长江中下游湖泊两种混生苦草属植物生活史特征与共存分布格局

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在对长江中下游流域湖南、湖北、江西和安徽4省25个湖泊苦草属(Vallisneria)植物种群进行广泛的取样调查、鉴定和查明种间共存格局的基础上,结合同园种植实验,对该属两个混生近缘种刺苦草(V. spinulosa)和苦草(V. natans)有性和无性生活史特征进行了定量测定和比较研究,探讨了种间生活史差异对种间共存格局的影响。结果表明:1)刺苦草是长江中下游湖泊的优势物种,苦草为常见种,而密刺苦草(V. denseserrulata)仅有很少分布;2)苦草和刺苦草常混生于这些湖泊中,形成共存分布格局:刺苦草和苦草种间呈明显的的带状相间分布格局,或苦草只零星分布于刺苦草群落中;3)刺苦草和苦草有性和无性生活史特征显著不同:刺苦草为多年生,主要以无性繁殖为主,只有有限的有性繁殖投入;相反,苦草在调查的地区为一年生,以有性繁殖为主,只进行微弱的克隆生长,且不能产生克隆繁殖器官(冬芽)。刺苦草和苦草在有性和无性繁殖生活史对策上的权衡,导致种间资源利用和竞争能力的分异而使这两个近缘种得以共存。

关键词: 苦草, 刺苦草, 克隆繁殖, 繁殖策略, 沉水植物, 竞争共存

Abstract:

Aims Vallisneria species are very common and important in shallow lakes of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River of China. Our objectives were to: 1) examine whether these co-existing Vallisneria species differ in sexual and clonal life-history traits, and 2) determine whether life-history traits explain the interspecific distribution pattern of these species.
Methods Field investigations were carried out to determine the distribution and coexistence pattern of the three Vallisneria species (V. spinulosa, V. natans and V. denseserrulata) in lakes of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Life-history traits of sexual reproduction and clonal propagation of V. spinulosa and V. natans were determined and compared under field condition and uniform glasshouse environment.
Important finding V. spinulosa was the dominant species in these lakes, V. natans was very common and V. denseserrulata was rare in this region. V. spinulosa and V. natans widely coexisted in these lakes; they frequently displayed a clear interspecific zonation pattern, or V. natans individuals scarcely occurred in V. spinulosa communities. Field investigations and glasshouse experiments suggested great differences of sexual and clonal life-history traits between V. spinulosa and V. natans. V. spinulosa is perennial, and capable of extensive clonal propagation, while V. natans is annual and reproduces mainly by sexual seedling as well as limited clonal growth. Differences of resource-acquisition and competitive abilities, caused by trade-offs of resource allocation between sexual reproduction and clonal propagation, might determine the pattern of competitive coexistence of V. spinulosa and V. natans.

Key words: Vallsineria spinulosa, V. natans, clonal propagation, reproductive strategy, submerged macrophyte, competitive coexistence

陈磊, 叶其刚, 潘丽珠, 徐立铭, 黄宏文. 长江中下游湖泊两种混生苦草属植物生活史特征与共存分布格局. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(1): 106-113. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.012

CHEN Lei, YE Qi-Gang, PAN Li-Zhu, XU Li-Ming, HUANG Hong-Wen. VALLISNERIA SPECIES IN LAKES OF THE MIDDLE-LOWER REACHES OF THE YANGTZE RIVER OF CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(1): 106-113. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.012

