Intensified local differentiation in plant functional traits among typical herbaceous plants by backwater disturbance within riparian zone of small watersheds in the Three Gorges Reservoir area

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0394

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has led to the transformation of a large number of natural riparian zones into reservoir drawdown zones, characterized by reverse seasonal water level fluctuations. This transformation has fundamentally altered the local habitat, significantly impacting the differentiation of plant morphological traits. This study aims to reveal the impact of habitat transformation from “riverbank to drawdown zone” as a result of the TGR backwater disturbance on the functional trait differentiation of adapted herbaceous plants as well as their adaptation strategies.

Methods This study used a typical small watershed (Baijiaxi) in TGR area as a case. Four herbaceous plant species (Cynodon dactylon, Bidens tripartita, Xanthium strumarium, and Polygonum hydropiper) suitable for the local environment were selected as objects. The spatial differentiation characteristics of 17 plant functional trait indicators were analyzed across the habitat transformation from the riparian zone to the drawdown zone. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to explore the co-evolutionary relationships among functional traits, while redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted to assess the influence of habitat factors on the differentiation of these traits.

Important findings (1) The transition from natural riparian habitats into the drawdown zone resulted in significant variations in the morphological traits of the four plant species. These variations were characterized by increased plant height and decreased root length. These changes were primarily attributed to the restricted growth period imposed by water-level fluctuations and the relatively simplified plant community structure with reduced competitive pressure. Concurrently, leaf thickness increased, and leaf area expanded in most plants, which was mainly driven by intensified drought stress during summer in the drawdown zone. The results highlighted that the backwater effects of the TGR significantly amplified local-scale shape variations among species. (2) The chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of leaves in the four plant species were significantly higher in the drawdown zone compared to those in the natural riparian zone, indicating that plants may have developed an adaptation strategy to enhance photosynthetic efficiency and accelerate growth rates in response to habitat limitations. (3) Under the habitat screening effect of the backwater in the TGR, the four plant species developed a trade-off strategy between “growth” and “drought tolerance”, showing convergent adaptation strategies. Cynodon dactylon exhibited stronger phenotypic variability, especially in photosynthetic traits, suggesting greater adaptability to habitat changes. In contrast, Bidens tripartita, Xanthium strumarium, and Polygonum hydropiper formed more conservative adaptation strategies. (4) RDA showed that variations in functional traits of the four plant species within the upstream riparian zone were primarily associated with soil moisture. While, in the midstream and downstream drawdown zone, these variations were predominantly linked to flooding depth, soil pH and soil temperature, indicating that differences in flooding regimes drove the differentiation of plant functional traits.

Key words: herbaceous plant species, functional trait, adaptive strategy, drawdown zone, Three Gorges Reservoir

DAI Li-Jun, XIANG Ling-Yi, JIAN Chen, WANG Xiao-Feng. Intensified local differentiation in plant functional traits among typical herbaceous plants by backwater disturbance within riparian zone of small watersheds in the Three Gorges Reservoir area[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(2): 442-460.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0394

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2026/V50/I2/442

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Layout of sampling site in the drawdown zone of Baijiaxi. S1, S2, natural riparian zone; S3-S5, transition zone; S6-S8, drawdown zone.

Table 1 Soil physical properties from natural riparian zone to subsidence zone in Baijiaxi Watershed

