植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 467-475.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0288
所属专题: 生态遥感及应用; 青藏高原植物生态学:遥感生态学
薛鹏飞1,2, 李文龙1,2,*(), 朱高峰3, 周华坤4, 刘陈立1,2, 晏和飘1,2
收稿日期:
2020-08-21
接受日期:
2021-01-12
出版日期:
2021-05-20
发布日期:
2021-03-09
通讯作者:
李文龙
作者简介:
*薛鹏飞:ORCID: 0000-0002-4617-3404(wllee@lzu.edu.cn)基金资助:
XUE Peng-Fei1,2, LI Wen-Long1,2,*(), ZHU Gao-Feng3, ZHOU Hua-Kun4, LIU Chen-Li1,2, YAN He-Piao1,2
Received:
2020-08-21
Accepted:
2021-01-12
Online:
2021-05-20
Published:
2021-03-09
Contact:
LI Wen-Long
Supported by:
摘要:
高寒湿地是青藏高原地区最重要的生态水源涵养区之一, 也是局部气候的有效调节者, 其动态变化与成因亟待深入研究。该研究基于遥感图像分析、地理信息系统空间分析和景观生态指数分析结合的方法, 以黄河首曲玛曲县高寒湿地为研究对象, 对1995-2018年6期湿地的动态变化进行研究。结果表明, 研究区湿地在1995-2010年间不断退化, 1995-2010年湿地面积总共减少了18 680.31 hm2。在2010-2018年间黄河首曲高寒湿地面积有所增加, 但与20世纪90年代相比, 21世纪初开始湿地的面积普遍呈现下降趋势; 1995-2010年湿地斑块数不断增加, 斑块密度不断增大, 平均斑块面积下降, 景观的破碎度升高; 2010-2015年湿地斑块数和斑块密度减少, 2015-2018年湿地斑块数和斑块密度增加, 平均斑块面积先增大后减小, 景观的破碎度先降低后升高。1995-2010年研究区高寒湿地景观Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数均呈现下降的趋势, 湿地的景观结构趋于简单, 景观类型分布更加集中。2010-2018年湿地景观Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数均呈现上升趋势, 湿地的景观结构趋于复杂, 景观类型增加且分布更加分散。进一步的驱动力分析表明, 引起黄河首曲高寒湿地景观格局演变的主要因素是蒸发量和降水量, 其次是人口数量和大牲畜数量等人类活动影响。气候因子是影响黄河首曲高寒湿地面积变化的主要原因, 过度的人类经济活动在一定程度上加剧了湿地的变化。
薛鹏飞, 李文龙, 朱高峰, 周华坤, 刘陈立, 晏和飘. 黄河首曲玛曲县高寒湿地景观格局演变. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(5): 467-475. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0288
XUE Peng-Fei, LI Wen-Long, ZHU Gao-Feng, ZHOU Hua-Kun, LIU Chen-Li, YAN He-Piao. Changes in the pattern of an alpine wetland landscape in Maqu County in the first meander of the Yellow River. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(5): 467-475. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0288
1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kappa系数 Kappa coefficient (%) | 88.0 | 90.0 | 86.5 | 89.5 | 92.0 | 87.0 |
总体精度 Accuracy | 0.80 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.81 |
表1 遥感数据分类结果的Kappa系数与总体精度
Table 1 Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of the classification results of remote sensing data
1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kappa系数 Kappa coefficient (%) | 88.0 | 90.0 | 86.5 | 89.5 | 92.0 | 87.0 |
总体精度 Accuracy | 0.80 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.81 |
年 Year | 斑块数 Patch number | 面积 Area (hm2) | 景观比率 Landscape ratio (%) | 以1995年为基准期减少百分比 Percentage reduction by base period (1995) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 759 | 84 795.84 | 8.877 | - |
2000 | 860 | 73 574.91 | 7.702 | 13.24 |
2005 | 931 | 71 817.84 | 7.518 | 15.30 |
2010 | 1 142 | 66 115.53 | 6.922 | 22.03 |
2015 | 662 | 71 530.11 | 7.488 | 15.64 |
2018 | 786 | 74 498.13 | 7.792 | 12.14 |
表2 玛曲县高寒湿地不同时期景观动态变化
Table 2 Dynamics of changes in alpine wetland in Maqu County
年 Year | 斑块数 Patch number | 面积 Area (hm2) | 景观比率 Landscape ratio (%) | 以1995年为基准期减少百分比 Percentage reduction by base period (1995) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 759 | 84 795.84 | 8.877 | - |
2000 | 860 | 73 574.91 | 7.702 | 13.24 |
2005 | 931 | 71 817.84 | 7.518 | 15.30 |
2010 | 1 142 | 66 115.53 | 6.922 | 22.03 |
2015 | 662 | 71 530.11 | 7.488 | 15.64 |
2018 | 786 | 74 498.13 | 7.792 | 12.14 |
斑块大小 Patch size (hm2) | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<50 | 3 734.37 | 5 078.52 (+36.0%) | 4 307.67 (-15.2%) | 5 796.99 (+34.6%) | 4 956.39 (-14.5%) | 6 114.60 (+23.4%) |
50-1 000 | 17 723.34 | 21 753.54 (+22.7%) | 17 647.92 (-18.9%) | 19 600.56 (+11.1%) | 14 940.45 (-23.8%) | 18 917.73 (+26.6%) |
1 000-10 000 | 22 844.25 | 8 843.40 (-61.3%) | 19 358.64 (+118.9%) | 18 758.34 (-3.1%) | 27 581.04 (+47.0%) | 26 336.97 (-4.5%) |
>10 000 | 40 493.88 | 37 899.45 (-6.4%) | 30 503.61 (-19.5%) | 21 959.64 (-28.0%) | 23 013.00 (+4.8%) | 23 128.83 (+0.5%) |
合计 Total | 84 795.84 | 73 574.91 (-13.2%) | 71 817.84 (-2.4%) | 66 115.53 (-7.9%) | 70 490.88 (+6.6%) | 74 498.13 (+5.7%) |
