Effects of the first rainfall timing and amount on morphological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of two ephemeral species in the Gurbantünggüt Desert, northwestern China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0385

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Early spring rainfall event is an important factor affecting the growth of desert ephemeral plants. This study aims to understand the effects of the first rainfall timing and amount on the photosynthesis and growth of desert ephemeral plants in early spring.

Methods Two dominant ephemeral species, Erodium oxyrhinchum and Centaurea pulchella were selected in the Gurbantünggüt Desert, and treatments of three times of the first rainfall (10, 20 and 30 days after the snow melted completely) and three amounts of rainfall (5, 10 and 15 mm) were conducted. The plant morphology, biomass and chlorophyll fluorescence of the two plants were determined.

Important findings When the rainfall occurred on the 10th day after the snow melted completely, the leaf area and total biomass of the E. oxyrhinchum increased significantly with the rainfall amount, while the maximum photochemical efficiency decreased. If the rainfall was applied on the 20th and 30th day after the snow melted completely, the leaf area of the E. oxyrhinchum and C. pulchellaincreased significantly with the rainfall amount. On the other hand, if the treatments were applied with the addition of 5 mm rainfall, the maximum photochemical efficiency of the E. oxyrhinchum and C. pulchella decreased firstly and then increased significantly with the delay of the first rainfall timing. If the treatments were applied with the addition of 10 mm rainfall, the shoot to root ratio (S/R), root length and total biomass of the E. oxyrhinchum increased firstly and then decreased significantly with the delay of the first rainfall timing, but the root length of the C. pulchella increased significantly. If the treatments were applied with the addition of 15 mm rainfall, the leaf area, S/R and maximum photochemical efficiency of the E. oxyrhinchum increased with the delay of the first rainfall timing. For the C. pulchella, total biomass increased significantly, maximum photochemical efficiency and S/R decreased significantly with the delay of the first rainfall timing. The root length of the E. oxyrhinchum and C. pulchella were significantly positively correlated with soil moisture content of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, respectively. In general, the effects of the first rainfall amount on plant growth are much larger than effects of the first rainfall timing in early spring. However, different ephemeral species showed different trends with the changes in rainfall pattern. The variation in early spring rainfall caused by climate change can affect the morphological characteristics of desert ephemeral plants in desert, and then may affect the stability of desert ecosystem in early spring.

Key words: desert ephemeral plant, first rainfall timing, first rainfall amount, total biomass, maximum photochemical efficiency

ZHANG Yu-Lin, YIN Ben-Feng, TAO Ye, LI Yong-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Bing, ZHANG Yuan-Ming. Effects of the first rainfall timing and amount on morphological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of two ephemeral species in the Gurbantünggüt Desert, northwestern China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2022, 46(4): 428-439.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2020.0385

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I4/428

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 Effects of the first rainfall timing and amounts after snow melted completely on soil moisture content at different soil depths in the Gurbantünggüt Desert (mean ± SD). First rainfall time represent days after the snow melted completely. Different lowercase letters indicate the significant differences in the soil moisture content among different treatments of rainfall amounts at the same first rainfall timing. Different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences in the soil moisture content between different treatments of the first rainfall timing under the same rainfall amount (p < 0.05).

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis of effects of the first rainfall timing and amounts after snow melted completely on the growth and photochemical efficiency of the Erodium oxyrhinchum and Centaurea pulchella in the Gurbantünggüt Desert

物种 Species	处理 Treatment	df	RL	H	S/R	TB	LA	F_v/F_m	YII
尖喙牻牛儿苗 Erodium oxyrhinchum	R	2	26.984^**	4.279^*	0.334	0.056	25.901^**	0.587	0.298
	T	2	14.872^**	4.283^*	0.191	0.118	7.399^**	3.748^*	5.881^**
	T × R	4	24.044^**	2.207^**	0.031	0.091	2.358	3.488^*	0.938
琉苞菊 Centaurea pulchella	R	2	0.058	4.617^*	1.696	0.431	9.741^**	0.039	0.083
	T	2	0.312	3.235^*	0.983	1.427	0.994	4.417^*	0.852
	T × R	4	0.462	5.249^**	0.369	1.000	0.573	0.976	0.476

Fig. 2 Effects of the first rainfall timing and amounts after snow melted completely on the growth of the Erodium oxyrhinchum and Centaurea pulchella in the Gurbantünggüt Desert (mean ± SD). First rainfall time represent days after the snow melted completely. Different lowercase letters indicate the significant differences among different treatments of rainfall amounts at the same first rainfall timing, different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences among different treatments of the first rainfall timing under the same rainfall amount (p < 0.05). S/R, shoot to root ratio.

Fig. 3 Effects of the first rainfall timing and amounts after snow melted completely on the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and actual photochemical efficiency (YII) of the Erodium oxyrhinchum and Centaurea pulchella in the Gurbantünggüt Desert (mean ± SD). First rainfall time represent days after the snow melted completely. Different lowercase letters indicate the significant differences among different treatments of rainfall amounts at the same first rainfall timing, different uppercase letters indicate the significant differences among different treatments of the first rainfall timing under the same rainfall amount (p < 0.05).

Table 2 Correlation coefficients between the photosynthesis and growth of the Erodium oxyrhinchum and Centaurea pulchella and soil moisture at different soil depths in the Gurbantünggüt Desert

物种 Species	指标 Index	SWC-1	SWC-2	SWC-3	RL	H	S/R	TB	LA	F_v/F_m	YII
尖喙牻牛儿苗 Erodium oxyrrhynchum	SWC-1	1
	SWC-2	0.742	1
	SWC-3	0.234	0.220	1
	RL	0.941	0.710	0.232	1
	H	0.302	0.335	-0.189	0.509	1
	S/R	0.099	-0.034	-0.533	0.129	-0.043	1
	TB	-0.132	-0.217	-0.549	-0.053	-0.025	0.689	1
	LA	-0.305	-0.401	-0.375	-0.193	0.279	0.093	-0.257	1
	F_v/F_m	-0.169	-0.277	-0.399	0.010	0.628	0.301	0.076	0.749	1
	YII	-0.137	0.036	-0.602	0.019	0.569	0.268	-0.011	0.795	0.736	1
琉苞菊 Centaurea pulchella	SWC-1	1
	SWC-2	-0.100	1
	SWC-3	-0.579	0.268	1
	RL	-0.538	0.729	0.761	1
	H	-0.044	0.877	-0.089	0.503	1
	S/R	-0.450	-0.268	0.606	0.319	-0.398	1
	TB	-0.065	0.130	0.455	0.435	-0.008	0.363	1
	LA	-0.602	0.216	0.311	0.447	0.170	0.370	-0.134	1
	F_v/F_m	-0.498	0.704	0.347	0.768	0.684	0.270	0.113	0.749	1
	YII	-0.433	0.150	0.164	0.330	0.288	0.475	0.103	0.795	0.736	1

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