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.012

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I1/106

图/表 4

参考文献 32

[1]	Blanch SJ, Ganf GG, Walker KF (1998). Growth and recruitment in Vallisneria americana as related to average irradiance in the water column. Aquatic Botany, 61, 181-205.
[2]	Chen L, Xu LM, Huang HW (2007). Genetic diversity and population structure in Vallisneria spinulosa (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Botany, 86, 46-52.
[3]	Chen KN (陈开宁), Lan CJ (兰策介), Shi LX (史龙新), Chen WM (陈伟民), Xu H (许海), Bao XM (包先明) (2006). Reproductive ecology of Vallisneria natans. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version) (formerly Acta Phytoecologica Sinica) (植物生态学报), 30, 487-495. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	Chesson P (1991). A need for niches? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 6, 26-28. URL PMID
[5]	Dorken ME, Barrett SCH (2003). Life-history differentiation and the maintenance of monoecy and dioecy in Sagittaria latifolia (Alismatacee). Evolution, 57, 1973-1988.
[6]	Eckert CG (1999). Clonal plant research: proliferation, integration, but not much evolution. American Journal of Botany, 86, 1649-1654.
[7]	Eckert CG (2002). The loss of sex in clonal plants. Evolutionary Ecology, 15, 501-520.
[8]	Eriksson O (1993). Dynamics of genets in clonal plants. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 8, 313-316.
[9]	Fischer M, van Kleunen M (2002). On the evolution of clonal plant life histories. Evolutionary Ecology, 15, 565-582.
[10]	Gu LD (顾林娣), Chen J (陈坚), Zhang ZS (章宗涉) (1994). Effect of cutting on growth of Vallisneria spiralis. Plant Physiology Communications (植物生理学通讯), 30, 105-107. (in Chinese)
[11]	Huang ZW (黄志伟), Peng M (彭敏), Chen GC (陈桂琛), Shi P (史萍), Zhou GY (周国英) (2001). The spatial distribution patterns and dynamics of some wetland dominant plants. Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology (应用与环境生物学报), 7, 113-116. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	Jacobs SWL, Frank KA (1997). Notes on Vallisneria (Hydrocharitaceae) in Australia, with descriptions of two new species. Telopea, 7, 111-118.
[13]	Jian YX (简永兴), Wang JB (王建波), He GQ (何国庆), Li J (李今), Chen JK (陈家宽) (2001). A comparative study of aquatic plant diversity of Haikou, Taibai and Wushan Lake in Hubei Province of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 21, 1815-1824. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	Kneitel JM, Chase JM (2004). Trade-offs in community ecology: linking spatial scales and species coexistence. Ecology Letters, 7, 69-80.
[15]	Lowden RM (1982). An approach to the taxonomy of Vallisneria L. (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquatic Botany, 13, 269-298.
[16]	Luo XZ (罗晓铮), Cui XH (崔心红), Chen JK (陈家宽), He JN (何建农) (2000). Influences of reproductive methods on growth of Sagittaria Pygmaea. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research (武汉植物学研究), 18, 157-159. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	Ma JM (马剑敏), Yan GA (严国安), Ren N (任南), Luo YP (罗岳平), Li YJ (李益健) (1997). Restoration and structural optimization of aquatic vegetation in enclosure and fence in East Lake of Wuhan. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 8, 535-540. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	Philbrick CT, Les DH (1996). Evolution of aquatic angiosperm reproductive systems. BioScience, 46, 813-826.
[19]	Ren JC (任久长), Dai CL (戴长亮), Dong W (董巍), Qiao JR (乔建荣) (1999). Study on niche and community succession of submerged macrophyte in Jing-Mi Canal, Beijing. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis (北京大学学报(自然科学版)), 35, 523-528. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	Ricardo CT, Corrado CA, Mandujano MC, Molina-Freaner F (2006). Reproductive consequences of clonal growth in Stenocereus eruca, a rare clonal cactus of the Sonaran Desert. Evolutionary Ecology, 20, 131-142.
[21]	Schmitt RJ (1996). Exploitation competition in mobile grazers: trade-offs in use of a limited resource. Ecology, 77, 408-425.
[22]	Schmidt KA, Earnhardt JM, Brown JS, Holt RD (2000). Habitat selection under temporal heterogeneity: exorcizing the ghost of competition past. Ecology, 81, 2622-2630.
[23]	Shen XS (沈显生) (2001). A new species of Vallisneria (Hydrocharitaceae) from Anhui Province, China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica (植物分类学报), 39, 571-574. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	Sun XZ (孙祥钟) (1992). Flora of China (Tomus 8) (中国植物志, 第8卷). Science Press, Beijing, 176-180. (in Chinese)
[25]	Suzuki J, Stuefer JF (1999). On the ecological and evolutionary significance of storage in clonal plants. Plant Species Biology, 14, 11-17.
[26]	Velicer GJ, Lenski RE (1999). Evolutionary trade-offs under conditions of resource abundance and scarcity: experiments with bacteria. Ecology, 80, 1168-1179.
[27]	Xiao YE (肖月娥), Chen KN (陈开宁), Dai XB (戴新宾), Chen XF (陈小峰), Xu XM (许晓明) (2006). Comparison of adaptive capacity to low light intensity of two angiosperm submerged macrophytes from Taihu Lake. Plant Physiology Communications (植物生理学通讯), 42, 421-425. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	Xie P, Chen YY (1999). Threats to biodiversity in Chinese inland waters. Ambio, 26, 674-681.
[29]	Xiong BH (熊秉红), Li W (李伟) (2000). Ecological studies on Vallisneria L. in China. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research (武汉植物学研究), 18, 500-508. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	Yan SZ (颜素珠), Zhu WJ (朱伟杰) (1984). Comparative morphological studies on three species of Vallisneria from China. Guihaia (广西植物), 4, 309-315. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	Yu D (于丹), Chong YX (种云霄), Tu MH (涂芒辉), Wang XY (汪小炎), Zhou XH (周晓华) (1998). Study on the threatened aquatic higher plant species of China. Chinese Biodiversity (生物多样性), 6, 13-21. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]	Zu YG (祖元刚), Zhang WH (张文辉), Wu SX (吴双秀), Zhou FJ (周福军), Yang FJ (杨逢建) (1997). Comparative studies of sexual reproduction and asexual propagation between populations of Adenophora lobophylla and A. potaninii. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 39, 1065-1072. (in Chinese with English abstract)

