鄂东南低丘地区枫香林下枫香幼苗更新限制因子

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00187

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

深入理解幼苗更新的生态过程及其限制因子是植物种群保育和森林管理的基础。在鄂东南的低丘地区, 采用控制试验研究了限制枫香(Liquidambar formosana)幼苗在其自身林下更新的生态因子。由于枫香幼苗在马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林下偶尔更新良好, 在枫香林下几乎没有更新, 以马尾松林为对照, 设计了4个试验来检验: (1)低温和土壤湿度对枫香种子储藏过程中寿命的影响, (2)两种林型的土壤、凋落物对枫香种子越冬及存活的影响, (3)凋落物对枫香种子萌发是否具有化感作用, (4)林下的光强变化是否影响幼苗的存活。结果表明, 枫香种子在很低的温度下仍可以立即萌发, 这表明枫香种子没有休眠特性是影响枫香幼苗更新的重要因子; 土壤、凋落物和凋落物滤液对种子越冬后的存活没有影响, 不能解释“枫香林下没有枫香苗”的问题; 两种林型的主要凋落物滤液对枫香种子萌发没有抑制作用或促进作用; 一年生枫香幼苗遮阴试验的结果表明, 3%透光率下幼苗的死亡率接近90%。因此枫香林下弱的光环境和种子的低温萌发特性是影响枫香幼苗更新的重要因子。

关键词: 枫香, 凋落物化感作用, 非休眠种子, 耐阴性

Abstract:

Aims Liquidambar formosana is an important canopy tree species widely distributed in the plains and mountains from the north-subtropical zone to the tropical zone in China. Full understanding of the natural regeneration processes of tree seedling and limiting factors is important for plant population conservation and forest management. Our objective is to investigate the factors that limit seedling regeneration of L. formosana under canopies of Formosan sweetgum forests in hilly regions of Southeast Hubei, China.
Methods Seedling regeneration of L. formosana occurs sporadically under canopies of mixed pine forests but poorly under Formosan sweetgum canopy. In 2008, we carried out a series of experiments to study factors limiting seedling regeneration of L. formosana under mixed pine forests and Formosan sweetgum forests and tested: (1) effects of lower temperature and soil moisture on seed longevity, (2) effects of forest type, soil type and litter cover on seed survival, (3) litter allelopathy effects on seed longevity and germination, and (4) effects of light intensity under canopies on seedling survival.
Important findings Dispersed seeds of L. formosana could germinate immediately at lower temperatures (4-8 °C), although such temperatures were fatal to seedling establishment. Contrary to our prediction, soil type, litter leachate and litter cover had no effects on L. formosana seed viability and could not be used to explain poor seedling regeneration under canopies of Formosan sweetgum forest. We also did not find any litter leachate inhibition or promotion effects on seed germination, although a short germination lag effect was found with leachate of pine needles and sweetgum leaves. Shading first-year seedlings of L. formosana indicated that about 90% would die under the canopy of the Formosan sweetgum forest (with its 3% transmittance of open-sky light). In general, our experiments suggested that non-dormant seed and shade-intolerant seedlings of L. formosana were key factors limiting seedling regeneration under canopies of Formosan sweetgum forest.

Key words: Liquidambar formosana, litter allelopathy, non-dormant seed, shade intolerance

王传华, 李俊清, 陈芳清, 杨莹. 鄂东南低丘地区枫香林下枫香幼苗更新限制因子. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(2): 187-194. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00187

WANG Chuan-Hua, LI Jun-Qing, CHEN Fang-Qing, YANG Ying. Factors affecting seedling regeneration of Liquidambar formosana in the L. formosana forests in hilly regions of Southeast Hubei, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(2): 187-194. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00187

