Major vegetation types and community characteristics of tropical evergreen broadleaf shrubland in low mountain and hilly areas of China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0287

Abstract

Abstract:

Tropical evergreen broadleaf shrublands in low mountain and hilly areas represent the most extensive shrubland type in China. We surveyed 325 plots between 2011 and 2019 across three dominant vegetation alliances to classify community types and quantify their floristic composition, structure, and distribution. Using classical Chinese vegetation classification and quantitative analysis, we identified three major shrubland types. (1) Baeckea frutescens shrublands occur from 18.4° to 25.9° N and 105.2° to 118.3° E, at altitudes of 0-1 340 m. In 101 plots, we recorded 170 vascular plant species in 52 families and 124 genera, with 79.5% of seed plant genera showing tropical affinities; evergreen broadleaf woody species accounted for 90% of total importance value. This alliance comprises 5 association groups and 7 associations. (2) Rhodomyrtus tomentosa shrublands span 18.2° to 26.2° N and 104.3° to 118.8° E, at 4-700 m altitude. In 205 plots, we recorded 373 vascular plant species across 79 families and 241 genera, with 70.2% tropical genera and 85% importance value for evergreen broadleaf woody species. This alliance includes 4 association groups and 24 associations. (3) Psidium guajava shrublands, occurring between 22.1° to 27.1° N and 101.7° to 113.8° E, at 100-900 m altitude, were recorded in 19 plots, comprising 83 vascular plant species across 38 families and 76 genera, with 71.8% tropical seed plant genera, and an 81% importance value for evergreen broadleaf woody plants. This alien-dominated alliance forms 4 association groups and 5 associations. Baeckea frutescens and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa shrublands share similar community structures and habitat preferences, representing native, natural secondary communities with overlapping ranges. In contrast, Psidium guajava shrublands, dominated by alien plants, pose a growing threat to native vegetation and require urgent monitoring. Our results offer a comprehensive baseline for understanding the structure, function, and dynamics of tropical shrubland ecosystem in China.

Key words: community survey, vegetation classification, Baeckea frutescens shrublands, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa shrublands, Psidium guajava shrublands

XIONG Gao-Ming, SHEN Guo-Zhen, XU Wen-Ting, XIE Zong-Qiang, LI Yue-Lin, XU Yao-Zhan, CHEN Fang-Qing, LI Jia-Xiang. Major vegetation types and community characteristics of tropical evergreen broadleaf shrubland in low mountain and hilly areas of China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(6): 865-874.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0287

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2025/V49/I6/865

Figures/Tables 5

References 30

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因子 Factor	单位 Unit	岗松灌丛 Baeckea frutescens Shrubland	番石榴灌丛 Psidium guajava Shrubland	桃金娘灌丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Shrubland
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature	℃	17.4-24.7	18.2-22.6	18.5-24.7
最冷月平均气温 Mean air temperature of the coldest month	℃	8.8-18.1	9.6-14.3	8.6-18.4
最热月平均气温 Mean air temperature of the warmest month	℃	22.8-28.8	24.1-28.4	26.1-29.5
年降水量 Annual precipitation	mm	1 155-2 229	1 097-1 334	1 121-2 229
潜在蒸散 Potential evapotranspiration	mm	818-1 303	835-1 127	830-1 350
实际蒸散 Actual evapotranspiration	mm	797-1 211	825-1 048	824-1 271
pH		3.80-5.92	4.60-7.93	3.81-5.88
土壤密度 Soil density	g·cm^-3	0.46-1.58	0.89-1.03	0.39-1.73
有机碳含量 Organic carbon content	mg·g^-1	0.26-30.93	1.13-57.93	0.26-51.52
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content	mg·g^-1	0.09-2.73	0.07-4.82	0.03-9.31
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content	mg·g^-1	0.05-3.78	0.27-1.75	0.04-8.59

因子 Factor	单位 Unit	岗松灌丛 Baeckea frutescens Shrubland	番石榴灌丛 Psidium guajava Shrubland	桃金娘灌丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Shrubland
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature	℃	17.4-24.7	18.2-22.6	18.5-24.7
最冷月平均气温 Mean air temperature of the coldest month	℃	8.8-18.1	9.6-14.3	8.6-18.4
最热月平均气温 Mean air temperature of the warmest month	℃	22.8-28.8	24.1-28.4	26.1-29.5
年降水量 Annual precipitation	mm	1 155-2 229	1 097-1 334	1 121-2 229
潜在蒸散 Potential evapotranspiration	mm	818-1 303	835-1 127	830-1 350
实际蒸散 Actual evapotranspiration	mm	797-1 211	825-1 048	824-1 271
pH		3.80-5.92	4.60-7.93	3.81-5.88
土壤密度 Soil density	g·cm^-3	0.46-1.58	0.89-1.03	0.39-1.73
有机碳含量 Organic carbon content	mg·g^-1	0.26-30.93	1.13-57.93	0.26-51.52
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content	mg·g^-1	0.09-2.73	0.07-4.82	0.03-9.31
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content	mg·g^-1	0.05-3.78	0.27-1.75	0.04-8.59

