A revised scheme of vegetation classification system of China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0271

Abstract

Abstract: The principles and scheme of vegetation classification system of China (China-VCS) were first proposed by Hou in China’s Vegetation in 1960. An improved hierarchy framework and criteria of China-VCS were published in Vegetation of China in 1980. China-VCS was revised in Vegetation of China and Its Geographic Pattern — Illustration of the Vegetation Map of the People’s Republic of China (1:1 000 000) in 2007 and in Flora and Vegetation Geography of China in 2014. Song proposed a new scheme in the text book Vegetation Ecology in 2017. To facilitate Chinese vegetation study and the compilation of the book series on the vegetation of China (Vegegraphy of China), this paper provides a revised scheme of China-VCS. The scheme adopts the principles, units and hierarchy structure in the Vegetation of China that was considered as a milestone in the development of Chinese vegetation science. Based on the phytocoenological-ecological principles, plant community features and its ecological conditions are considered as the key criteria for vegetation classification. There are three levels including eight units in the hierarchy framework of China-VCS: upper level (Vegetation Formation Group, Vegetation Formation, and Vegetation Subformation), middle level (Alliance Group, Alliance, Suballiance), and lower level (Association Group, Association). Nine Vegetation Formation Groups are defined as Forest, Shrubland, Herbaceous Vegetation (Grassland), Desert, Alpine Tundra and Sparse Vegetation, Swamp and Aquatic Vegetation (Wetlands), Agricultural Vegetation, Urban Vegetation, and Non-vegetated Area. Forty-eight Vegetation Formations (30 for natural and semi-natural vegetation, 12 for agricultural vegetation, 5 for urban vegetation, and one for Non-vegetated Area) are defined, including 81 Vegetation Subformations from 23 natural and semi-natural vegetation formations. These vegetation formation groups and 30 natural and semi-natural vegetation formations were described briefly. Some issues on China-VCS, especially on the framework, criterion identifying mixed-forest, and the role of soil in vegetation classification, are discussed.

Key words: vegetation classification, Vegetation Formation, Alliance, Association, community physiognomy, community ecological feature, the phytocoenological-ecological principles

GUO Ke, FANG Jing-Yun, WANG Guo-Hong, TANG Zhi-Yao, XIE Zong-Qiang, SHEN Ze-Hao, WANG Ren-Qing, QIANG Sheng, LIANG Cun-Zhu, DA Liang-Jun, YU Dan. A revised scheme of vegetation classification system of China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2020, 44(2): 111-127.

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Figures/Tables 1

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植被型组 Vegetation Formation Group	植被型 Vegetation Formation		植被亚型 Vegetation Subformation
森林 Forest	1. 落叶针叶林 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest		寒温性与温性落叶针叶林 Cold-Temperate and Temperate Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
	1. 落叶针叶林 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest		暖性落叶针叶林 Subtropical Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
	2. 落叶与常绿针叶混交林 Mixed Deciduous and Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
