开垦对黄河三角洲湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00052

植物生态学报 ›› 2013, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (6): 503-516.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00052

所属专题：生态系统碳水能量通量

开垦对黄河三角洲湿地净生态系统CO₂交换的影响

杨利琼^1,²,韩广轩^1,^*(),于君宝¹,吴立新³,朱敏⁴,邢庆会^1,²,王光美¹,毛培利¹

¹中国科学院海岸带环境过程与生态修复重点实验室, 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所, 山东烟台 264003
²中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
³黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区管理局, 山东东营 257091
⁴鲁东大学地理与规划学院, 山东烟台 264025

收稿日期:2013-03-06 接受日期:2013-04-24 出版日期:2013-03-06 发布日期:2013-06-05
通讯作者: 韩广轩
基金资助:
国家科技支撑计划项目(2011BAC02-B01);中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX2-YW-223);国家林业科技支撑计划项目(2009BADB2B0502-01)

Effects of reclamation on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange in wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China

YANG Li-Qiong^1,²,HAN Guang-Xuan^1,^*(),YU Jun-Bao¹,WU Li-Xin³,ZHU Min⁴,XING Qing-Hui^1,²,WANG Guang-Mei¹,MAO Pei-Li¹

¹Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³Administration Bureau of the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve, Dongying, Shandong 257091, China
⁴College of Geography and Planning, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, China

Received:2013-03-06 Accepted:2013-04-24 Online:2013-03-06 Published:2013-06-05
Contact: HAN Guang-Xuan

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来, 由于对湿地的不合理利用, 自然湿地被大面积地垦殖为农田, 导致湿地生态系统碳循环的模式发生改变, 从而影响了湿地生态系统碳汇功能。该研究通过涡度相关法, 对山东省东营市黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地和开垦多年的棉花(Gossypium spp.)农田的净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了对比观测, 以探讨该地区典型生态系统NEE的变化规律及其影响因子, 揭示开垦对芦苇湿地NEE和碳汇功能的影响。结果表明: 在生长季, 湿地和农田生态系统NEE的日平均值各月均呈明显的“U”型变化曲线, 非生长季NEE的变幅很小。生长季湿地生态系统日最大净吸收值和释放值分别为16.04 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1(8月17日)和14.95 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1(8月9日); 农田生态系统日最大净吸收值和释放值分别为18.99 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 (8月22日)和12.23 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 (7月29日)。生长季白天两个生态系统NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间呈直角双曲线关系; 非生长季NEE主要受土壤温度(T_s)的影响; 生态系统生长季夜间NEE受T_s和土壤含水量(SWC)的共同影响; 湿地和农田的生态系统呼吸熵(Q₁₀)分别为2.30和3.78。2011年生长季, 黄河三角洲湿地和农田生态系统均表现为CO₂的汇, 总净固碳量分别为780.95和647.35 g CO₂·m^-2, 开垦降低了湿地的碳吸收能力; 而在2011年非生长季, 黄河三角洲湿地和农田生态系统均表现为CO₂的源, CO₂总释放量分别为181.90和111.55 g CO₂·m^-2。全年湿地和农田生态系统总净固碳量分别为599.05和535.80 g CO₂·m^-2。

Abstract:

Aims Wetland ecosystems are an obvious carbon sink, but with constant land reclamation, many wetlands disappeared and degenerated, and reclamation also influences the carbon-cycle between wetland ecosystems and the atmosphere. Cropland is a dominant use of reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in the Yellow River Delta, but the CO₂ flux of wetland ecosystems under escalating human influences remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate the impact of wetland reclamation on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) dynamics and quantify CO₂ exchange of the two ecosystems’ response to environmental and biological factors.
Methods Based on eddy covariance technique, we measured CO₂ fluxes over the reed wetland and cropland ecosystems and monitored environmental and biological factors in 2011.
Important findings The averaged diurnal variation of NEE showed the U-type curve in different months of the growing season over wetland and cropland ecosystems. In the non-growing season, NEE lacked a diurnal pattern and the range of NEE was very small as the result of soil microbial activity. Analyses of NEE showed that the wetland was a net sink for each month from April to September 2011 and a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere for the fall and winter months of November to March. In contrast, the cropland was calculated to be a significant net sink for CO₂ in the growing season (May to October), while significant net losses of CO₂ occurred in the non-growing season (November to April). During the growing season, the maximum daily CO₂ uptake and release rates were 16.04 (August 17) and 14.95 (August 9) g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 and 18.99 (August 22) and 12.23 (July 29) g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1over wetland and cropland, respectively. Daytime NEE values were strongly correlated with photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) in the growing season. The CO₂ flux was mainly affected by temperature of soil (T_s) in the non-growing season. Soil water content (SWC) and T_s were the main factors that influenced nighttime NEE in the growing season. The two ecosystem respiration quotient (Q₁₀) were 2.30 (wetland) and 3.78 (cropland) during the growing season. The wetland and cropland ecosystems were both carbon sinks during the growing season as they absorbed 780.95 and 647.35 g CO₂·m^-2, respectively, which means wetland reclamation can reduce its carbon sequestration ability. During the non-growing season, the two ecosystems were carbon sources, releasing 181.90 (wetland ecosystem) and 111.55 (cropland ecosystem) g CO₂·m^-2. Over all of 2011, the wetland and cropland ecosystems both were obvious carbon sinks with absorption of 599.05 and 535.80 g CO₂·m^-2, respectively.