表3 1995-2018年玛曲县高寒湿地面积组成(hm2)
Table 3 Area components of the alpine wetland in Maqu County during 1995-2018 (hm2)
斑块大小 Patch size (hm2) | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<50 | 3 734.37 | 5 078.52 (+36.0%) | 4 307.67 (-15.2%) | 5 796.99 (+34.6%) | 4 956.39 (-14.5%) | 6 114.60 (+23.4%) |
50-1 000 | 17 723.34 | 21 753.54 (+22.7%) | 17 647.92 (-18.9%) | 19 600.56 (+11.1%) | 14 940.45 (-23.8%) | 18 917.73 (+26.6%) |
1 000-10 000 | 22 844.25 | 8 843.40 (-61.3%) | 19 358.64 (+118.9%) | 18 758.34 (-3.1%) | 27 581.04 (+47.0%) | 26 336.97 (-4.5%) |
>10 000 | 40 493.88 | 37 899.45 (-6.4%) | 30 503.61 (-19.5%) | 21 959.64 (-28.0%) | 23 013.00 (+4.8%) | 23 128.83 (+0.5%) |
合计 Total | 84 795.84 | 73 574.91 (-13.2%) | 71 817.84 (-2.4%) | 66 115.53 (-7.9%) | 70 490.88 (+6.6%) | 74 498.13 (+5.7%) |
图5 玛曲县高寒湿地年平均气温(A)、年降水量(B)和年蒸发量(C)趋势。
Fig. 5 Trends of annual average air temperature (A), annual precipitation (B) and annual evaporation (C) of the alpine wetland in Maqu County.
年 Year | 国内生产总值 Gross domestic product (104 yuan) | 第一产业值 Primary industry (104 yuan) | 第二产业值 Secondary industry (104 yuan) | 第三产业值 Tertiary industry (104 yuan) | 产业结构 Industrial structure (%) | 人口数量Population | 牲畜数量 Number of livestock (104) | 人均生产总值 Per capita GDP (104 yuan) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 13 961 | 8 541 | 3 563 | 1 857 | 61/26/13 | 31 745 | 60.71 | 0.422 7 |
2000 | 23 751 | 10 394 | 9 620 | 3 737 | 44/41/15 | 37 100 | 68.09 | 0.632 2 |
2005 | 42 750 | 12 433 | 20 470 | 9 847 | 29/48/23 | 45 100 | 78.17 | 0.954 2 |
2010 | 95 165 | 28 269 | 34 998 | 31 898 | 30/37/33 | 51 400 | 105.10 | 1.853 3 |
2015 | 134 546 | 46 826 | 23 610 | 64 128 | 35/18/49 | 52 040 | 100.10 | 2.364 9 |
2018 | 172 886 | 77 898 | 16 615 | 78 373 | 45/10/45 | 58 200 | 94.10 | 2.878 0 |
表4 玛曲县高寒湿地各产业总值及其产业结构
Table 4 Total values of economic production and the structure of industrial types in the alpine wetland in Maqu County
年 Year | 国内生产总值 Gross domestic product (104 yuan) | 第一产业值 Primary industry (104 yuan) | 第二产业值 Secondary industry (104 yuan) | 第三产业值 Tertiary industry (104 yuan) | 产业结构 Industrial structure (%) | 人口数量Population | 牲畜数量 Number of livestock (104) | 人均生产总值 Per capita GDP (104 yuan) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 13 961 | 8 541 | 3 563 | 1 857 | 61/26/13 | 31 745 | 60.71 | 0.422 7 |
2000 | 23 751 | 10 394 | 9 620 | 3 737 | 44/41/15 | 37 100 | 68.09 | 0.632 2 |
2005 | 42 750 | 12 433 | 20 470 | 9 847 | 29/48/23 | 45 100 | 78.17 | 0.954 2 |
2010 | 95 165 | 28 269 | 34 998 | 31 898 | 30/37/33 | 51 400 | 105.10 | 1.853 3 |
2015 | 134 546 | 46 826 | 23 610 | 64 128 | 35/18/49 | 52 040 | 100.10 | 2.364 9 |
2018 | 172 886 | 77 898 | 16 615 | 78 373 | 45/10/45 | 58 200 | 94.10 | 2.878 0 |
年蒸发量 Annual evaporation | 年降水量 Annual precipitation | 总人口 Total population | 大型动物存栏数 Large livestock inventory | 年平均气温 Annual average air temperature | 第一产业 Primary industry | 第二产业 Secondary industry | 第三产业 Tertiary Industry | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
相关系数 Correlativeness | 0.929 | 0.849 | 0.802 | 0.795 | 0.738 | 0.658 | 0.582 | 0.512 |
排序 Sort | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
表5 玛曲县高寒湿地面积与各影响因子的关联度和关联顺序
Table 5 Correlativeness and ranking of correlation between wetland area and various influencing factors in the alpine wetland in Maqu County
年蒸发量 Annual evaporation | 年降水量 Annual precipitation | 总人口 Total population | 大型动物存栏数 Large livestock inventory | 年平均气温 Annual average air temperature | 第一产业 Primary industry | 第二产业 Secondary industry | 第三产业 Tertiary Industry | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
相关系数 Correlativeness | 0.929 | 0.849 | 0.802 | 0.795 | 0.738 | 0.658 | 0.582 | 0.512 |
排序 Sort | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
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