Wind-dispersed traits of cypselas in ten Asteraceae alien invasive species

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.08.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Wind dispersal of cypsela is the prevailing natural dispersal pattern in Asteraceae alien invasive species, but few studies have addressed the relationship between the characteristics of cypsela adapted to wind-dispersal and invasiveness. Our objective is to study the relationship between wind-dispersal traits and invasiveness to provide insight into invasion mechanisms and control of alien invasive species.

Methods We selected ten wind-dispersed Asteraceae invasive species with cypselas, observed morphological traits of cypsela such as pappus number, pappus length, barb number on pappus and 1000-grain weight of cypsela and measured vertical settlement velocity in still air and horizontal dispersal distance in moving air. Correlations between morphological traits of cypsela and settlement velocity and horizontal dispersal distance were analyzed in relation to invasive range.

Important findings We categorized the ten Asteraceae invasive species into three classes with strong, medium and weak dispersal-wind potential according to morphological traits of cypsela. Correlation analysis showed that pappus traits and weight of cypsela significantly affected both the settlement velocity and the horizontal dispersal distance. The settlement velocity was significantly affected by both pappus length (r = -0.483, p < 0.001) and barb numbers on pappus (r = -0.282, p = 0.002). Factors most affecting horizontal dispersal distance were cypsela weight and pappus length. Settlement velocity and horizontal dispersal distance were negatively correlated (r = -0.806, p = 0.005). The occurrence of these Asteraceae invasive species was significantly negatively correlated with settlement velocity (r = -0.721, p = 0.019) and significantly positively correlated with horizontal dispersal distance (r = 0.927, p = 0.000), suggesting that the horizontal dispersal distance better reflected invasiveness. Agratum conyzoides and Galinsoga parviflora with high invasiveness should be primary targets for invasive species management in Nanjing, China based on our results.

Key words: Asteraceae, cypsela, dispersal potential, horizontal dispersal distance, invasive species, pappus, settlement velocity

HAO Jian-Hua, QIANG Sheng, Du Kang-Ning, GAO Yuan-Xing. Wind-dispersed traits of cypselas in ten Asteraceae alien invasive species[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34(8): 957-965.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.08.008

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2010/V34/I8/957

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References 44

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种 Species	千粒重 1000-grain weight (mg)	冠毛数量 Pappus numbers	冠毛长度 Pappus length (mm)	冠毛小刺对数 Barb numbers	沉降速度 Settlement velocity (cm·s^-1)	水平扩散距离 Horizontal dispersal distance (m)
胜红蓟 Ageratum conyzoides	94.57 ±1.30 (3)	5.0 ± 0.7 (40)	1.6 ± 0.2 (82)	31.3 ±5.1 (82)	146.0 ± 22.2 (10)	1.37 ± 0.26 (100)
牛膝菊 Galinsoga parviflora	193.40 ± 9.68 (5)	18.2 ± 1.5 (10)	1.3 ± 0.2 (20)	12.2 ±2.8 (20)	145.5 ± 14.8 (10)	0.89 ± 0.24 (100)
一年蓬 Erigeron annuus	21.43 ± 1.69 (3)	11.8 ± 1.5 (10)	2.5 ± 0.3 (20)	91.8 ± 11.5 (20)	69.4 ± 16.3 (16)	1.76 ± 0.29 (100)
紫茎泽兰 Ageratina adenophora	76.17 ± 7.52 (6)	9.1 ± 1.0 (20)	3.0 ± 0.2 (20)	277.3 ± 81.5 (20)	67.5 ± 21.9 (10)	1.68 ± 0.30 (100)
钻形紫菀 Aster subulatus	42.97 ± 2.01 (3)	33.1 ± 4.9 (50)	3.2 ± 0.2 (100)	52.8 ± 9.1 (80)	59.9 ± 24.7 (20)	2.08 ± 0.35 (100)
续断菊 Sonchus asper	335.67 ± 27.02 (3)	112.7 ± 12.0 (10)	6.8 ± 0.5 (20)	119.7 ± 8.1 (20)	52.7 ± 7.6 (10)	1.73 ± 0.25 (100)
苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus	369.00 ± 89.00 (3)	232.0 ± 30.9 (10)	6.3 ± 0.9 (20)	190.4 ± 22.8 (20)	44.6 ± 3.3 (10)	1.61 ± 0.29 (100)
野塘蒿 Conyza bonariensis	34.47 ± 1.19 (3)	19.2 ± 2.2 (10)	2.8 ± 0.2 (20)	68.8 ± 9.0 (20)	41.5 ± 5.2 (10)	1.63 ± 0.24 (100)
小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	40.11 ± 1.71 (3)	21.1 ± 3.1 (40)	2.4 ± 0.3 (80)	36.2 ± 7.2 (80)	32.1 ± 3.7 (10)	2.36 ± 0.39 (100)
苏门白酒草 Conyza sumatrensis	33.55 ± 1.95 (3)	18.4 ± 1.5 (10)	3.3 ± 0.2 (20)	114.5 ± 71.5 (20)	24.0 ± 3.3 (10)	2.43 ± 0.56 (100)