群丛组 Association Group	群丛 Association	样方数 Number of plots
岗松群丛组 Baeckea frutescens Association Group	岗松群丛 Baeckea frutescens Association	3
岗松-草本群丛组 Baeckea frutescens - Herb Association Group	岗松-芒萁群丛 Baeckea frutescens - Dicranopteris pedata Association	44
岗松-草本群丛组 Baeckea frutescens - Herb Association Group	岗松-鹧鸪草群丛 Baeckea frutescens - Eriachne pallescens Association	3
岗松+常绿阔叶灌木群丛组 Baeckea frutescens + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub Association Group	岗松+桃金娘群丛 Baeckea frutescens + Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Association	7
岗松+常绿阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Baeckea frutescens + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	岗松+小果柿-鹧鸪草群丛 Baeckea frutescens + Diospyros vaccinioides - Eriachne pallescens Association	3
	岗松+桃金娘-芒萁群丛 Baeckea frutescens + Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Dicranopteris pedata Association	38
岗松+落叶阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Baeckea frutescens + Deciduous Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	岗松+枫香树-芒萁群丛 Baeckea frutescens + Liquidambar formosana - Dicranopteris pedata Association	3
桃金娘群丛组 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Association Group	桃金娘群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Association	6
桃金娘-草本群丛组 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Herb Association Group	桃金娘-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Dicranopteris pedata Association	79
	桃金娘-鹧鸪草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Eriachne pallescens Association	12
	桃金娘-东方羊茅群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Festuca arundinacea subsp. orientalis Association	3
	桃金娘-白茅群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Imperata cylindrica Association	9
	桃金娘-粗毛鸭嘴草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Ischaemum barbatum Association	6
	桃金娘-肾蕨群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Nephrolepis cordifolia Association	3
桃金娘+常绿阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	桃金娘+银柴-露籽草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Aporosa dioica - Ottochloa nodosa Association	3
	桃金娘+猴耳环-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Archidendron clypearia - Dicranopteris pedata Association	2
	桃金娘+米碎花-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Eurya chinensis - Dicranopteris pedata Association	7
	桃金娘+岗柃-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Eurya groffii - Dicranopteris pedata Association	3
	桃金娘+舶梨榕-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Ficus pyriformis - Dicranopteris pedata Association	3
	桃金娘+豺皮樟-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia - Dicranopteris pedata Association	12
	桃金娘+檵木-芒群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Loropetalum chinense - Miscanthus sinensis Association	4
	桃金娘+地菍-芒群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Melastoma dodecandrum - Miscanthus sinensis Association	3
	桃金娘+石斑木-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Rhaphiolepis indica - Dicranopteris pedata Association	4
	桃金娘+石斑木-细毛鸭嘴草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Rhaphiolepis indica - Ischaemum ciliare Association	9
	桃金娘+小叶红叶藤-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Rourea microphylla - Dicranopteris pedata Association	3
	桃金娘+方枝蒲桃-龙珠果群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Syzygium tephrodes - Passiflora foetida Association	8
桃金娘+落叶阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Deciduous Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	桃金娘+秤星树-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Ilex asprella - Dicranopteris pedata Association	6
	桃金娘+山鸡椒-五节芒群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Litsea cubeba - Miscanthus floridulus Association	3
	桃金娘+余甘子-刺芒野古草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Phyllanthus emblica - Arundinella setosa Association	6
	桃金娘+山乌桕-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Triadica cochinchinensis - Dicranopteris pedata Association	4
	桃金娘+簕樘花椒-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Zanthoxylum avicennae - Dicranopteris pedata Association	7
番石榴群丛组 Psidium guajava Association Group	番石榴群丛 Psidium guajava Association	6
番石榴-草本群丛组 Psidium guajava - Herb Association Group	番石榴-破坏草群丛 Psidium guajava - Ageratina adenophora Association	3
番石榴-草本群丛组 Psidium guajava - Herb Association Group	番石榴-鬼针草群丛 Psidium guajava - Bidens pilosa Association	6
番石榴+常绿阔叶灌木群丛组 Psidium guajava + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub Association Group	番石榴+假鹰爪群丛 Psidium guajava + Desmos chinensis Association	2
番石榴+常绿阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Psidium guajava + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	番石榴+马缨丹-野艾蒿群丛 Psidium guajava + Lantana camara - Artemisia lavandulifolia Association	2

