云南引种印楝实生种群的表型变异

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00560

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了揭示印楝(Azadirachta indica)实生种群表型变异程度和变异规律, 以云南引种印楝人工林为研究对象, 基于9个种群90个单株14个表型性状严格细致的测量, 采用单因素方差分析、巢式方差分析、相关分析、协方差主成分分析(S法)和非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析等数理方法, 分析了种群的表型变异。结果表明: 印楝种内表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在着较丰富的差异, 种群内的变异大于种群间的变异, 种群间的分化相对较小。对表型性状进行的变异系数多重比较和协方差主成分分析(S法)均显示, 结实和种子化学成分相关性状的变异是造成印楝表型变异的主要来源。利用种群间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析结果进一步表明, 印楝9个种群可以分为4类, 表型性状并没有严格依地理距离而聚类。研究结果为印楝的遗传改良工作奠定了基础, 为制定育种策略和人工经营对策提供了科学依据。

关键词: 印楝, 栽培种群, 地理变异格局, 表型变异, 种群分化

Abstract:

Aims Our objectives were to investigate phenotypic variation of Azadirachta indica in cultivated populations and to describe the relationship between phenotypic variation of the cultivated populations and different distribution areas.
Methods We investigated 14 phenotypic traits for 90 individuals in nine cultivated populations of A. indica from Yunnan Province of China and used variance analysis, nested analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis and multi-comparison to analyze results.
Important findings Rich phenotypic variation existed both among and within populations, and variation was greater within populations than among populations. Duncan’s test of CV and the principal component analysis of phenotypic traits both indicated that the traits of fructification and seed chemical composition were the main factors accounting for the phenotypic variations. According to UPGMA cluster analysis, the populations of A. indica could be divided into four groups. These cluster results were not due to geographic distances. Findings will lay a foundation for genetic improvement in A. indica, and provide a scientific basis for working out breeding strategy in this species and for countermeasures of natural forest sustained utilization.

Key words: Azadirachta indica, cultivated populations, geographic variation pattern, phenotypic variation, population differentiation

彭兴民, 吴疆翀, 郑益兴, 张燕平, 李根前. 云南引种印楝实生种群的表型变异. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(6): 560-571. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00560

PENG Xing-Min, WU Jiang-Chong, ZHENG Yi-Xing, ZHANG Yan-Ping, LI Gen-Qian. Phenotypic variation in cultivated populations of Azadirachta indica in Yunnan, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2012, 36(6): 560-571. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00560

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2012.00560

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2012/V36/I6/560

图/表 8

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种群编号及农业生态气候区 Population code and agro-ecological region	种群 Population	纬度 Latitude (N)	经度 Longitude (E)	海拔 Elevation (m)	年平均气温 Annual mean air temperature (℃)	年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	生境 Habitat
P1a	XBL	25°48′	101°51′	1 135.0	21.7	645.0	农田旁 Cultivated land side
P2a	WX	25°44′	101°52′	1 120.2	21.8	634.0	新垦台地 Land reclaimed
P3a	NMS	25°37′	101°53′	1 277.0	20.9	645.0	较陡荒坡 Steep Hillside
P4b	DHG	23°19′	102°34′	553.0	22.8	843.0	平缓荒坡 Gradual hillside
P5b	WW	23°18′	102°38′	430.0	23.5	840.0	平缓荒坡 Gradual hillside
P6b	NS	23°13′	102°50′	257.1	24.5	945.8	耕地 Cultivated land
P7b	LD	23°12′	102°55′	223.0	24.7	945.8	洪积台地 Flood land
P8b	MT	23°08′	103°03′	197.0	24.8	980.0	平缓荒坡 Gradual hillside
P9b	HCB	23°06′	103°11′	256.0	24.5	1 060.0	平缓荒坡 Gradual hillside