Key words: eddy covariance, net ecosystem CO₂ exchange, reclamation, reed wetland, Yellow River Delta

杨利琼,韩广轩,于君宝,吴立新,朱敏,邢庆会,王光美,毛培利. 开垦对黄河三角洲湿地净生态系统CO₂交换的影响. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(6): 503-516. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00052

YANG Li-Qiong,HAN Guang-Xuan,YU Jun-Bao,WU Li-Xin,ZHU Min,XING Qing-Hui,WANG Guang-Mei,MAO Pei-Li. Effects of reclamation on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange in wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(6): 503-516. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00052

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2013/V37/I6/503

图/表 10

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类型 Type	月份 Month	最大光合速率 Maximum photo- synthesis rate (A_max ) (mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	表观光量子产率 Apparent quantum yield (α) (mg CO₂·μmol^-1· photon)	白天生态系统暗呼吸速率 Dark ecosystem respiration in daytime (R_e) (mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	R²
湿地 Wetland	5	0.60	0.002 7	0.33	0.45
	6	1.06	0.008 1	0.65	0.47
	7	0.94	0.002 5	0.31	0.62
	8	0.83	0.002 1	0.23	0.60
	9	0.37	0.001 3	0.12	0.43
	10	0.29	0.001 8	0.16	0.30
农田 Cropland	5	0.25	0.000 4	0.09	0.44
	6	0.59	0.002 0	0.26	0.45
	7	0.89	0.002 8	0.35	0.58
	8	0.97	0.002 2	0.26	0.58
	9	0.48	0.003 2	0.23	0.37
	10	0.23	0.000 8	0.09	0.43

类型 Type	月份 Month	最大光合速率 Maximum photo- synthesis rate (A_max ) (mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	表观光量子产率 Apparent quantum yield (α) (mg CO₂·μmol^-1· photon)	白天生态系统暗呼吸速率 Dark ecosystem respiration in daytime (R_e) (mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)	R²
湿地 Wetland	5	0.60	0.002 7	0.33	0.45
	6	1.06	0.008 1	0.65	0.47
	7	0.94	0.002 5	0.31	0.62
	8	0.83	0.002 1	0.23	0.60
	9	0.37	0.001 3	0.12	0.43
	10	0.29	0.001 8	0.16	0.30
农田 Cropland	5	0.25	0.000 4	0.09	0.44
	6	0.59	0.002 0	0.26	0.45
	7	0.89	0.002 8	0.35	0.58
	8	0.97	0.002 2	0.26	0.58
	9	0.48	0.003 2	0.23	0.37
	10	0.23	0.000 8	0.09	0.43

项目 Item	类型 Type	5 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth	10 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 10 cm depth	10 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at 10 cm depth	20 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at 20 cm depth
生长季白天 Daytime in growing season	湿地 Wetland	-0.39^**	-0.34^**	0.10^**	0.14^**
生长季白天 Daytime in growing season	农田 Cropland	-0.42^**	-0.42^**	-0.04^**	-0.10^**
生长季夜间 Nighttime in growing season	湿地 Wetland	0.66^**	0.65^**	0.14^**	-0.15^**
生长季夜间 Nighttime in growing season	农田 Cropland	0.80^**	0.80^**	-0.04	0.17^**
非生长季 Non-growing season	湿地 Wetland	0.19^**	0.17^**	0.04^*	0.00
非生长季 Non-growing season	农田 Cropland	0.13^**	0.13^**	-0.07^**	-0.09^**
夜晚NEE NEE of nighttime	湿地 Wetland	0.66^**	0.65^**	0.21^**	-0.04^**
夜晚NEE NEE of nighttime	农田 Cropland	0.73^**	073^**	0.18^**	0.31^**

