Effect of pollen source on reproductive success of Impatiens oxyanthera under warming conditions

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0169

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Pollen source influences the reproductive success of plants and the genetic structure of their populations, and maternal effects facilitate the adaptation of offspring to the environmental conditions that their parental generation were exposed to. However, the effect of pollen source combined with maternal effects on reproductive success of plants remains unknown under climate warming.

Methods In this study, Impatiens oxyanthera, a facultative outcrossing plant endemic to China, was taken as the research object. This study was designed using a randomized block design with two factors (warmed at 0 and 2 °C in parental generation, warmed at 0, 2 and 4 °C in offspring generation). From these two factors, six treatment combinations were obtained, aiming to better understand the effects of warming treatments in offspring generation on pollen source limitation of I. oxyanthera under different warming treatments in parental generation.

Important findings The seed setting rate and seeds of allogamous treatments were all higher than the corresponding values of autogamous, and two values showed different degrees of decrease with the increase of offspring temperature, in particular, seed set rate and seed number of selfing decreased significantly with warming treatments in offspring generation, while warming treatments in parental generation moderated the decreasing effect of reproductive success caused by autogamouy. This results suggested that the reproductive success of allogamy was greater than that of autogamy. Warming treatments in the offspring generation significantly reduced the fitness of self-fertilization, but warming treatments in the parental generation could mitigate this adverse effects, thus showed adaptive transgenerational plasticity in responses to warming.

Key words: warming, Impatiens oxyanthera, pollen source limitation, cross-pollination, self-pollination, transgenerational plasticity, reproductive success

ZHONG Nan-Die, WANG Li, XIAO Jie, WANG Qiong. Effect of pollen source on reproductive success of Impatiens oxyanthera under warming conditions[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2022, 46(4): 416-427.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0169

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I4/416

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1 Daily mean air temperature changes of three temperature treatments in offspring generation during artificial warming. O0, warmed 0 °C in the offspring generation; O2, warmed 2 °C in the offspring generation; O4, warmed 4 °C in the offspring generation.

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of partial mixed pollination in 2019 (A) and single pollination in 2020 (B). Hollow circles and NP represent natural pollination, grey circles and CP represent cross-pollination, and black circles and SP represent self-pollination.

Table 1 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations and pollen source on seed set of Impatiens oxyanthera (three-way ANOVA)

实验处理 Experimental treatment	2019	2020
母代增温 Warming treatments in the parental generations	1.350 (0.246)	0.236 (0.628)
子代增温 Warming treatments in the offspring generations	2.286 (0.103)	2.169 (0.119)
花粉来源 Pollen source	16.528 (<0.001)	8.963 (<0.001)
母代增温×子代增温 Warming treatments in the parental generations × warming treatments in the offspring generations	2.222 (0.110)	1.647 (0.197)
母代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the parental generations × pollen source	0.245 (0.783)	5.957 (0.003)
子代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the offspring generations × pollen source	1.687 (0.153)	0.098 (0.983)
母代增温×子代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the parental generations × warming treatments in the offspring generations × pollen source	0.175 (0.951)	3.366 (0.012)

Fig. 3 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations on seed set of Impatiens oxyanthera in 2019 (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters represent significant difference among three warming treatments in the offspring generation (p < 0.05); different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different pollination treatments under the same warming treatments in the offspring generation (p < 0.05). M0, warmed 0 °C in the parental generation. M2, warmed 2 °C in the parental generation. O0, warmed 0 °C in the offspring generation; O2, warmed 2 °C in the offspring generation; O4, warmed 4 °C in the offspring generation. CP, cross-pollination; NP, natural pollination; SP, self-pollination.

Fig. 4 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations on seed set of Impatiens oxyanthera in 2020 (mean ± SE). Same uppercase letters represent no significant difference among three warming treatments in the offspring generation (p ≥ 0.05); different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different pollination treatments under the same warming treatments in the offspring generation (p < 0.05). M0, warmed 0 °C in the parental generation. M2, warmed 2 °C in the parental generation. O0, warmed 0 °C in the offspring generation; O2, warmed 2 °C in the offspring generation; O4, warmed 4 °C in the offspring generation. CP, cross-pollination; NP, natural pollination; SP, self-pollination.