种群编号及农业生态气候区 Population code and agro-ecological region	种群 Population	纬度 Latitude (N)	经度 Longitude (E)	海拔 Elevation (m)	年平均气温 Annual mean air temperature (℃)	年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	生境 Habitat
P1a	XBL	25°48′	101°51′	1 135.0	21.7	645.0	农田旁 Cultivated land side
P2a	WX	25°44′	101°52′	1 120.2	21.8	634.0	新垦台地 Land reclaimed
P3a	NMS	25°37′	101°53′	1 277.0	20.9	645.0	较陡荒坡 Steep Hillside
P4b	DHG	23°19′	102°34′	553.0	22.8	843.0	平缓荒坡 Gradual hillside
P5b	WW	23°18′	102°38′	430.0	23.5	840.0	平缓荒坡 Gradual hillside
P6b	NS	23°13′	102°50′	257.1	24.5	945.8	耕地 Cultivated land
P7b	LD	23°12′	102°55′	223.0	24.7	945.8	洪积台地 Flood land
P8b	MT	23°08′	103°03′	197.0	24.8	980.0	平缓荒坡 Gradual hillside
P9b	HCB	23°06′	103°11′	256.0	24.5	1 060.0	平缓荒坡 Gradual hillside

种群 Population	SL (cm)	SW (cm)	SLW	ST (g)	KT (g)	SKT (%)	SG (m)
XBL	1.37 ± 0.15^abc	0.72 ± 0.08^a	1.95 ± 0.37	0.19 ± 0.03^b	0.10 ± 0.02^bc	51.30 ± 1.12	6.47 ± 1.45^cd
WX	1.31 ± 0.15^c	0.65 ± 0.07^b	2.05 ± 0.38	0.18 ± 0.02^b	0.09 ± 0.02^c	51.10 ± 1.53	5.54 ± 1.08^d
NMS	1.33 ± 0.16^bc	0.69 ± 0.08^ab	1.98 ± 0.37	0.19 ± 0.03^b	0.10 ± 0.02^bc	51.12 ± 0.85	4.07 ± 0.63^e
DHG	1.31 ± 0.17^c	0.71 ± 0.09^ab	1.91 ± 0.39	0.19 ± 0.04^b	0.10 ± 0.02^bc	51.13 ± 1.29	6.93 ± 0.89^bc
WW	1.43 ± 0.19^ab	0.69 ± 0.07^ab	2.11 ± 0.37	0.21 ± 0.04^ab	0.11 ± 0.02^abc	51.29 ± 1.28	6.75 ± 1.43^bc
NS	1.45 ± 0.17^a	0.72 ± 0.08^a	2.04 ± 0.41	0.22 ± 0.04^ab	0.11 ± 0.02^ab	51.83 ± 2.29	7.71 ± 1.32^ab
LD	1.43 ± 0.18^ab	0.69 ± 0.08^ab	2.09 ± 0.42	0.24 ± 0.04^a	0.12 ± 0.02^a	51.12 ± 2.50	8.11 ± 1.18^a
MT	1.42 ± 0.19^ab	0.66 ± 0.07^b	2.20 ± 0.40	0.21 ± 0.04^ab	0.11 ± 0.02^abc	51.57 ± 2.37	7.61 ± 0.78^ab