项目 Item	类型 Type	5 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 5 cm depth	10 cm深处土壤温度 Soil temperature at 10 cm depth	10 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at 10 cm depth	20 cm深处土壤含水量 Soil water content at 20 cm depth
生长季白天 Daytime in growing season	湿地 Wetland	-0.39^**	-0.34^**	0.10^**	0.14^**
生长季白天 Daytime in growing season	农田 Cropland	-0.42^**	-0.42^**	-0.04^**	-0.10^**
生长季夜间 Nighttime in growing season	湿地 Wetland	0.66^**	0.65^**	0.14^**	-0.15^**
生长季夜间 Nighttime in growing season	农田 Cropland	0.80^**	0.80^**	-0.04	0.17^**
非生长季 Non-growing season	湿地 Wetland	0.19^**	0.17^**	0.04^*	0.00
非生长季 Non-growing season	农田 Cropland	0.13^**	0.13^**	-0.07^**	-0.09^**
夜晚NEE NEE of nighttime	湿地 Wetland	0.66^**	0.65^**	0.21^**	-0.04^**
夜晚NEE NEE of nighttime	农田 Cropland	0.73^**	073^**	0.18^**	0.31^**

类型 Type	土壤含水量 Soil water content (SWC) (%)	R_eco.n-T_s	生态系统呼吸熵 Ecosystem respiration quotient (Q₁₀)	R²	p
湿地 Wetland	< 40	y = 0.0132e^0.0728^x	2.07	0.34	<0.001
	40 ≤ SWC < 50	y = 0.0150e^0.0815^x	2.26	0.63	<0.001
	≥ 50	y = 0.0119e^0.0810^x	2.24	0.28	<0.001
	生长季 Growing season	y = 0.0118e^0.0831^x	2.30	0.44	<0.001
农田 Cropland	< 40	y = 0.0028e^0.1558^x	4.75	0.51	<0.001
	40 ≤ SWC < 50	y = 0.0065e^0.1193^x	3.30	0.43	<0.001
	≥ 50	y = 0.0086e^0.0996^x	2.71	0.47	<0.001
	生长季 Growing season	y = 0.0045e^0.1331^x	3.78	0.63	<0.001

开垦对黄河三角洲湿地净生态系统CO₂交换的影响

Effects of reclamation on net ecosystem CO₂ exchange in wetland in the Yellow River Delta, China

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地点 Location	主要植被类型 Main vegetation type	生态系统呼吸熵 Ecosystem respiration quotient (Q₁₀)	观测时间 Observation time (year-month-day)	文献 Reference
加拿大亚伯达北部 Northern Alberta, Canada	泥炭藓 Sphagnum	1.80	2004年生长季 Growing season in 2004	Glenn et al., 2006
加拿大亚伯达北部 Northern Alberta, Canada	薹草属植物 Carex	1.90	2004年生长季 Growing season in 2004	Glenn et al., 2006
加拿大亚伯达 Alberta, Canada	云杉和落叶松沼泽 Picea and Larix fen	1.92	2003年8月 August 2003	Syed et al., 2006
加拿大渥太华流域 Ottawa River Valley, Canada	香蒲沼泽 Cattail marsh	2.80	2005-05-09-2006-05-30	Bonneville et al., 2008
中国盘锦 Panjin, China	芦苇湿地 Reed wetland	2.38	2005	Zhou et al., 2009
中国青藏高原 Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China	莎草科、毛茛科 Cyperaceae and Ranunculaceae	2.64 ± 0.1	2005	Zhang et al., 2008
中国鄱阳湖 Poyang Lake, China	薹草 Carex cinerascen	3.31	2009年9月-2010年4月非淹水期 Non-flooded period (2009-09-2010-04)	Hu et al., 2011
中国青海 Qinghai, China	垂穗披碱草草地 Elymus nutans pasture	4.81	2006	Wu et al., 2010
中国华北平原 North China Plain	冬小麦、夏玉米 Winter wheat and summer maize	2.94	2002-11-2003-10	Li et al., 2006
中国华北平原 North China Plain	冬小麦、夏玉米 Winter wheat and summer maize	2.49	2003-11-2004-10	Li et al., 2006
中国三江平原 Sanjiang Plain, China	稻田 Rice field	2.50	2004-05-15-2004-09-23	Song et al., 2006

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