	3. 常绿针叶林 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest		寒温性常绿针叶林 Cold-Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
			温性常绿针叶林 Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
			暖性常绿针叶林 Subtropical Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
			热性常绿针叶林 Tropical Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
	4. 针叶与阔叶混交林 Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forest		温性针叶与落叶阔叶混交林 Temperate Mixed Needleleaf and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			暖性针叶与阔叶混交林 Subtropical Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forest
			亚热带山地针叶与阔叶混交林 Subtropical Montane Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forest
	5. 落叶阔叶林 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest		寒温性落叶阔叶林 Cold-Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			温性落叶阔叶林 Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			暖性落叶阔叶林 Subtropical Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
	6. 常绿与落叶阔叶混交林 Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest		北亚热带常绿与落叶阔叶混交林 Northern Subtropical Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			亚热带山地常绿与落叶阔叶混交林 Subtropical Montane Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			亚热带石灰岩山地常绿与落叶阔叶混交林 Subtropical Limestone Montane Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
	7. 常绿阔叶林 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest		典型常绿阔叶林 Typical Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
			季风常绿阔叶林 Monsoon Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
			山地常绿阔叶林 Montane Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
			硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
			山顶常绿阔叶矮林 Montane Ridge Evergreen Broadleaf Dwarf Forest
			滨海常绿阔叶矮林 Coast Dwarf Forest
	8. 雨林 Rainforest		雨林 Rainforest
	8. 雨林 Rainforest		山地雨林 Montane Rainforest
	9. 季雨林 Monsoon Forest
	10. 红树林 Mangrove Forest
	11. 竹林 Bamboo Forest		暖性竹林 Subtropical Bamboo Forest
	11. 竹林 Bamboo Forest		热性竹林 Tropical Bamboo Forest
灌丛 Shrubland	12. 常绿针叶灌丛 Evergreen Needleleaf Shrubland		寒温性常绿针叶灌丛 Cold-Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Shrubland
	12. 常绿针叶灌丛 Evergreen Needleleaf Shrubland		温性常绿针叶灌丛 Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Shrubland
	13. 落叶阔叶灌丛 Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland		高寒落叶阔叶灌丛 Alpine Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland
			温性落叶阔叶灌丛 Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland
			暖性落叶阔叶灌丛 Subtropical Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland
			热性落叶阔叶灌丛 Tropical Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland
	14. 常绿阔叶灌丛 Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland		寒温性常绿阔叶灌丛 Cold-Tmperate Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland
	14. 常绿阔叶灌丛 Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland		暖性常绿阔叶灌丛 Subtropical Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland
			热性常绿阔叶灌丛 Tropical Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland
	15. 肉质刺灌丛 Succulent Thorny Shrubland
	16. 竹丛 Bamboo Shrubland		温性竹丛 Temperate Bamboo Shrubland
			暖性竹丛 Subtropical Bamboo Shrubland
植被型组 Vegetation Formation Group	植被型 Vegetation Formation		植被亚型 Vegetation Subformation
草本植被(草地) Herbaceous Vegetation (Grassland)	17. 丛生草类草地 Tussock Grassland		丛生草类荒漠草原 Tussock Desert Steppe Grassland
