中国北方植被水分利用效率的时间变化特征及其影响因子

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0214

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水分利用效率(WUE)既是衡量植被生长适应性的重要指标, 也是连接生态系统水碳循环的纽带。认识不同类型植被WUE的时间变化特征及驱动机制有助于增进对生态系统水碳循环过程的理解。已有研究表明, 在不同时间尺度下, WUE呈现不同的时间变化特征, 但现有研究多是集中在单一的时间尺度下开展的, 对不同植被类型在不同时间尺度下的动态变化及影响因子分析开展得较少。该研究选用中国北方地区9个定位观测台站的通量与气象数据, 分析了WUE的日内变化和季节变化特征, 并在0.5 h、1 d、8 d以及月尺度下, 分别分析了气温(T_a)、相对湿度(RH)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)以及光合有效辐射(PAR)等非生物因子对WUE的影响。同时, 该研究也分析了植被叶面积指数(LAI)和降水(P)对WUE的影响。研究发现: (1) WUE的日变化呈现不对称的“U”型特征, 日出时的WUE普遍高于日落时。荒漠地区WUE的季节变化呈“U”型, 而其他站点呈现单峰型。不同站点WUE的季节变化可以分为总初级生产力(GPP)主导型和蒸发散(ET)主导型, 并随着时间尺度的扩大, GPP或ET的主导作用逐渐增强。(2)在较短的时间尺度(0.5 h、1 d)上, T_a、RH、VPD和PAR是影响WUE变化的主要因子, 但随着时间尺度的扩大, T_a和RH成为影响WUE变化的主要因子, 并且与WUE的相关关系受GPP或ET对WUE主导作用的影响, 随着时间尺度增大, T_a和RH与WUE的线性关系更加显著。(3) WUE大体上随LAI的增加而增加, 但当LAI超过一定值时, 在长白山、海北和张掖站, WUE对LAI的敏感性降低。降水与WUE的关系在研究区域内并不显著。(4)不同植被类型的WUE由大到小依次为森林、农田、草地、湿地和荒漠。

关键词: 水分利用效率, 通量观测, 总初级生产力, 蒸发散, 气象因子

Abstract:

Aims Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important variable for evaluating the growth adaptation of vegetation; it links carbon and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. Charactering the spatial and temporal variations in WUE and the driving factors not only can help understand the processes and regulations of ecosystem carbon and water cycles, but also provides scientific basis for formulating sustainable regional development policies and guiding water resources management. This study was conducted to determine the patterns of temporal changes for different vegetation types in northern China.

Methods Flux and meteorological data of nine field observation sites in northern China were used to analyze the changes of WUE under different temporal scales, including half-hourly, daily, 8-day intervals, and monthly. The effects of temperature (T_a), relative humidity (RH), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on WUE under different time scales were also examined.

Important findings (1) Diurnal change of WUE displayed an asymmetric “U” shape, with greater values at the sunrise than at the sunset. The seasonality of WUE in the Gobi and desert areas displayed a pattern of “U” shape, while it occurred as a single peak in other regions. The seasonal changes of WUE can be further divided into the types of gross primary production (GPP)-driven and the evapotranspiration (ET)-driven; the significance of either driven type increases with time. (2) T_a, RH, VPD and PAR were the main factors influencing the changes of WUE on a shorter temporal scale (half-hourly and daily). With increasing temporal scale, T_a and RH continue to remain the main factors affecting the changes of WUE, and their correlations with WUE were influenced by the prevailing role of GPP or ET. Moreover, the correlation coefficients became more significant with increasing temporal scales. (3) WUE increased with increases in leaf area index (LAI) until a certain value, beyond which the sensitivity of WUE to LAI decreased at the Changbai Mountain, Haibei and Zhangye stations. The relationship between precipitation and WUE was not significant in all the study areas. (4) Among the vegetation types, WUE ranked in order from high to low as forest, cropland, grassland, wetland and desert.

Key words: water use efficiency, flux measurement, gross primary production, evapotranspiration, meteorological factor

冯朝阳, 王鹤松, 孙建新. 中国北方植被水分利用效率的时间变化特征及其影响因子. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(4): 453-465. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0214

Chao-Yang FENG, He-Song WANG, Jian-xin SUN. Temporal changes of vegetation water use efficiency and its influencing factors in Northern China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(4): 453-465. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2017.0214

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0214

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2018/V42/I4/453

图/表 13

图1 各通量站点的空间分布图。

Fig. 1 Geographical location of the flux sites.

表1 各站点基础地理与植被信息

Table 1 Information on geography and vegetation of the study sites

站点 Site	纬度 Latitude (° N)	经度 Longitude (°E )	数据时期 Data period	年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	年平均气温 Mean annual Temperature (℃)	海拔 Altitude (m)	仪器高度 Height of Instrument (m)	植被类型 Vegetation type
长白山 Changbaishan	42.40	128.09	2003-2005	695	3.6	738	40.0	针阔混交林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest
密云 Miyun	40.63	117.32	2008-2009	615	10.9	350	26.6	玉米、果树 Maize, fruit tree
内蒙古 Nei Mongol	43.54	116.67	2004-2005	350	-0.4	1 252	4.0	温带草原 Temperate steppe
大兴 Daxing	39.62	116.43	2009-2010	590	11.6	20	3.0	玉米/小麦 Maize/wheat
海北 Haibei	37.67	101.33	2003-2005	560	-1.6	3 358	2.2	灌丛 Shrubland
大满 Daman	38.86	100.37	2013-2014	122	7.3	1 556	4.5	玉米 Maize
花寨子 Huazhaizi	38.77	100.32	2013-2014	130	7.3	1 731	2.9	荒漠 Desert
张掖 Zhangye	38.98	100.30	2013-2014	130	6.0	1 460	5.2	湿地 Wetland
巴吉滩 Bajitan	38.92	100.30	2013-2014	130	7.3	1 562	4.6	荒漠 Desert

图2 本研究台站水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化, 虚线标注了WUE达到最小值的时间。

Fig. 2 Diurnal changes of water use efficiency (WUE) for the study sites. The dash line indicates the time of WUE reached the minimum.