HCB	1.38 ± 0.19^abc	0.70 ± 0.08^ab	1.98 ± 0.40	0.21 ± 0.04^ab	0.11 ± 0.02^abc	51.60 ± 2.33	5.64 ± 1.07^d
平均值 Average	1.38 ± 0.17	0.69 ± 0.08	2.04 ± 0.49	0.21 ± 0.04	0.11 ± 0.02	51.34 ± 1.73	6.54 ± 1.62
种群间F值 F value among populations	2.60^*	2.22^*	1.38	2.34^*	3.85^**	1.24	12.90^**
种群内F值 F value within population	9.11^**	6.57^**	5.73^**	20.50^**	14.40^**	3.33^**	-
种群 Population	ZG (m)	DJ (cm)	GF (m)	GS (grain)	azA (%)	azB (%)	azAB (%)
XBL	0.58 ± 0.50^cd	17.06 ± 2.92^ab	6.50 ± 1.74^bcd	4240 ± 23.20^b	0.50 ± 5.21^cde	0.16 ± 3.39^b	0.66 ± 8.41^cd
WX	0.38 ± 0.32^cd	14.17 ± 3.76^bc	4.86 ± 1.62^de	3900 ± 16.21^b	0.49 ± 6.44^de	0.16 ± 2.37^b	0.65 ± 7.90^cd
NMS	0.40 ± 0.38^cd	12.38 ± 1.35^c	4.25 ± 0.94^e	1990 ± 11.64^c	0.56 ± 4.59^abcd	0.20 ± 2.19^a	0.77 ± 7.58^ab
DHG	0.35 ± 0.34^d	17.55 ± 4.33^ab	8.24 ± 1.74^ab	6020 ± 14.86^ab	0.59 ± 3.06^ab	0.19 ± 2.78^a	0.79 ± 5.15^ab
WW	0.81 ± 0.31^bc	16.45 ± 5.12^ab	8.46 ± 2.42^a	4426 ± 17.49^b	0.57 ± 2.57^abc	0.16 ± 2.11^b	0.73 ± 3.13^bc
NS	1.28 ± 0.47^a	18.24 ± 5.62^ab	8.26 ± 2.09^ab	5360 ± 25.26^ab	0.47 ± 3.73^e	0.15 ± 2.29^b	0.63 ± 4.74^d
LD	1.27 ± 0.65^a	19.96 ± 4.02^a	7.78 ± 1.95^ab	6050 ± 14.46^ab	0.62 ± 6.05^a	0.21 ± 1.89^a	0.83 ± 8.81^a
MT	1.03 ± 0.48^ab	15.03 ± 4.10^bc	6.03 ± 1.84^cd	7160 ± 20.39^a	0.53 ± 2.92^bcde	0.11 ± 2.26^c	0.65 ± 2.84^cd
HCB	0.46 ± 0.39^cd	17.28 ± 3.92^ab	6.80 ± 1.28^abc	3824 ± 10.63^b	0.53 ± 4.13^bcde	0.14 ± 2.99^bc	0.67 ± 5.40^cd
平均值 Average	0.73 ± 0.56	16.46 ± 4.45	6.79 ± 2.24	4774 ± 20.23	0.54 ± 5.06	0.17 ± 3.38	0.71 ± 7.74
种群间F值 F value among populations	7.36^**	3.13^**	7.41^**	4.19^**	4.01^**	10.07^**	6.38^**
种群内F值 F value within population	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