			丛生草类典型草原 Tussock Typical Steppe Grassland
			丛生草类草甸草原 Tussock Meadow Steppe Grassland
			丛生草类高寒草原 Tussock Alpine Steppe Grassland
			丛生草类典型草甸 Tussock Typical Meadow Grassland
			丛生草类高寒草甸 Tussock Alpine Meadow Grassland
			丛生草类沼泽草甸 Tussock Swamp Meadow Grassland
			丛生草类盐生草甸 Tussock Halophytic Meadow Grassland
	18. 根茎草类草地 Rhizome Grassland		根茎草类典型草原 Rhizome Typical Steppe Grassland
			根茎草类草甸草原 Rhizome Meadow Steppe Grassland
			根茎草类高寒草原 Rhizome Alpine Steppe Grassland
			根茎草类典型草甸 Rhizome Typical Meadow Grassland
			根茎草类高寒草甸 Rhizome Alpine Steppe Grassland
			根茎草类沼泽草甸 Rhizome Swamp Meadow Grassland
			根茎草类盐生草甸 Rhizome Halophytic Meadow Grassland
	19. 杂类草草地 Forb Grassland		杂类草荒漠草原 Forb Desert Steppe Grassland
			杂类草典型草原 Forb Typical Steppe Grassland
			杂类草草甸草原 Forb Meadow Steppe Grassland
			杂类草高寒草原 Forb Alpine Steppe Grassland
			杂类草典型草甸 Forb Typical Meadow Grassland
			杂类草高寒草甸 Forb Alpine Meadow Grassland
			杂类草沼泽草甸 Forb Swamp Meadow Grassland
			杂类草盐生草甸 Forb Halophytic Meadow Grassland
	20. 半灌木草地 Semi-Shrubby Grassland		半灌木荒漠草原 Semi-Shrubby Desert Steppe Grassland
			半灌木典型草原 Semi-Shrubby Typical Steppe Grassland
			半灌木草甸草原 Semi-Shrubby Meadow Steppe Grassland
			半灌木高寒草原 Semi-Shrubby Alpine Steppe Grassland
	21. 灌草丛 Shrubby Grassland		温性灌草丛 Temperate Shrubby Grassland
	21. 灌草丛 Shrubby Grassland		亚热带与热带灌草丛 Subtropical and Tropical Shrubby Grassland
	22. 稀树草丛 Savanna-like Grassland		热带滨海沙地稀树草丛 Tropical Coast Sandland Savanna-like Grassland
	22. 稀树草丛 Savanna-like Grassland		干热河谷稀树草丛 Dry and Hot Valley Savanna-like Grassland
荒漠 Desert	23. 半乔木与灌木荒漠 Semi-Arbor and Shrub Desert		温性半乔木荒漠 Temperate Semi-Arbor Desert
	23. 半乔木与灌木荒漠 Semi-Arbor and Shrub Desert		温性灌木荒漠 Temperate Shrub Desert
	24. 半灌木与草本荒漠 Semi-Shrub and Herb Desert		温性半灌木与草本荒漠 Temperate Semi-Shrub and Herb Desert
	24. 半灌木与草本荒漠 Semi-Shrub and Herb Desert		高寒矮半灌木荒漠 Alpine Dwarf Semi-Shrub Desert
高山冻原与稀疏植被 Alpine Tundra and Sparse Vegetation	25. 高山冻原 Alpine Tundra		矮灌木高山冻原 Alpine Dwarf Shrub Tundra
			草类高山冻原 Alpine Herb Tundra
			苔藓高山冻原 Alpine Moss Tundra
			地衣高山冻原 Alpine Lichen Tundra
	26. 高山垫状植被 Alpine Cushion Vegetation
	27. 高山稀疏植被 Alpine Sparse Vegetation
沼泽与水生植被 Swamp and Aquatic Vegetation	28. 木本沼泽 Woody Swamp
	29. 草本与苔藓沼泽 Herb and Moss Swamp		草本沼泽 Herb Swamp
	29. 草本与苔藓沼泽 Herb and Moss Swamp		苔藓沼泽 Moss Swamp
植被型组 Vegetation Formation Group		植被型 Vegetation Formation		植被亚型 Vegetation Subformation
		30. 水生植被 Aquatic Vegetation	挺水植被 Emerged Aquatic Vegetation
		30. 水生植被 Aquatic Vegetation	浮叶植被 Rooted Floating Leaf Aquatic Vegetation
				漂浮植被 Floating Aquatic Vegetation
				沉水植被 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
农业植被 Agricultural Vegetation		31. 粮食作物 Food Crop
		32. 油料作物 Oil Crop
		33. 纤维作物 Fiber Crop
		34. 糖料作物 Sugar Crop
		35. 药用作物 Medicinal Crop
		36. 饮料作物 Beverage Crop
		37. 饲料作物 Forage Crop
		38. 烟草作物 Tobacco Crop
		39. 菜园 Vegetable Farm
		40. 果园 Orchard
		41. 花卉园 Flower Garden
		42. 其他经济作物 Other Cash Crops
城市植被 Urban Vegetation		43. 城市森林 Urban Forest
		44. 城市草地 Urban Grassland
		45. 城市湿地 Urban Wetland
		46. 城市行道树 Urban Street Tree
		47. 城市公园植被 Urban Park Vegetation
无植被地段 Non-Vegetated Area		48. 无植被地段 Non-Vegetated Area

植被型组 Vegetation Formation Group	植被型 Vegetation Formation		植被亚型 Vegetation Subformation
森林 Forest	1. 落叶针叶林 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest		寒温性与温性落叶针叶林 Cold-Temperate and Temperate Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
