不同灌溉条件下杨树人工林蒸腾过程及环境响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0343

植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 370-382.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0343

不同灌溉条件下杨树人工林蒸腾过程及环境响应

赵文芹¹, 席本野², 刘金强², 刘洋², 邹松言², 宋午椰¹^,^*(), 陈立欣¹

¹北京林业大学水土保持学院, 北京 100083
²北京林业大学省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2020-10-20 接受日期:2021-02-10 出版日期:2021-04-20 发布日期:2021-04-02
通讯作者: 宋午椰
作者简介:* myclover17@126.com
基金资助:
国家科技重大专项(2018zx07101005-03-020);国家自然科学基金(32001304);国家自然科学基金(31872702);国家自然科学基金(4197070351)

Transpiration process and environmental response of poplar plantation under different irrigation conditions

ZHAO Wen-Qin¹, XI Ben-Ye², LIU Jin-Qiang², LIU Yang², ZOU Song-Yan², SONG Wu-Ye¹^,^*(), CHEN Li-Xin¹

¹College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
²Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2020-10-20 Accepted:2021-02-10 Online:2021-04-20 Published:2021-04-02
Contact: SONG Wu-Ye
Supported by:
National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2018zx07101005-03-020);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001304);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872702);National Natural Science Foundation of China(4197070351)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究不同土壤水分阈值灌溉下毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)生长季蒸腾与环境因子的关系, 对于科学制定毛白杨高效水分管理策略至关重要。该研究以毛白杨人工林为研究对象, 设置不同灌溉处理: 充分灌溉(DF, 当滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤水势达到-18 kPa时灌溉)、控水灌溉(DC, 当滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤水势达到-45 kPa时灌溉)和无灌溉(CK, 空白对照)。采用热扩散技术, 对毛白杨生长季树干液流通量进行连续观测, 并同步监测太阳辐射(SR)、空气温度(T_a)、空气湿度(RH)、土壤体积含水率(SWC)和风速(WS)等环境因子。结果显示: 1)不同灌溉处理下毛白杨树干液流通量日变化趋势相似, 呈现单峰型, 并存在显著的夜间液流活动。灌溉处理不会影响树干液流的启动时间, 但会造成树干液流峰值时间出现差异, 充分灌溉会使液流峰值到达时间提前。灌溉会增大毛白杨蒸腾量, 毛白杨的蒸腾量随着土壤水分灌溉阈值的减小而增大。2)毛白杨树干液流密度与SR和空气水汽压亏缺(VPD)存在明显的时滞现象, 树干液流通量变化提前于VPD, 而滞后于SR。不同灌溉处理对时滞现象无显著影响。3) 3个处理下, 蒸腾与VPD、SR及SWC具有显著正相关关系, 与风速具有显著负相关关系, 且对气象因子的响应程度不同。综上所述, 灌溉能够有效调节人工林水分生理对环境因子的适应过程, 但增加灌溉未必会造成蒸腾相应增加。根据林分蒸腾需水和自然降雨的关系, 生长季前期(该研究为4-7月)进行灌溉有利于毛白杨人工林水分生理活动的进行。

关键词: 环境因子, 灌溉, 树干液流通量, 林分蒸腾

Abstract:

Aims Understanding the relationship between transpiration and environmental factors is critical to the establishment of efficient irrigation strategies for Populus tomentosa. Therefore, we studied transpiration and environmental responses of P. tomentosa under varied irrigation treatments.

Methods This study was carried out at the triploidP. tomentosaplantation in Gaotang County, Shandong Province. The irrigation treatments were set as full irrigation (DF, irrigated when the soil water potential at 20 cm directly below the dripper reached -18 kPa), water-controlled irrigation (DC, irrigated when the soil water potential at 20 cm directly below the dripper reached -45 kPa) and no irrigation (CK, blank control). Thermal dissipation probes (TDP) were used to observe the continuous sap flow ofP. tomentosa during the growing season of 2019. The environmental factors were simultaneously monitored, including solar radiation (SR), air temperature (T_a), soil moisture content (SWC) and wind speed (WS).

