Leaf phenotypic variation in natural populations of Cerasus dielsiana

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0196

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Cerasus dielsianais a wild cherry species endemic to the subtropical forest of China, and was regarded as a promising ornamental resource. Our objectives were to determine the leaf phenotypic variation, adaptation and patterns in eight natural C. dielsiana populations.

Methods We analyzed eleven leaf phenotypic traits from five provinces of China in eight natural populations of C. dielsianaby using multiple comparisons, nested analysis of variance, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis.

Important findings Results showed that 1) Rich leaf phenotypic variation existed among and within populations, and the average coefficient of variation (CV) was 22.44%, the maximum and the minimum were leaf area (CV = 50.83%) and primary lateral veins (CV = 7.96%), respectively. The mean differentiation coefficient (V_st) for all traits was 30.78%, and the variation within populations (51.55%) was higher than that among populations (22.55%). 2) The principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three main components of variation from leaf phenotypic traits of C. dielsiana made a major contribution reached to 92.400%, and can be comprehensively summarized and sorted as “size traits” (73.242%) and “shape traits” (19.158%). 3) Leaf width (r = -0.641), leaf area (r = -0.658) and primary lateral veins (r = 0.659) showed significant negative or positive correlation with longitude, and the temperature seasonality and precipitation of wettest quarter were showed more influence on leaf phenotype variation. 4) The eight natural populations of C. dielsiana could be divided into four groups according to principal coordinate analysis (PCA) and UPGMA cluster analysis. To sum up, leaf phenotypic variation in C. dielsiana is abundant, with a certain of continuity in quantity, and “size trait” is the main source of inter-trait variation. The mean differentiation coefficient at a moderate level, the phenotypic variation within populations was the main source of leaf traits variation. The results of phenotypic differentiation among populations were found to be consistent with the geographical location, and presented a gradient variation pattern dominated by longitude geographically. Meanwhile, the “climate variability” and “leaf-expansion period” are the main climatic factors that drive leaf phenotypic variation. We speculate the phenomena results from a long evolutionary adaptation of C. dielsiana to the subtropical monsoon climate.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201812004

Key words: Cerasus dielsiana, natural population, geography and climatic factors, leaf phenotypic differentiation

ZHU Hong, ZHU Shu-Xia, LI Yong-Fu, YI Xian-Gui, DUAN Yi-Fan, WANG Xian-Rong. Leaf phenotypic variation in natural populations of Cerasus dielsiana[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2018, 42(12): 1168-1178.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2018.0196

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2018/V42/I12/1168

Figures/Tables 8

References 41

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代码 Code	气候变量 Climatic variables	特征值 Eigenvalue	作为第1主成分的贡献率 Variance contribution rate as first principal component (%)
bio4	气温季节变化 Temperature seasonality (SD × 100)	-0.151	97.459%
bio12	年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	0.784
bio16	最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter (mm)	0.420
bio18	最暖季降水量 Precipitation of warmest quarter (mm)	0.403

代码 Code	气候变量 Climatic variables	特征值 Eigenvalue	作为第1主成分的贡献率 Variance contribution rate as first principal component (%)
bio4	气温季节变化 Temperature seasonality (SD × 100)	-0.151	97.459%
bio12	年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	0.784
bio16	最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter (mm)	0.420
bio18	最暖季降水量 Precipitation of warmest quarter (mm)	0.403

种群 Population	纬度 Latitude (N)	经度 Longitude (E)	平均海拔 Mean altitude (m)	气温季节变化 Temperature Seasonality bio4 (SD × 100)	年降水量 Annual precipitation bio12 (mm)	最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter bio16 (mm)	最暖季降水量 Precipitation of warmest quarter bio18 (mm)
四川峨眉山 Mt. Emei, Sichuan (EMS)	29.57°	103.37°	1 365	7.53	1 264.00	92.13	710.00
湖北神农架 Shennongjia, Hubei (SNJ)	31.45°	110.25°	860	8.15	1 696.00	51.61	557.00
湖北星斗山 Mt. Xingdou, Hubei (XDS)	30.02°	109.12°	839	8.19	1 772.00	60.22	568.00
湖南莽山 Mt. Mangshan, Hunan (MS)	24.97°	112.88°	1 228	7.66	1 492.00	56.44	601.00
湖南张家界 Zhangjiajie, Hunan (ZJJ)	29.32°	110.42°	1 118	7.91	1 591.00	62.14	556.00
江西金竹飞瀑 Jinzhufeipu, Jiangxi (JZFP)	27.00°	115.92°	966	7.20	1 508.00	60.26	609.00
江西仙姑坛 Xiangutan, Jiangxi (XGT)	28.45°	114.38°	1 364	6.86	1 405.00	62.72	591.00
台湾阿里山 Mt. Ali, Taiwan (ALS)	23.50°	120.80°	1 182	8.20	3 747.00	80.66	1 780.00