种群代码 Population code	刺苦草 Vallisneria spinulosa		苦草 V. natanss
种群代码 Population code	水深 Water depth (m)	基质 Substract	水深 Water depth (m)	基质 Substract
LZH	1.0~2.0	粘土, 黑褐色; 粘土, 黄色,硬 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黄色, 硬 Yellow hard clay
ZH	0.2~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.2~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
BL	0.5~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.2~0.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
HG	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
FT	1.0~2.0	粘土, 黑褐色; 粘土, 黄色, 硬 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黄色, 硬; 粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay
BX	0.5~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.5~1.0	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
LZ	1.5~3.0	粘土, 黑褐色; 粘土, 黄色, 硬 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黄色, 硬 Yellow hard clay
SSH	1.5~2.5	粘土, 黑褐色; 粘土, 黄色, 硬 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黄色, 硬 Yellow hard clay
HK	0.5~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.5~1.0	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
SJ	1.0~3.0	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
PG	0.2~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.8~1.2	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay

种群代码 Population code	刺苦草 Vallisneria spinulosa		苦草 V. natanss
种群代码 Population code	水深 Water depth (m)	基质 Substract	水深 Water depth (m)	基质 Substract
LZH	1.0~2.0	粘土, 黑褐色; 粘土, 黄色,硬 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黄色, 硬 Yellow hard clay
ZH	0.2~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.2~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
BL	0.5~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.2~0.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
HG	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
FT	1.0~2.0	粘土, 黑褐色; 粘土, 黄色, 硬 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黄色, 硬; 粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay
BX	0.5~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.5~1.0	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
LZ	1.5~3.0	粘土, 黑褐色; 粘土, 黄色, 硬 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黄色, 硬 Yellow hard clay
SSH	1.5~2.5	粘土, 黑褐色; 粘土, 黄色, 硬 Pitchy clay; yellow hard clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黄色, 硬 Yellow hard clay
HK	0.5~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.5~1.0	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
SJ	1.0~3.0	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	1.0~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay
PG	0.2~1.5	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay	0.8~1.2	粘土, 黑褐色 Pitchy clay

生活史特征 Life history traits	苦草 Vallisneria natans	刺苦草 V. spinulosa
叶片数 Leaf number	11.2 (0.2)	12.3 (0.3)^**
叶长 Leaf length (cm)	63.5 (1.6)	82.6 (1.9)^**
叶宽 Leaf width (cm)	0.93 (0.02)	0.79 (0.01)^**
开花数 Flower number	22.7 (1.8)	1.5 (0.1)^**
座果数 Seedset number	8.1 (0.5)	1.3 (0.1)^**
佛焰苞数 Spathe number	33.3 (2.5)	1.7 (0.2)^**
果长 Fruit length (cm)	16.3 (0.2)	9.8 (0.2)^**
每个果实种子数 Seed output per fruit	354 (13)	232 (15)^**
种子长 Seed length (cm)	0.190 (0.002)	0.139 (0.002)^**
种子宽 Seed width (cm)	0.033 (0.000)	0.043 (0.001)^**
种子鲜重 Seed fresh weight (g)	0.0171 (0.0005)	0.0182 (0.0010)^ns
种子干重 Seed dry weight (g)	0.0129 (0.0009)	0.0133 (0.0007)^ns

生活史特征 Life history traits	苦草 Vallisneria natans	刺苦草 V. spinulosa
叶片数 Leaf number	11.2 (0.2)	12.3 (0.3)^**
叶长 Leaf length (cm)	63.5 (1.6)	82.6 (1.9)^**
叶宽 Leaf width (cm)	0.93 (0.02)	0.79 (0.01)^**
开花数 Flower number	22.7 (1.8)	1.5 (0.1)^**
座果数 Seedset number	8.1 (0.5)	1.3 (0.1)^**
佛焰苞数 Spathe number	33.3 (2.5)	1.7 (0.2)^**
果长 Fruit length (cm)	16.3 (0.2)	9.8 (0.2)^**
每个果实种子数 Seed output per fruit	354 (13)	232 (15)^**
种子长 Seed length (cm)	0.190 (0.002)	0.139 (0.002)^**
种子宽 Seed width (cm)	0.033 (0.000)	0.043 (0.001)^**
种子鲜重 Seed fresh weight (g)	0.0171 (0.0005)	0.0182 (0.0010)^ns
种子干重 Seed dry weight (g)	0.0129 (0.0009)	0.0133 (0.0007)^ns

生活史特征 Life history traits	苦草 Vallisneria natans	刺苦草 V. spinulosa
生活史特征 Life history traits	苦草 Vallisneria natans	有性苗 Sexual seedling	冬芽苗 Clonal seedling
发芽率 Germination rate (%)	54 (4)^a	43 (6)^a
出苗率 Emergence rate (%)	46 (3)^a	17 (2)^b	100 (0)
叶片数 Leaf number	4.5 (0.1)^a	4.4 (0.3)^a	10.6 (0.2)^b
叶长 Leaf length (cm)	19.5 (0.8)^a	7.3 (0.9)^b	83.0 (2.4)^c
叶宽 Leaf width (cm)	0.34 (0.01)^a	0.19 (0.01)^b	0.70 (0.01)^c
克隆分株 Clonal number	0	0	2.4 (0.2)
冬芽数 Tuber number	0	1 (0)	6.1 (0.4)