Important findings 1) The trend of the diurnal sap flow variation of P. tomentosa was similar among the contrasting treatments, showing a single-peak curve, and there was significant sap flow at night. Irrigation treatments did not influence the start of stem sap flow but caused differences in the timing of the stem peak flow. The peak flow arrived earlier in the DF treatment than in other treatments. Irrigation increased the transpiration ofP. tomentosa. However, the transpiration would increase with the decrease of soil moisture deficit threshold of irrigation, namely transpiration of DC followed by DF and CK in sequence. 2) There was significant time-lag between the sap flow and SR and VPD. The sap flow was ahead of the VPD and lagged behind the SR. Irrigation treatments have no significant effect on the time-lag effect between the sap flow and environmental factors. 3) Under the three treatments, transpiration has a significantly positive correlation with VPD, SR and SWC, and negatively correlated with wind speed. The transpiration responses to the environmental factors varied among irrigation treatments. In summary, irrigation could effectively mediate the hydraulic adaptation of plantation trees to the environment factors. However, increased irrigation does not necessarily lead to transpiration enhancement. Based on the differences of stand transpiration and natural rainfall, irrigation during the beginning of the growing season (April to July in this study) would benefit the hydraulic physiological activity of theP. tomentosa plantation.

Key words: environmental factor, irrigation, sap flow density, stand transpiration

赵文芹, 席本野, 刘金强, 刘洋, 邹松言, 宋午椰, 陈立欣. 不同灌溉条件下杨树人工林蒸腾过程及环境响应. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(4): 370-382. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0343

ZHAO Wen-Qin, XI Ben-Ye, LIU Jin-Qiang, LIU Yang, ZOU Song-Yan, SONG Wu-Ye, CHEN Li-Xin. Transpiration process and environmental response of poplar plantation under different irrigation conditions. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(4): 370-382. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0343

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2020.0343

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2021/V45/I4/370

图/表 10

表1 毛白杨试验样树特征

Table 1 Characteristics of sample tree of Populus tomentosa

处理 Treatment	样树 Sample tree	树高 Height (m)	胸径 Diameter breast height (cm)	边材厚度 Sapwood thickness (cm)	边材面积 Sapwood area (cm²)
充分灌溉 Full irrigation	1	13.6	13.8	5.8	134.86
	2	10.2	14.2	5.9	142.85
	3	14.4	12.5	5.3	110.51
	4	13.6	14.0	5.8	138.82
	5	10.5	14.0	5.8	138.82
控水灌溉 Water-controlled irrigation	1	10.0	11.4	4.8	91.80
	2	14.2	15.1	6.2	161.66
	3	12.8	13.9	5.8	136.84
对照 Control	1	10.3	10.7	4.5	80.81
	2	13.4	14.3	6.0	144.88
	3	11.6	11.2	4.7	87.80
	4	12.5	12.5	5.3	110.51

图1 观测期内不同灌溉处理的环境因子日均变化(平均值±标准差)。

Fig. 1 Change of the environment factors of different irrigation treatments during the observation period (mean ± SD).

图2 不同灌溉处理下毛白杨液流通量密度日动态变化(平均值±标准差)。

Fig. 2 Daily variation of sap flux density for Populus tomentosa under different irrigation treatments (mean ± SD).

表2 毛白杨树干液流通量密度月变化特征值(平均值±标准差,n = 1 440)

Table 2 Sap flux density characteristics of Populus tomentosa at different month (mean± SD, n = 1 440)