图3 本研究台站水分利用效率(WUE)的季节变化。海北和长白山是3年的数据, 其他站点是2年的数据。

Fig. 3 Seasonal changes of water use efficiency (WUE) for the study sites. Data of three years from Haibei and Changbaishan, and two years form others.

图4 本研究台站不同因子与水分利用效率(WUE)的相关性(p < 0.05)。GPP (g C·m-2), 总初级生产力; ET (kg H2O·m-2), 蒸发散; PAR (W·m-2), 光合有效辐射; RH (%), 相对湿度; Ta (℃), 温度; VPD (kPa), 大气水汽压亏缺。

Fig. 4 Pearson’s correlations of different factors with water use efficiency (WUE). GPP (g C·m-2), gross primary production; ET (kg H2O·m-2), evapotranspiration; PAR (W·m-2), photosynthetically active radiation; RH (%), relative humidity; Ta (°C), temperature; VPD (kPa), vapor pressure deficit.

表2 不同时间尺度下逐步回归方程中各气象因子标准回归系数及总体决定系数(R2) (p < 0.05)

Table 2 Standardized regression coefficients of meteorological factors and coefficient of determination (R2) in stepwise regression equations in different time scales (p < 0.05)

台站名 Site		R²	1 d	R²	8 d	R²	逐月 Monthly	R²
长白山 Changbaishan			T_a(0.97), RH (-0.54), VPD (-0.91), PAR (-0.17)	0.49	T_a(0.83), VPD (-0.27)	0.68	T_a(0.82)	0.67
内蒙古 Nei Mongol			T_a(0.29), RH (0.14), PAR (-0.19)	0.14	RH (0.45)	0.20	(无显著因子) (No significant factor)
海北 Haibei			T_a(0.90), VPD (-0.42), PAR (-0.27)	0.71	T_a(1.05), VPD (-0.36), PAR (-0.12)	0.93	T_a(0.89), PAR (-0.33)	0.94
大兴 Daxing	T_a(0.51), VPD (-0.57), PAR (-0.34)	0.36	T_a(0.80), RH (-0.27), VPD (-0.80), PAR (-0.37)	0.46	RH (0.61)	0.40	PAR (-0.85)	0.73
密云 Miyun	T_a(0.18), RH (0.26), VPD (-0.13), PAR (-0.18)	0.20	T_a(0.71), VPD (-0.57), PAR (-0.33)	0.49	RH (0.51), T_a (0.57)	0.69	RH (0.80)	0.65
张掖 Zhangye	T_a(0.30), RH (0.50), PAR (-0.39)	0.45	T_a (0.32), RH (0.70), PAR (-0.14)	0.61	T_a(0.36), RH (0.58), PAR (-0.44)	0.69	(无显著因子) (No significant factor)
大满 Daman	T_a(0.68), RH (0.37), VPD (-0.52), PAR (-0.21)	0.57	T_a(0.54), RH (0.53), PAR (-0.31)	0.63	T_a(0.94), VPD (-0.46)	0.70	T_a(0.84)	0.71
巴吉滩 Bajitan	T_a(-0.36), RH (-0.48), PAR (-0.24)	0.20	T_a (-0.33), RH (-0.58), PAR (-0.12)	0.30	RH (-0.77), VPD (-0.46)	0.70	RH (-0.87)	0.70
花寨子 Huazhaizi	RH (-0.27), PAR (-0.27)	0.12	RH (-0.65), PAR (-0.50)	0.31	RH (-0.66)	0.40	(无显著因子) (No significant factor)

图5 不同站点叶面积指数(LAI)与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Relationships between leaf area index (LAI) and water use efficiency (WUE) for different sites (p < 0.05).

图6 年生长季平均叶面积指数(LAI)与年平均水分利用效率(WUE)的关系(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 6 Relationship between annual average leaf area index (LAI) and water use efficiency (WUE) in growing season (p < 0.05).

图7 不同站点8 d平均降水量(P)与8 d平均水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。

Fig. 7 Relationships between precipitation (P) and water use efficiency (WUE) at 8-days scale.

图8 年降水量(AP)与年平均水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。

Fig. 8 Relationship between annual precipitation (AP) and water use efficiency (WUE) in growing season.

图9 各站点平均每天总初级生产力(GPP)、蒸发散(ET)和水分利用效率(WUE)的值。横坐标根据WUE的由小到大的顺序排列的。

Fig. 9 The average daily gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) for the study sites. The sites were arranged in the order of increasing WUE.

图10 不同站点水分利用效率(WUE)与总初级生产力(GPP)的相关关系(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 10 Relationships between water use efficiency (WUE) and gross primary production (GPP) for the study sites (p < 0.05).

图11 不同站点水分利用效率(WUE)与蒸发散(ET)的相关关系(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 11 Relationships between water use efficiency (WUE) and evapotranspiration (ET) for the study sites (p < 0.05).

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