Table 2 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations and pollen source on number of unfertilized ovules of Impatiens oxyanthera (three-way ANOVA)

实验处理 Experimental treatment	2019	2020
母代增温 Warming treatments in the parental generations	0.000 (0.991)	0.950 (0.332)
子代增温 Warming treatments in the offspring generations	3.667 (0.027)	1.681 (0.191)
花粉来源 Pollen source	13.769 (<0.001)	8.147 (<0.001)
母代增温×子代增温 Warming treatments in the parental generations × warming treatments in the offspring generations	3.208 (0.042)	1.585 (0.209)
母代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the parental generations × pollen source	0.214 (0.807)	4.939 (0.009)
子代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the offspring generations × pollen source	1.686 (0.153)	0.630 (0.642)
母代增温×子代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the parental generations × warming treatments in the offspring generations × pollen source	0.602 (0.648)	2.971 (0.022)

Fig. 5 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations on number of unfertilized ovules of Impatiens oxyanthera in 2019 (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters represent significant difference among three warming treatments in the offspring generation (p < 0.05); different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different pollination treatments under the same warming treatments in the offspring generation (p < 0.05). M0, warmed 0 °C in the parental generation. M2, warmed 2 °C in the parental generation. O0, warmed 0 °C in the offspring generation; O2, warmed 2 °C in the offspring generation; O4, warmed 4 °C in the offspring generation. CP, cross-pollination; NP, natural pollination; SP, self-pollination.

Fig. 6 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations on number of unfertilized ovules of Impatiens oxyanthera in 2020 (mean ± SE). Same uppercase letters represent no significant difference among three warming treatments in the offspring generation (p ≥ 0.05); different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different pollination treatments under the same warming treatments in the offspring generation (p < 0.05). M0, warmed 0 °C in the parental generation. M2, warmed 2 °C in the parental generation. O0, warmed 0 °C in the offspring generation; O2, warmed 2 °C in the offspring generation; O4, warmed 4 °C in the offspring generation. CP, cross-pollination; NP, natural pollination; SP, self-pollination.

Table 3 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations and pollen source on seed number of Impatiens oxyanthera (three-way ANOVA)

实验处理 Experimental treatment	2019	2020
母代增温 Warming treatments in the parental generations	1.350 (0.246)	0.183 (0.669)
子代增温 Warming treatments in the offspring generations	2.286 (0.103)	1.380 (0.256)
花粉来源 Pollen source	16.528 (<0.001)	6.541 (0.002)
母代增温×子代增温 Warming treatments in the parental generations × warming treatments in the offspring generations	2.222 (0.110)	1.265 (0.286)
母代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the parental generations × pollen source	0.245 (0.783)	5.493 (0.005)
子代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the offspring generations × pollen source	1.687 (0.153)	0.167 (0.955)
母代增温×子代增温×花粉来源 Warming treatments in the parental generations × warming treatments in the offspring generations × pollen source	0.175 (0.951)	3.554 (0.009)

Fig. 7 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations on seed number of Impatiens oxyanthera in 2019 (mean ± SE). Same uppercase letters represent no significant difference among three warming treatments in the offspring generation (p ≥ 0.05); different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different pollination treatments under the same warming treatments in the offspring generation (p < 0.05). M0, warmed 0 °C in the parental generation. M2, warmed 2 °C in the parental generation. O0, warmed 0 °C in the offspring generation; O2, warmed 2 °C in the offspring generation; O4, warmed 4 °C in the offspring generation. CP, cross-pollination; NP, natural pollination; SP, self-pollination.

Fig. 8 Effects of warming treatments in the parental and offspring generations on seed number of Impatiens oxyanthera in 2020 (mean ± SE). Same uppercase letters represent no significant difference among three warming treatments in the offspring generation (p ≥ 0.05); different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different pollination treatments under the same warming treatments in the offspring generation (p < 0.05). M0, warmed 0 °C in the parental generation. M2, warmed 2 °C in the parental generation. O0, warmed 0 °C in the offspring generation; O2, warmed 2 °C in the offspring generation; O4, warmed 4 °C in the offspring generation. CP, cross-pollination; NP, natural pollination; SP, self-pollination.

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