	1. 落叶针叶林 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest		暖性落叶针叶林 Subtropical Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
	2. 落叶与常绿针叶混交林 Mixed Deciduous and Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
	3. 常绿针叶林 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest		寒温性常绿针叶林 Cold-Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
			温性常绿针叶林 Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
			暖性常绿针叶林 Subtropical Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
			热性常绿针叶林 Tropical Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
	4. 针叶与阔叶混交林 Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forest		温性针叶与落叶阔叶混交林 Temperate Mixed Needleleaf and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			暖性针叶与阔叶混交林 Subtropical Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forest
			亚热带山地针叶与阔叶混交林 Subtropical Montane Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forest
	5. 落叶阔叶林 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest		寒温性落叶阔叶林 Cold-Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			温性落叶阔叶林 Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			暖性落叶阔叶林 Subtropical Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
	6. 常绿与落叶阔叶混交林 Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest		北亚热带常绿与落叶阔叶混交林 Northern Subtropical Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			亚热带山地常绿与落叶阔叶混交林 Subtropical Montane Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
			亚热带石灰岩山地常绿与落叶阔叶混交林 Subtropical Limestone Montane Mixed Evergreen and Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
	7. 常绿阔叶林 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest		典型常绿阔叶林 Typical Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
			季风常绿阔叶林 Monsoon Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
			山地常绿阔叶林 Montane Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
			硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
			山顶常绿阔叶矮林 Montane Ridge Evergreen Broadleaf Dwarf Forest
			滨海常绿阔叶矮林 Coast Dwarf Forest
	8. 雨林 Rainforest		雨林 Rainforest
	8. 雨林 Rainforest		山地雨林 Montane Rainforest
	9. 季雨林 Monsoon Forest
	10. 红树林 Mangrove Forest
	11. 竹林 Bamboo Forest		暖性竹林 Subtropical Bamboo Forest
	11. 竹林 Bamboo Forest		热性竹林 Tropical Bamboo Forest
灌丛 Shrubland	12. 常绿针叶灌丛 Evergreen Needleleaf Shrubland		寒温性常绿针叶灌丛 Cold-Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Shrubland
	12. 常绿针叶灌丛 Evergreen Needleleaf Shrubland		温性常绿针叶灌丛 Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Shrubland
	13. 落叶阔叶灌丛 Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland		高寒落叶阔叶灌丛 Alpine Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland
			温性落叶阔叶灌丛 Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland
			暖性落叶阔叶灌丛 Subtropical Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland
			热性落叶阔叶灌丛 Tropical Deciduous Broadleaf Shrubland
	14. 常绿阔叶灌丛 Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland		寒温性常绿阔叶灌丛 Cold-Tmperate Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland
	14. 常绿阔叶灌丛 Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland		暖性常绿阔叶灌丛 Subtropical Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland
			热性常绿阔叶灌丛 Tropical Evergreen Broadleaf Shrubland
	15. 肉质刺灌丛 Succulent Thorny Shrubland
	16. 竹丛 Bamboo Shrubland		温性竹丛 Temperate Bamboo Shrubland
			暖性竹丛 Subtropical Bamboo Shrubland