种群 Population	SL (cm)	SW (cm)	SLW	ST (g)	KT (g)	SKT (%)	SG (m)
XBL	1.37 ± 0.15^abc	0.72 ± 0.08^a	1.95 ± 0.37	0.19 ± 0.03^b	0.10 ± 0.02^bc	51.30 ± 1.12	6.47 ± 1.45^cd
WX	1.31 ± 0.15^c	0.65 ± 0.07^b	2.05 ± 0.38	0.18 ± 0.02^b	0.09 ± 0.02^c	51.10 ± 1.53	5.54 ± 1.08^d
NMS	1.33 ± 0.16^bc	0.69 ± 0.08^ab	1.98 ± 0.37	0.19 ± 0.03^b	0.10 ± 0.02^bc	51.12 ± 0.85	4.07 ± 0.63^e
DHG	1.31 ± 0.17^c	0.71 ± 0.09^ab	1.91 ± 0.39	0.19 ± 0.04^b	0.10 ± 0.02^bc	51.13 ± 1.29	6.93 ± 0.89^bc
WW	1.43 ± 0.19^ab	0.69 ± 0.07^ab	2.11 ± 0.37	0.21 ± 0.04^ab	0.11 ± 0.02^abc	51.29 ± 1.28	6.75 ± 1.43^bc
NS	1.45 ± 0.17^a	0.72 ± 0.08^a	2.04 ± 0.41	0.22 ± 0.04^ab	0.11 ± 0.02^ab	51.83 ± 2.29	7.71 ± 1.32^ab
LD	1.43 ± 0.18^ab	0.69 ± 0.08^ab	2.09 ± 0.42	0.24 ± 0.04^a	0.12 ± 0.02^a	51.12 ± 2.50	8.11 ± 1.18^a
MT	1.42 ± 0.19^ab	0.66 ± 0.07^b	2.20 ± 0.40	0.21 ± 0.04^ab	0.11 ± 0.02^abc	51.57 ± 2.37	7.61 ± 0.78^ab
HCB	1.38 ± 0.19^abc	0.70 ± 0.08^ab	1.98 ± 0.40	0.21 ± 0.04^ab	0.11 ± 0.02^abc	51.60 ± 2.33	5.64 ± 1.07^d
平均值 Average	1.38 ± 0.17	0.69 ± 0.08	2.04 ± 0.49	0.21 ± 0.04	0.11 ± 0.02	51.34 ± 1.73	6.54 ± 1.62
种群间F值 F value among populations	2.60^*	2.22^*	1.38	2.34^*	3.85^**	1.24	12.90^**
种群内F值 F value within population	9.11^**	6.57^**	5.73^**	20.50^**	14.40^**	3.33^**	-
种群 Population	ZG (m)	DJ (cm)	GF (m)	GS (grain)	azA (%)	azB (%)	azAB (%)
XBL	0.58 ± 0.50^cd	17.06 ± 2.92^ab	6.50 ± 1.74^bcd	4240 ± 23.20^b	0.50 ± 5.21^cde	0.16 ± 3.39^b	0.66 ± 8.41^cd
WX	0.38 ± 0.32^cd	14.17 ± 3.76^bc	4.86 ± 1.62^de	3900 ± 16.21^b	0.49 ± 6.44^de	0.16 ± 2.37^b	0.65 ± 7.90^cd
NMS	0.40 ± 0.38^cd	12.38 ± 1.35^c	4.25 ± 0.94^e	1990 ± 11.64^c	0.56 ± 4.59^abcd	0.20 ± 2.19^a	0.77 ± 7.58^ab
DHG	0.35 ± 0.34^d	17.55 ± 4.33^ab	8.24 ± 1.74^ab	6020 ± 14.86^ab	0.59 ± 3.06^ab	0.19 ± 2.78^a	0.79 ± 5.15^ab
WW	0.81 ± 0.31^bc	16.45 ± 5.12^ab	8.46 ± 2.42^a	4426 ± 17.49^b	0.57 ± 2.57^abc	0.16 ± 2.11^b	0.73 ± 3.13^bc
NS	1.28 ± 0.47^a	18.24 ± 5.62^ab	8.26 ± 2.09^ab	5360 ± 25.26^ab	0.47 ± 3.73^e	0.15 ± 2.29^b	0.63 ± 4.74^d
LD	1.27 ± 0.65^a	19.96 ± 4.02^a	7.78 ± 1.95^ab	6050 ± 14.46^ab	0.62 ± 6.05^a	0.21 ± 1.89^a	0.83 ± 8.81^a
MT	1.03 ± 0.48^ab	15.03 ± 4.10^bc	6.03 ± 1.84^cd	7160 ± 20.39^a	0.53 ± 2.92^bcde	0.11 ± 2.26^c	0.65 ± 2.84^cd
HCB	0.46 ± 0.39^cd	17.28 ± 3.92^ab	6.80 ± 1.28^abc	3824 ± 10.63^b	0.53 ± 4.13^bcde	0.14 ± 2.99^bc	0.67 ± 5.40^cd
平均值 Average	0.73 ± 0.56	16.46 ± 4.45	6.79 ± 2.24	4774 ± 20.23	0.54 ± 5.06	0.17 ± 3.38	0.71 ± 7.74
种群间F值 F value among populations	7.36^**	3.13^**	7.41^**	4.19^**	4.01^**	10.07^**	6.38^**
种群内F值 F value within population	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

性状 Traits	方差分量Variance component			方差分量百分比 Percentage of variance component			表型分化系数 Phenotype of differentiation coefficient (%)
性状 Traits	种群间 Among populations	种群内 Within population	机误 Errors	种群间 Among populations	种群内 Within population	机误 Errors	表型分化系数 Phenotype of differentiation coefficient (%)
SL	0.001 882	0.009 550	0.031 017	4.434 2	22.497 1	73.068 6	16.462
SW	0.000 372	0.002 477	0.006 498	3.978 0	26.504 5	69.517 5	13.057
SLW	0.003 032	0.042 915	0.161 584	1.461 0	20.678 6	77.860 4	6.598
ST	0.000 152	0.001 082	0.001 665	5.254 0	37.324 8	57.421 2	12.317
KT	0.000 066	0.000 215	0.000 481	8.637 6	28.205 5	63.156 9	23.424
SKT	0.001 130	0.032 541	0.418 792	0.249 8	7.192 0	92.558 3	3.356
平均值Average	-	-	-	3.442 3	20.345 1	76.212 7	11.885