月份 Month	处理 Treatment	启动时刻 Start time	到达峰值的时刻 Peak time	峰值 Peak F_d value (mL·m^-2·s^-1)	平均液流通量密度 Daily F_d value (mL·m^-2·s^-1)
4	DF	8:00 ± 60 min	13:00 ± 100 min	32.94 ± 3.47 ^a	10.66 ± 2.64 ^a
	DC	8:00 ± 70 min	13:00 ± 90 min	72.60 ± 4.77 ^a	24.65 ± 7.09 ^b
	CK	8:00 ± 100 min	13:10 ± 100 min	36.18 ± 3.77 ^c	12.28 ± 2.32 ^c
5	DF	6:00 ± 40 min	11:10 ± 60 min	63.87 ± 3.11 ^a	24.59 ± 6.74 ^a
	DC	6:00 ± 40 min	11:10 ± 70 min	78.83 ± 4.19 ^b	31.32 ± 8.25 ^a
	CK	6:00 ± 40 min	11:30 ± 70 min	61.61 ± 3.21 ^c	24.27 ± 6.06 ^a
6	DF	5:50 ± 50 min	12:00 ± 70 min	58.00 ± 7.73 ^a	25.03 ± 7.39 ^b
	DC	5:50 ± 50 min	12:00 ± 70 min	69.58 ± 7.43 ^b	30.80 ± 7.65 ^b
	CK	5:50 ± 50 min	12:20 ± 60 min	55.34 ± 6.18 ^ac	24.24 ± 6.15 ^b
7	DF	7:00 ± 40 min	12:00 ± 80 min	51.55 ± 4.75 ^a	19.81 ± 6.31 ^a
	DC	7:00 ± 70 min	12:30 ± 90 min	61.70 ± 5.73 ^b	25.20 ± 5.92 ^a
	CK	7:00 ± 70 min	12:30 ± 80 min	49.98 ± 6.48 ^ac	19.38 ± 5.37 ^a
8	DF	7:20 ± 40 min	12:30 ± 70 min	38.16 ± 13.18 ^a	17.00 ± 6.51 ^a
	DC	7:20 ± 40 min	13:00 ± 60 min	47.40 ± 15.02 ^a	20.98 ± 4.96 ^a
	CK	7:20 ± 40 min	13:00 ± 70 min	41.91 ± 14.63 ^a	19.09 ± 5.32 ^a
9	DF	7:40 ± 40 min	12:20 ± 60 min	35.02 ± 9.22 ^a	13.40 ± 4.52 ^a
	DC	7:40 ± 40 min	12:50 ± 60 min	42.85 ± 9.89 ^b	16.73 ± 3.40 ^a
	CK	7:40 ± 40 min	12:50 ± 50 min	38.73 ± 9.44 ^a	15.53 ± 4.82 ^a
10	DF	9:00 ± 70 min	13:00 ± 100 min	6.55 ± 8.55 ^a	3.37 ± 2.03 ^c
	DC	9:00 ± 70 min	13:30 ± 90 min	11.27 ± 11.01 ^a	4.46 ± 1.54 ^c
	CK	9:00 ± 80 min	13:30 ± 90 min	9.67 ± 10.28 ^c	3.77 ± 1.57 ^c

表2 毛白杨树干液流通量密度月变化特征值(平均值±标准差,n = 1 440)

Table 2 Sap flux density characteristics of Populus tomentosa at different month (mean± SD, n = 1 440)

月份 Month	处理 Treatment	启动时刻 Start time	到达峰值的时刻 Peak time	峰值 Peak F_d value (mL·m^-2·s^-1)	平均液流通量密度 Daily F_d value (mL·m^-2·s^-1)
4	DF	8:00 ± 60 min	13:00 ± 100 min	32.94 ± 3.47 ^a	10.66 ± 2.64 ^a
	DC	8:00 ± 70 min	13:00 ± 90 min	72.60 ± 4.77 ^a	24.65 ± 7.09 ^b
	CK	8:00 ± 100 min	13:10 ± 100 min	36.18 ± 3.77 ^c	12.28 ± 2.32 ^c
5	DF	6:00 ± 40 min	11:10 ± 60 min	63.87 ± 3.11 ^a	24.59 ± 6.74 ^a
	DC	6:00 ± 40 min	11:10 ± 70 min	78.83 ± 4.19 ^b	31.32 ± 8.25 ^a
	CK	6:00 ± 40 min	11:30 ± 70 min	61.61 ± 3.21 ^c	24.27 ± 6.06 ^a
6	DF	5:50 ± 50 min	12:00 ± 70 min	58.00 ± 7.73 ^a	25.03 ± 7.39 ^b
	DC	5:50 ± 50 min	12:00 ± 70 min	69.58 ± 7.43 ^b	30.80 ± 7.65 ^b
	CK	5:50 ± 50 min	12:20 ± 60 min	55.34 ± 6.18 ^ac	24.24 ± 6.15 ^b
7	DF	7:00 ± 40 min	12:00 ± 80 min	51.55 ± 4.75 ^a	19.81 ± 6.31 ^a
	DC	7:00 ± 70 min	12:30 ± 90 min	61.70 ± 5.73 ^b	25.20 ± 5.92 ^a
	CK	7:00 ± 70 min	12:30 ± 80 min	49.98 ± 6.48 ^ac	19.38 ± 5.37 ^a
8	DF	7:20 ± 40 min	12:30 ± 70 min	38.16 ± 13.18 ^a	17.00 ± 6.51 ^a
	DC	7:20 ± 40 min	13:00 ± 60 min	47.40 ± 15.02 ^a	20.98 ± 4.96 ^a
	CK	7:20 ± 40 min	13:00 ± 70 min	41.91 ± 14.63 ^a	19.09 ± 5.32 ^a
9	DF	7:40 ± 40 min	12:20 ± 60 min	35.02 ± 9.22 ^a	13.40 ± 4.52 ^a
	DC	7:40 ± 40 min	12:50 ± 60 min	42.85 ± 9.89 ^b	16.73 ± 3.40 ^a
	CK	7:40 ± 40 min	12:50 ± 50 min	38.73 ± 9.44 ^a	15.53 ± 4.82 ^a
10	DF	9:00 ± 70 min	13:00 ± 100 min	6.55 ± 8.55 ^a	3.37 ± 2.03 ^c
	DC	9:00 ± 70 min	13:30 ± 90 min	11.27 ± 11.01 ^a	4.46 ± 1.54 ^c
	CK	9:00 ± 80 min	13:30 ± 90 min	9.67 ± 10.28 ^c	3.77 ± 1.57 ^c