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图/表 6

参考文献 27

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		未萌发种子的活性 Viability of seeds remaining un-germinated (%)
		2009-02-01	2009-03-01	2009-04-01	2009-05-01	2009-06-01
温度 T (℃)	4	82.6^a	79.0^a	46.7^a	23.2^a	6.6^b
	8	86.4^a	65.0^b	0.1^b	5.7^b	0.1^a
	12	70.1^b	44.4^c	1.4^c	0.2^c	1.2^a
土壤湿度 H (%)	15	83.8^ns	65.4^ab	22.5^b	12.9^c	3.1^ab
	25	80.5^ns	66.5^b	24.9^b	16.9^c	5.2^b
	45	76.3^ns	58.6^a	12.8^a	2.7^a	0.6^a
	80	78.1^ns	60.9^a	21.6^b	6.4^b	1.7^ab
T × H相互作用 T × H interaction		s	s	s	s	s
T × H处理 T × H treatment	4 × 15	86.3^c	67.3^c	30.5^d	20.9^d	9.2^c
	4 × 25	84.9^ef	82.9^ef	67.1^e	49.1^e	13.2^c
	4 × 45	73.2^de	78.1c^de	28.2^d	7.2^c	0.7^ab
	4 × 80	86.0^f	87.8^f	60.9^e	15.7^d	3.4^b
	8 × 15	88.9^cd	70.3^cd	0^a	0^a	0^a
	8 × 25	85.5^c	66.4^c	0^a	0^a	0^a
	8 × 45	86.6^bc	61.7^bc	0^a	0^a	0.3^a
	8 × 80	84.5^bc	61.8^bc	0.3^a	0.8^ab	0.3^a
	12 × 15	76.4^bc	58.6^bc	37.0^d	17.7^d	0^a
	12 × 25	71.1^b	50.1^a	7.5^bc	1.6^ab	2.6^ab
	12 × 45	69.2^a	35.9^a	10.2^c	0.8^ab	0.9^a
	12 × 80	63.8^a	32.9^a	3.4^b	2.7^bc	1.5^ab

		未萌发种子的活性 Viability of seeds remaining un-germinated (%)
		2009-02-01	2009-03-01	2009-04-01	2009-05-01	2009-06-01
温度 T (℃)	4	82.6^a	79.0^a	46.7^a	23.2^a	6.6^b
	8	86.4^a	65.0^b	0.1^b	5.7^b	0.1^a
	12	70.1^b	44.4^c	1.4^c	0.2^c	1.2^a
土壤湿度 H (%)	15	83.8^ns	65.4^ab	22.5^b	12.9^c	3.1^ab
	25	80.5^ns	66.5^b	24.9^b	16.9^c	5.2^b
	45	76.3^ns	58.6^a	12.8^a	2.7^a	0.6^a
	80	78.1^ns	60.9^a	21.6^b	6.4^b	1.7^ab
T × H相互作用 T × H interaction		s	s	s	s	s
T × H处理 T × H treatment	4 × 15	86.3^c	67.3^c	30.5^d	20.9^d	9.2^c
	4 × 25	84.9^ef	82.9^ef	67.1^e	49.1^e	13.2^c
	4 × 45	73.2^de	78.1c^de	28.2^d	7.2^c	0.7^ab
	4 × 80	86.0^f	87.8^f	60.9^e	15.7^d	3.4^b
	8 × 15	88.9^cd	70.3^cd	0^a	0^a	0^a
	8 × 25	85.5^c	66.4^c	0^a	0^a	0^a
	8 × 45	86.6^bc	61.7^bc	0^a	0^a	0.3^a
	8 × 80	84.5^bc	61.8^bc	0.3^a	0.8^ab	0.3^a
	12 × 15	76.4^bc	58.6^bc	37.0^d	17.7^d	0^a
	12 × 25	71.1^b	50.1^a	7.5^bc	1.6^ab	2.6^ab
	12 × 45	69.2^a	35.9^a	10.2^c	0.8^ab	0.9^a
	12 × 80	63.8^a	32.9^a	3.4^b	2.7^bc	1.5^ab

变异来源 Variation source		自由度 df	平方和 SS	均方 MS	F值 F value
主处理 Main treatment	区组 Block	9	4 283.65	475.96	4.36*
	林型 Forest type	1	37.89	37.89	0.35
	误差(林型) E_forest	9	981.71	109.08
亚处理 Sub treatment	处理 Treatment	4	125 643.99	31 411.00	207.55**
	处理×林型 Treatment × forest type	4	4 231.35	1 057.84	6.99**
	误差 E	71	10 745.37	151.34

变异来源 Variation source		自由度 df	平方和 SS	均方 MS	F值 F value
主处理 Main treatment	区组 Block	9	4 283.65	475.96	4.36*
	林型 Forest type	1	37.89	37.89	0.35
	误差(林型) E_forest	9	981.71	109.08
亚处理 Sub treatment	处理 Treatment	4	125 643.99	31 411.00	207.55**
	处理×林型 Treatment × forest type	4	4 231.35	1 057.84	6.99**
	误差 E	71	10 745.37	151.34

处理 Treatment	逐日萌发率 Germination per day (%)				合计 Total
处理 Treatment	3rd day	4th day	5th day	6th day	合计 Total
DW	12.4^c	28.8^bc	27.2^b	11.0^a	89.4^ns
LQ	16.2^c	31.2^c	23.2^ab	10.2^a	89.2^ns
LS	1.2^a	12.6^a	21.4^a	21.8^b	87.6^ns
NP	2.4^ab	12.2^a	29.0^b	22.0^b	84.0^ns
CS	3.2^b	25.4^b	25.2^ab	18.0^b	90.8^ns