种群 Population	纬度 Latitude (N)	经度 Longitude (E)	平均海拔 Mean altitude (m)	气温季节变化 Temperature Seasonality bio4 (SD × 100)	年降水量 Annual precipitation bio12 (mm)	最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter bio16 (mm)	最暖季降水量 Precipitation of warmest quarter bio18 (mm)
四川峨眉山 Mt. Emei, Sichuan (EMS)	29.57°	103.37°	1 365	7.53	1 264.00	92.13	710.00
湖北神农架 Shennongjia, Hubei (SNJ)	31.45°	110.25°	860	8.15	1 696.00	51.61	557.00
湖北星斗山 Mt. Xingdou, Hubei (XDS)	30.02°	109.12°	839	8.19	1 772.00	60.22	568.00
湖南莽山 Mt. Mangshan, Hunan (MS)	24.97°	112.88°	1 228	7.66	1 492.00	56.44	601.00
湖南张家界 Zhangjiajie, Hunan (ZJJ)	29.32°	110.42°	1 118	7.91	1 591.00	62.14	556.00
江西金竹飞瀑 Jinzhufeipu, Jiangxi (JZFP)	27.00°	115.92°	966	7.20	1 508.00	60.26	609.00
江西仙姑坛 Xiangutan, Jiangxi (XGT)	28.45°	114.38°	1 364	6.86	1 405.00	62.72	591.00
台湾阿里山 Mt. Ali, Taiwan (ALS)	23.50°	120.80°	1 182	8.20	3 747.00	80.66	1 780.00

叶表型性状 Leaf phenotypic trait	种群 Population
叶表型性状 Leaf phenotypic trait	EMS	SNJ	XDS	MS	ZJJ	JZFP	XGT	ALS	平均值 Mean	变异系数 CV (%)
叶长 LL (mm)	88.80 ± 22.85^a	79.08 ± 8.62^b	83.40 ± 17.18^ab	87.48 ± 11.27^a	89.63 ± 12.56^a	54.57 ± 12.41^d	62.87 ± 8.19^c	69.17 ± 9.14^c	76.94	23.61
叶宽 LW (mm)	43.95 ± 8.73^a	37.15 ± 5.44^bc	33.90 ± 9.02^c	34.93 ± 4.96^bc	38.92 ± 8.12^b	22.64 ± 6.34^e	26.68 ± 4.44^d	37.43 ± 3.93^bc	34.45	26.39
叶长宽比 LWR	2.01 ± 0.21^c	2.15 ± 0.19^c	2.50 ± 0.27^ab	2.53 ± 0.35^a	2.36 ± 0.38^b	2.44 ± 0.27^ab	2.37 ± 0.19^b	1.86 ± 0.14^d	2.28	14.93
叶柄长 PL (mm)	11.84 ± 3.86^a	8.86 ± 1.49^b	7.59 ± 2.46^cd	11.10 ± 2.11^a	8.25 ± 1.60^bc	6.63 ± 1.35^d	8.53 ± 0.89^bc	7.54 ± 0.89^cd	8.80	29.92
叶面积 LA (mm²)	2 746.99 ± 1 337.93^a	1 870.77 ± 476.40^bc	2 045.84 ± 1 040.24^bc	2 020.51 ± 516.34^bc	2 306.43 ± 829.25^a	890.91 ± 463.20^f	1 095.62 ± 295.07^e	1 826.66 ± 482.46^d	1 846.13	50.83
叶周长 LP (mm)	213.94 ± 50.90^a	183.08 ± 21.64^cd	191.98 ± 44.07^bc	198.99 ± 24.00^abc	207.05 ± 32.44^ab	127.23 ± 29.26^e	146.15 ± 18.91^d	171.85 ± 22.61^c	179.81	23.77
叶形指数 LI	0.73 ± 0.04^b	0.69 ± 0.05^c	0.65 ± 0.05^d	0.63 ± 0.06^d	0.65 ± 0.07^d	0.64 ± 0.06^d	0.63 ± 0.03^d	0.77 ± 0.03^a	0.67	8.90
一级侧脉数 PLV	11.00 ± 0.46^c	12.00 ± 0.71^b	12.00 ± 1.32^b	12.00 ± 0.44^b	12.00 ± 0.70^b	12.00 ± 0.77^b	13.00 ± 0.46^a	13.00 ± 0.34^a	11.88	7.96
叶脉密度 VD	0.06 ± 0.01^d	0.07 ± 0.01^c	0.07 ± 0.01^c	0.07 ± 0.01^cd	0.07 ± 0.03^cd	0.11 ± 0.01^a	0.10 ± 0.01^b	0.10 ± 0.01^b	0.08	24.42
叶尖夹角 AA (°)	27.57 ± 3.42^cd	28.99 ± 3.5^bc	28.54 ± 4.36^bc	24.56 ± 2.79^e	31.02 ± 5.67^b	25.22 ± 7.02^de	22.99 ± 2.64^e	40.24 ± 4.46^a	28.64	22.87
叶基夹角 BA (°)	114.47 ± 14.05^b	114.88 ± 11.04^b	113.87 ± 14.78^b	128.34 ± 8.24^a	103.60 ± 9.34^c	121.53 ± 17.54^b	116.68 ± 15.03^b	130.67 ± 13.33^a	116.72	13.31
平均值 Mean	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	22.44