均气温

Fig. 2 Daily precipitation and daily mean air temperature during the growing season of 2006 T: Temperature P: Precipitation

图3 2006年生长季能量平衡各组分不同水分条件下分配 Rn, LE, H, G: 同图1 See Fig. 1

Fig. 3 Energy balance and its components under different water conditions during the growing season of 2006 (a) dry days and (b) wet days

图4 2006年生长季内组分之和法与涡度相关法所测蒸发散过程

Fig. 4 Daily ecosystem ET estimated by eddy covariance and components-base approaches during 2006 ET: Evapotranspiration T: Temperature Es: Soil evaporation Ei: Interception evaporation

图5 2006年长季内蒸腾、土壤蒸发和蒸散的月总量ET, T, Es: 同图4 See Fig. 4

Fig. 5 Monthly estimates of transpiration, soil evaporation and evapotranspiration during 2006

图6 组分之和法与涡度相关法所测结果的相关分析T, Es, Ei: 同图4 See Fig. 4

Fig. 6 Regression between monthly ET estimated by ET and component-based approaches in 2006

图7 2006年生长季内涡度相关法测定的蒸发散和树干液流法对蒸腾的评估在林分/小时尺度上的相关关系

Fig. 7 Relationship between hourly sap flow estimates of transpiration (T) and eddy covariance estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) during growing season of 2006

图8 2006年生长季内对降雨, 基于土壤水分平衡法的实际蒸发散, 基于涡度相关法的实际蒸发散 ET, T, Es, Ei: 同图4 See Fig. 4

Fig. 8 The independent annual estimates of precipitation, actual evaportranspiration (AET) derived from soil water budget and EC methods in 2006 Ir: Irrigation EC: Eddy covariance

图9 2006年生长季内不同的水分环境条件下涡度相关法和树干液流法在日尺度上的观测结果和气压差/净辐射的响应关系

Fig. 9 Reponses of transpiration (T) and Evapotranspiration (ET) measured by sap flow and eddy covariance to the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), (a) and (b) for net radiation (Rn), (c) and (d) under different water input during the growing season of 2006

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基于涡度相关法和树干液流法评价杨树人工林生态系统蒸发散及其环境响应

QUANTIFYING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND BIOPHYSICAL REGULATIONS OF A POPLAR PLANTATION ASSESSED BY EDDY COVARIANCE AND SAP-FLOW METHODS

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基于涡度相关法和树干液流法评价杨树人工林 生态系统蒸发散及其环境响应

QUANTIFYING EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND BIOPHYSICAL REGULATIONS OF A POPLAR PLANTATION ASSESSED BY EDDY COVARIANCE AND SAP-FLOW METHODS

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基于涡度相关法和树干液流法评价杨树人工林生态系统蒸发散及其环境响应