植被型组 Vegetation Formation Group	植被型 Vegetation Formation		植被亚型 Vegetation Subformation
草本植被(草地) Herbaceous Vegetation (Grassland)	17. 丛生草类草地 Tussock Grassland		丛生草类荒漠草原 Tussock Desert Steppe Grassland
			丛生草类典型草原 Tussock Typical Steppe Grassland
			丛生草类草甸草原 Tussock Meadow Steppe Grassland
			丛生草类高寒草原 Tussock Alpine Steppe Grassland
			丛生草类典型草甸 Tussock Typical Meadow Grassland
			丛生草类高寒草甸 Tussock Alpine Meadow Grassland
			丛生草类沼泽草甸 Tussock Swamp Meadow Grassland
			丛生草类盐生草甸 Tussock Halophytic Meadow Grassland
	18. 根茎草类草地 Rhizome Grassland		根茎草类典型草原 Rhizome Typical Steppe Grassland
			根茎草类草甸草原 Rhizome Meadow Steppe Grassland
			根茎草类高寒草原 Rhizome Alpine Steppe Grassland
			根茎草类典型草甸 Rhizome Typical Meadow Grassland
			根茎草类高寒草甸 Rhizome Alpine Steppe Grassland
			根茎草类沼泽草甸 Rhizome Swamp Meadow Grassland
			根茎草类盐生草甸 Rhizome Halophytic Meadow Grassland
	19. 杂类草草地 Forb Grassland		杂类草荒漠草原 Forb Desert Steppe Grassland
			杂类草典型草原 Forb Typical Steppe Grassland
			杂类草草甸草原 Forb Meadow Steppe Grassland
			杂类草高寒草原 Forb Alpine Steppe Grassland
			杂类草典型草甸 Forb Typical Meadow Grassland
			杂类草高寒草甸 Forb Alpine Meadow Grassland
			杂类草沼泽草甸 Forb Swamp Meadow Grassland
			杂类草盐生草甸 Forb Halophytic Meadow Grassland
	20. 半灌木草地 Semi-Shrubby Grassland		半灌木荒漠草原 Semi-Shrubby Desert Steppe Grassland
			半灌木典型草原 Semi-Shrubby Typical Steppe Grassland
			半灌木草甸草原 Semi-Shrubby Meadow Steppe Grassland
			半灌木高寒草原 Semi-Shrubby Alpine Steppe Grassland
	21. 灌草丛 Shrubby Grassland		温性灌草丛 Temperate Shrubby Grassland
	21. 灌草丛 Shrubby Grassland		亚热带与热带灌草丛 Subtropical and Tropical Shrubby Grassland
	22. 稀树草丛 Savanna-like Grassland		热带滨海沙地稀树草丛 Tropical Coast Sandland Savanna-like Grassland
	22. 稀树草丛 Savanna-like Grassland		干热河谷稀树草丛 Dry and Hot Valley Savanna-like Grassland
荒漠 Desert	23. 半乔木与灌木荒漠 Semi-Arbor and Shrub Desert		温性半乔木荒漠 Temperate Semi-Arbor Desert
	23. 半乔木与灌木荒漠 Semi-Arbor and Shrub Desert		温性灌木荒漠 Temperate Shrub Desert
	24. 半灌木与草本荒漠 Semi-Shrub and Herb Desert		温性半灌木与草本荒漠 Temperate Semi-Shrub and Herb Desert
	24. 半灌木与草本荒漠 Semi-Shrub and Herb Desert		高寒矮半灌木荒漠 Alpine Dwarf Semi-Shrub Desert
高山冻原与稀疏植被 Alpine Tundra and Sparse Vegetation	25. 高山冻原 Alpine Tundra		矮灌木高山冻原 Alpine Dwarf Shrub Tundra
			草类高山冻原 Alpine Herb Tundra
			苔藓高山冻原 Alpine Moss Tundra
			地衣高山冻原 Alpine Lichen Tundra
	26. 高山垫状植被 Alpine Cushion Vegetation
	27. 高山稀疏植被 Alpine Sparse Vegetation
沼泽与水生植被 Swamp and Aquatic Vegetation	28. 木本沼泽 Woody Swamp
	29. 草本与苔藓沼泽 Herb and Moss Swamp		草本沼泽 Herb Swamp
	29. 草本与苔藓沼泽 Herb and Moss Swamp		苔藓沼泽 Moss Swamp
植被型组 Vegetation Formation Group		植被型 Vegetation Formation		植被亚型 Vegetation Subformation
		30. 水生植被 Aquatic Vegetation	挺水植被 Emerged Aquatic Vegetation
		30. 水生植被 Aquatic Vegetation	浮叶植被 Rooted Floating Leaf Aquatic Vegetation
				漂浮植被 Floating Aquatic Vegetation
				沉水植被 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
农业植被 Agricultural Vegetation		31. 粮食作物 Food Crop
		32. 油料作物 Oil Crop
		33. 纤维作物 Fiber Crop
		34. 糖料作物 Sugar Crop
		35. 药用作物 Medicinal Crop
		36. 饮料作物 Beverage Crop
		37. 饲料作物 Forage Crop
		38. 烟草作物 Tobacco Crop
		39. 菜园 Vegetable Farm
		40. 果园 Orchard
		41. 花卉园 Flower Garden
		42. 其他经济作物 Other Cash Crops
城市植被 Urban Vegetation		43. 城市森林 Urban Forest
		44. 城市草地 Urban Grassland
		45. 城市湿地 Urban Wetland
		46. 城市行道树 Urban Street Tree
		47. 城市公园植被 Urban Park Vegetation
无植被地段 Non-Vegetated Area		48. 无植被地段 Non-Vegetated Area