种 Species	千粒重 1000-grain weight (mg)	冠毛数量 Pappus numbers	冠毛长度 Pappus length (mm)	冠毛小刺对数 Barb numbers	沉降速度 Settlement velocity (cm·s^-1)	水平扩散距离 Horizontal dispersal distance (m)
胜红蓟 Ageratum conyzoides	94.57 ±1.30 (3)	5.0 ± 0.7 (40)	1.6 ± 0.2 (82)	31.3 ±5.1 (82)	146.0 ± 22.2 (10)	1.37 ± 0.26 (100)
牛膝菊 Galinsoga parviflora	193.40 ± 9.68 (5)	18.2 ± 1.5 (10)	1.3 ± 0.2 (20)	12.2 ±2.8 (20)	145.5 ± 14.8 (10)	0.89 ± 0.24 (100)
一年蓬 Erigeron annuus	21.43 ± 1.69 (3)	11.8 ± 1.5 (10)	2.5 ± 0.3 (20)	91.8 ± 11.5 (20)	69.4 ± 16.3 (16)	1.76 ± 0.29 (100)
紫茎泽兰 Ageratina adenophora	76.17 ± 7.52 (6)	9.1 ± 1.0 (20)	3.0 ± 0.2 (20)	277.3 ± 81.5 (20)	67.5 ± 21.9 (10)	1.68 ± 0.30 (100)
钻形紫菀 Aster subulatus	42.97 ± 2.01 (3)	33.1 ± 4.9 (50)	3.2 ± 0.2 (100)	52.8 ± 9.1 (80)	59.9 ± 24.7 (20)	2.08 ± 0.35 (100)
续断菊 Sonchus asper	335.67 ± 27.02 (3)	112.7 ± 12.0 (10)	6.8 ± 0.5 (20)	119.7 ± 8.1 (20)	52.7 ± 7.6 (10)	1.73 ± 0.25 (100)
苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus	369.00 ± 89.00 (3)	232.0 ± 30.9 (10)	6.3 ± 0.9 (20)	190.4 ± 22.8 (20)	44.6 ± 3.3 (10)	1.61 ± 0.29 (100)
野塘蒿 Conyza bonariensis	34.47 ± 1.19 (3)	19.2 ± 2.2 (10)	2.8 ± 0.2 (20)	68.8 ± 9.0 (20)	41.5 ± 5.2 (10)	1.63 ± 0.24 (100)
小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	40.11 ± 1.71 (3)	21.1 ± 3.1 (40)	2.4 ± 0.3 (80)	36.2 ± 7.2 (80)	32.1 ± 3.7 (10)	2.36 ± 0.39 (100)
苏门白酒草 Conyza sumatrensis	33.55 ± 1.95 (3)	18.4 ± 1.5 (10)	3.3 ± 0.2 (20)	114.5 ± 71.5 (20)	24.0 ± 3.3 (10)	2.43 ± 0.56 (100)