断面 Transect	土壤pH Soil pH	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	土壤湿度 Soil humidity (%)	土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	植物群落 Phytocoenosium
断面 Transect	土壤pH Soil pH	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	土壤湿度 Soil humidity (%)	土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	优势种 Dominant species	盖度 Coverage (%)
1	7.39 ± 0.37^c	34.3 ± 4.6^ab	49.7 ± 14.7^a	35.4 ± 9.8^a	水蓼、空心莲子草、狗牙根、苍耳 Polygonum hydropiper, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium	83-100
2	7.29 ± 0.49^c	33.0 ± 5.2^b	30.5 ± 11.6^b	20.9 ± 4.5^b	空心莲子草、狗牙根、狼杷草 Alternanthera philoxeroides, Cynodon dactylon, Bidens tripartite	88-100
3	7.84 ± 0.50^b	37.3 ± 5.4^a	22.3 ± 5.2^b	14.0 ± 3.8^c	狗牙根、苍耳、水蓼、狼杷草、香附子 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite, Cyperus rotundus	95-100
4	7.84 ± 0.32^b	35.7 ± 3.6^ab	20.0 ± 6.0^b	12.8 ± 4.2^c	狗牙根、苍耳、水蓼、苘麻、狼杷草、香附子 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Polygonum hydropiper, Abutilon theophrasti, Bidens tripartite, Cyperus rotundus	95-100
5	8.17 ± 0.53^ab	36.5 ± 3.5^ab	21.3 ± 4.3^b	10.0 ± 2.1^c	狗牙根、苍耳、苘麻、水蓼、狼杷草 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite	100
6	8.09 ± 0.26^ab	36.4 ± 2.3^ab	22.1 ± 4.9^b	7.8 ± 1.6^c	狗牙根、苍耳、苘麻、水蓼、狼杷草 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite	100
7	8.36 ± 0.4^a	38.3 ± 4.7^a	21.6 ± 3.5^b	7.9 ± 1.8^c	狗牙根、苍耳、苘麻、水蓼、狼杷草 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite	100
8	8.31 ± 0.56^a	35.6 ± 2.9^ab	21.3 ± 3.2^b	7.7 ± 0.9^c	狗牙根、苍耳、苘麻、水蓼、狼杷草 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite	100

Table 1 Soil physical properties from natural riparian zone to subsidence zone in Baijiaxi Watershed

断面 Transect	土壤pH Soil pH	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	土壤湿度 Soil humidity (%)	土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	植物群落 Phytocoenosium
断面 Transect	土壤pH Soil pH	土壤温度 Soil temperature (℃)	土壤湿度 Soil humidity (%)	土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	优势种 Dominant species	盖度 Coverage (%)
1	7.39 ± 0.37^c	34.3 ± 4.6^ab	49.7 ± 14.7^a	35.4 ± 9.8^a	水蓼、空心莲子草、狗牙根、苍耳 Polygonum hydropiper, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium	83-100
2	7.29 ± 0.49^c	33.0 ± 5.2^b	30.5 ± 11.6^b	20.9 ± 4.5^b	空心莲子草、狗牙根、狼杷草 Alternanthera philoxeroides, Cynodon dactylon, Bidens tripartite	88-100
3	7.84 ± 0.50^b	37.3 ± 5.4^a	22.3 ± 5.2^b	14.0 ± 3.8^c	狗牙根、苍耳、水蓼、狼杷草、香附子 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite, Cyperus rotundus	95-100
4	7.84 ± 0.32^b	35.7 ± 3.6^ab	20.0 ± 6.0^b	12.8 ± 4.2^c	狗牙根、苍耳、水蓼、苘麻、狼杷草、香附子 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Polygonum hydropiper, Abutilon theophrasti, Bidens tripartite, Cyperus rotundus	95-100
5	8.17 ± 0.53^ab	36.5 ± 3.5^ab	21.3 ± 4.3^b	10.0 ± 2.1^c	狗牙根、苍耳、苘麻、水蓼、狼杷草 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite	100
6	8.09 ± 0.26^ab	36.4 ± 2.3^ab	22.1 ± 4.9^b	7.8 ± 1.6^c	狗牙根、苍耳、苘麻、水蓼、狼杷草 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite	100
7	8.36 ± 0.4^a	38.3 ± 4.7^a	21.6 ± 3.5^b	7.9 ± 1.8^c	狗牙根、苍耳、苘麻、水蓼、狼杷草 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite	100
8	8.31 ± 0.56^a	35.6 ± 2.9^ab	21.3 ± 3.2^b	7.7 ± 0.9^c	狗牙根、苍耳、苘麻、水蓼、狼杷草 Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium strumarium, Abutilon theophrasti, Polygonum hydropiper, Bidens tripartite	100

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution characteristics of leaf morphology of four species in Baijiaxi along the river. S1, S2, natural riparian zone; S3-S5, transition zone; S6-S8, drawdown zone. Lowercase letters in the figure represent significant difference (p < 0.05).