群丛组 Association Group	群丛 Association	样方数 Number of plots
岗松群丛组 Baeckea frutescens Association Group	岗松群丛 Baeckea frutescens Association	3
岗松-草本群丛组 Baeckea frutescens - Herb Association Group	岗松-芒萁群丛 Baeckea frutescens - Dicranopteris pedata Association	44
岗松-草本群丛组 Baeckea frutescens - Herb Association Group	岗松-鹧鸪草群丛 Baeckea frutescens - Eriachne pallescens Association	3
岗松+常绿阔叶灌木群丛组 Baeckea frutescens + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub Association Group	岗松+桃金娘群丛 Baeckea frutescens + Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Association	7
岗松+常绿阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Baeckea frutescens + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	岗松+小果柿-鹧鸪草群丛 Baeckea frutescens + Diospyros vaccinioides - Eriachne pallescens Association	3
	岗松+桃金娘-芒萁群丛 Baeckea frutescens + Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Dicranopteris pedata Association	38
岗松+落叶阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Baeckea frutescens + Deciduous Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	岗松+枫香树-芒萁群丛 Baeckea frutescens + Liquidambar formosana - Dicranopteris pedata Association	3
桃金娘群丛组 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Association Group	桃金娘群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Association	6
桃金娘-草本群丛组 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Herb Association Group	桃金娘-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Dicranopteris pedata Association	79
	桃金娘-鹧鸪草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Eriachne pallescens Association	12
	桃金娘-东方羊茅群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Festuca arundinacea subsp. orientalis Association	3
	桃金娘-白茅群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Imperata cylindrica Association	9
	桃金娘-粗毛鸭嘴草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Ischaemum barbatum Association	6
	桃金娘-肾蕨群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa - Nephrolepis cordifolia Association	3
桃金娘+常绿阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	桃金娘+银柴-露籽草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Aporosa dioica - Ottochloa nodosa Association	3
	桃金娘+猴耳环-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Archidendron clypearia - Dicranopteris pedata Association	2
	桃金娘+米碎花-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Eurya chinensis - Dicranopteris pedata Association	7
	桃金娘+岗柃-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Eurya groffii - Dicranopteris pedata Association	3
	桃金娘+舶梨榕-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Ficus pyriformis - Dicranopteris pedata Association	3
	桃金娘+豺皮樟-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia - Dicranopteris pedata Association	12
	桃金娘+檵木-芒群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Loropetalum chinense - Miscanthus sinensis Association	4
	桃金娘+地菍-芒群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Melastoma dodecandrum - Miscanthus sinensis Association	3
	桃金娘+石斑木-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Rhaphiolepis indica - Dicranopteris pedata Association	4
	桃金娘+石斑木-细毛鸭嘴草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Rhaphiolepis indica - Ischaemum ciliare Association	9
	桃金娘+小叶红叶藤-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Rourea microphylla - Dicranopteris pedata Association	3
	桃金娘+方枝蒲桃-龙珠果群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Syzygium tephrodes - Passiflora foetida Association	8
桃金娘+落叶阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Deciduous Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	桃金娘+秤星树-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Ilex asprella - Dicranopteris pedata Association	6
	桃金娘+山鸡椒-五节芒群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Litsea cubeba - Miscanthus floridulus Association	3
	桃金娘+余甘子-刺芒野古草群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Phyllanthus emblica - Arundinella setosa Association	6
	桃金娘+山乌桕-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Triadica cochinchinensis - Dicranopteris pedata Association	4
	桃金娘+簕樘花椒-芒萁群丛 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa + Zanthoxylum avicennae - Dicranopteris pedata Association	7
番石榴群丛组 Psidium guajava Association Group	番石榴群丛 Psidium guajava Association	6
番石榴-草本群丛组 Psidium guajava - Herb Association Group	番石榴-破坏草群丛 Psidium guajava - Ageratina adenophora Association	3
番石榴-草本群丛组 Psidium guajava - Herb Association Group	番石榴-鬼针草群丛 Psidium guajava - Bidens pilosa Association	6
番石榴+常绿阔叶灌木群丛组 Psidium guajava + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub Association Group	番石榴+假鹰爪群丛 Psidium guajava + Desmos chinensis Association	2
番石榴+常绿阔叶灌木-草本群丛组 Psidium guajava + Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub - Herb Association Group	番石榴+马缨丹-野艾蒿群丛 Psidium guajava + Lantana camara - Artemisia lavandulifolia Association	2