图3 不同灌溉条件下毛白杨生长季冠层导度逐日变化(A)及差异显著性(平均值±标准差)(B)比较。CK, 对照; DC, 控水灌溉; DF, 充分灌溉。不同小写字母表示同一月份不同灌溉条件下冠层导度差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Canopy conductance of poplar (A) and the statistic comparison (mean ± SD)(B) under different irrigation treatments. CK, control; DC, water-controlled irrigation; DF, full irrigation. Different lowercase letters indicate the significant difference of canopy conductance under different irrigation in the same month (p< 0.05).

图4 不同灌溉下冠层导度对空气水汽压亏缺的响应。

Fig. 4 Response of canopy conductance to vapor pressure deficit under different irrigation treatments.

图5 不同灌溉下毛白杨生长季脱耦系数的逐月变化(平均值±标准差)。

Fig. 5 Change of decoupling coefficient of poplar under different irrigation treatments (mean ± SD).

图6 不同灌溉下毛白杨生长季(A)和每月(平均值±标准差) (B)日蒸腾量的变化。CK, 对照; DC, 控水灌溉; DF, 充分灌溉。不同小写字母表示同一月份不同灌溉下蒸腾量差异显著(p< 0.05)。

Fig. 6 Change of daily transpiration of poplar under different irrigation treatments in the growing season (A) and each month (mean ± SD)(B). CK, control; DC, water-controlled irrigation; DF, full irrigation. Different lowercase letters represent significant difference of transpiration under different irrigation in the same month (p< 0.05).

图7 不同土壤水分下毛白杨树干液流通量密度(Fd)与空气水汽压亏缺(VPD)和太阳辐射(SR)之间的相关系数。A, 充分灌溉处理。B, 控水灌溉处理。C, 对照处理。

Fig. 7 Correlation coefficient of the sap flow rate (Fd) with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and global radiation (SR) of popular under different soil water content. A, Full irrigation. B, Water-controlled irrigation. C, Control.

图8 不同土壤水分下环境因子对毛白杨蒸腾量的直接影响。SR,太阳总辐射; SWC,土壤含水量; T,蒸腾量; VPD, 空气水汽压亏缺; WS, 风速。CK, 对照; DC, 控水灌溉; DF, 充分灌溉。每个箭头代表2个变量之间的因果关系。***,p < 0.0001; **, p < 0.001; *, p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05。

Fig. 8 Direct effects of environmental factors on daily transpiration of poplar.SR, solar radiation; SWC, soil water contnet; T,transpiration; VPD, vapor pressure deficit; WS, wind speed. CK, control; DC, water-controlled irrigation; DF, full irrigation. Each arrow represents a causal relationship between two variables. ***, p < 0.0001; **, p < 0.001; *, p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05.

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不同灌溉条件下杨树人工林蒸腾过程及环境响应

Transpiration process and environmental response of poplar plantation under different irrigation conditions

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