Fig. 3 Longitudinal spatial distribution characteristics of root and stem morphology of plants in Baijiaxi (mean ± SD). S1, S2, natural riparian zone; S3-S5, transition zone; S6-S8, drawdown zone. C is the plant root length after standardization. F is the plant height after standardization. Lowercase letters in the figure represent significant difference (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4 Longitudinal spatial distribution of fresh mass and dry mass of plant roots, stems and leaves in Baijiaxi Watershed. S1, S2, natural riparian zone; S3-S5, transition zone; S6-S8, drawdown zone. p < 0.05 indicates a significant linear relationship; p > 0.05 indicates that the linear relationship is not significant.

Fig. 5 Longitudinal zonation of relative biomass and water content in roots, stems, and leaves of Baijiaxi plants. S1, S2, natural riparian zone; S3-S5, transition zone; S6-S8, drawdown zone.

Fig. 6 Longitudinal spatial distribution of photosynthetic traits in Baijiaxi plants. S1, S2, natural riparian zone; S3-S5, transition zone; S6-S8, drawdown zone. p < 0.05 indicates a significant linear relationship; p > 0.05 indicates that the linear relationship is not significant. Chl, chlorophyll; Pn, net photosynthetic rate.

Table 2 Coefficient of variation (%) of 4 plants functional traits in longitudinal spatial distribution along the river

性状 Trait	狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon	苍耳 Bidens tripartita	狼杷草 Xanthium strumarium	水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper
植株高度 Plant height	25	11	7	26
根长 Root length	22	18	20	31
叶长 Leaf length	9	11	6	30
叶厚 Leaf thickness	42	24	19	48
叶面积 Leaf area	22	25	27	34
比叶面积 Specific leaf area	34	16	36	13
叶鲜质量 Leaf fresh mass	34	16	25	33
叶干质量 Leaf dry mass	43	17	20	34
茎鲜质量 Stem fresh mass	30	31	29	19
茎干质量 Stem dry mass	28	26	29	23
根鲜质量 Root fresh mass	31	34	23	16
根干质量 Root dry mass	33	41	32	14
叶绿素含量 Chlorophyll content	27	8	14	13
净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate	29	14	22	14
叶含水量 Leaf water content	19	2	5	8
茎含水量 Stem water content	19	9	5	7
根含水量 Root water content	31	18	11	9

Fig. 7 Correlation of functional traits among four plant species along the longitudinal river gradient in Baijiaxi. Blue represents a positive correlation, red represents a negative correlation, and the darker the color, the greater the correlation. Chl, chlorophyll content; LA, leaf area; LDM, leaf dry mass; LFM, leaf fresh mass; LL, leaf length; LT, leaf thickness; LWC, leaf water content; PH, plant height; Pn, net photosynthetic rate; RDM, root dry mass; RFM, root fresh mass; RL, root length; RWC, root water content; SDM, stem dry mass; SFM, stem fresh mass; SLA, specific leaf area; SWC, stem water content. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

Fig. 8 Redundancy analysis (RDA) analysis of plant functional traits and environmental factors from natural riparian zone to water level zone in Baijiaxi Watershed. Contribution of environmental variables to functional traits is presented in Appendix II. 1, 2, natural riparian zone; 3-5, transition zone; 6-8, drawdown zone. Chl, chlorophyll content; Hs, soil humidity; IT, inundation time; LA, leaf area; LDM, leaf dry mass; LFM, leaf fresh mass; LL, leaf length; LT, leaf thickness; LWC, leaf water content; PH, plant height; Pn, net photosynthetic rate; RDM, root dry mass; RFM, root fresh mass; RL, root length; RWC, root water content; SDM, stem dry mass; SFM, stem fresh mass; SLA, specific leaf area; SWC, stem water content; Ts, soil temperature; WC, soil water content; WD, water depth.

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