种 Species	原产地 Origin	中国分布现状 Distribution in China	发生程度 Degree of occurrence	发生省份数 Provinces
紫茎泽兰 Ageratina adenophorum	中美洲 Central America	云南, 广西, 贵州, 重庆, 四川, 湖北, 台湾 Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing, Sichuan, Hubei, Taiwan	2.13	8
胜红蓟 Agratum conyzoides	南美洲 South America	除西北和东北、内蒙古和西藏外、各地均有分布 Many provinces in China except Northwest, Northeast, Inner Mongolia and Tibet	1.75	24
钻形紫菀 Aster subulatus	北美洲 North America	华中, 华东, 华南至西南各省区 Central China, East China, South China and Southwest	2.35	20
野塘蒿 Conyza bonariensis	南美洲 South America	华中, 华东, 华南至西南各省区 Central China, East China, South China and Southwest	2.10	21
小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	北美洲, 南美洲 North America, South America	我国各地均有分布, 是我国分布最广的入侵物种之一 All parts of the country, one of the most widely distributed alien invasive species	3.00	34
苏门白酒草 Conyza sumatrensis	南美洲 South America	华中, 华东, 华南至西南各省区 Central China, East China, South China and Southwest	2.81	21
一年蓬 Erigeron annuus	北美洲 North America	除新疆、内蒙古、宁夏、海南外, 广布全国 Widely distributed in China except Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Hainan	2.13	31
牛膝菊 Galinsoga parviflora	中美洲, 南美洲 Central America, South America	除新疆、青海外, 各地均有分布记录 Many provinces except Xinjiang and Qinghai	1.50	32
续断菊 Sonchus asper	欧洲 Europe	几遍全国 Nearly whole country in distribution	1.76	34
苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus	欧洲 Europe	几遍全国 Nearly whole country in distribution	1.97	34

种 Species	原产地 Origin	中国分布现状 Distribution in China	发生程度 Degree of occurrence	发生省份数 Provinces
紫茎泽兰 Ageratina adenophorum	中美洲 Central America	云南, 广西, 贵州, 重庆, 四川, 湖北, 台湾 Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing, Sichuan, Hubei, Taiwan	2.13	8
胜红蓟 Agratum conyzoides	南美洲 South America	除西北和东北、内蒙古和西藏外、各地均有分布 Many provinces in China except Northwest, Northeast, Inner Mongolia and Tibet	1.75	24
钻形紫菀 Aster subulatus	北美洲 North America	华中, 华东, 华南至西南各省区 Central China, East China, South China and Southwest	2.35	20
野塘蒿 Conyza bonariensis	南美洲 South America	华中, 华东, 华南至西南各省区 Central China, East China, South China and Southwest	2.10	21
小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	北美洲, 南美洲 North America, South America	我国各地均有分布, 是我国分布最广的入侵物种之一 All parts of the country, one of the most widely distributed alien invasive species	3.00	34
苏门白酒草 Conyza sumatrensis	南美洲 South America	华中, 华东, 华南至西南各省区 Central China, East China, South China and Southwest	2.81	21
一年蓬 Erigeron annuus	北美洲 North America	除新疆、内蒙古、宁夏、海南外, 广布全国 Widely distributed in China except Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Hainan	2.13	31
牛膝菊 Galinsoga parviflora	中美洲, 南美洲 Central America, South America	除新疆、青海外, 各地均有分布记录 Many provinces except Xinjiang and Qinghai	1.50	32
续断菊 Sonchus asper	欧洲 Europe	几遍全国 Nearly whole country in distribution	1.76	34
苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus	欧洲 Europe	几遍全国 Nearly whole country in distribution	1.97	34