宁夏盐池不同坡位旱地紫苜蓿水分来源

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00118

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

紫苜蓿(Medicago sativa)是一种经济和生态价值较高的优良牧草, 但其耗水量大, 在西北半干旱地区仅靠天然降水难以满足紫苜蓿的正常生长发育。宁夏盐池北部地处毛乌素沙地南缘, 地下水埋深较浅, 地下水有可能成为紫苜蓿的潜在水源, 弥补天然降水的不足。本试验在地势平坦的缓坡丘陵梁地和丘间低地, 选择8年生旱地紫苜蓿试验地作为研究对象, 采用稳定同位素技术, 研究了不同海拔的4个坡位(海拔自低到高分别为: 坡1、坡2、坡3和坡4)紫苜蓿的水分来源及其生长生理表现。结果表明: 坡位对0-300 cm土壤剖面含水量有显著影响, 海拔最低的坡1土壤含水量最高。土壤水和植物茎秆水δ ¹⁸O-δD坐标点大部分位于中国西北地区地方大气降水线(LMWL)的右侧, 说明植物利用的水源氢氧同位素组成受到蒸发的影响而发生了富集作用。0-450 cm土壤剖面水δ ¹⁸O值随着海拔高度的增加而增大。同一坡位土壤水δ ¹⁸O值随着土壤深度的增加逐渐下降。深层土壤水δ ¹⁸O值与地下水δ ¹⁸O相近, 说明地下水通过土壤毛细管上升而补充其上层土壤水分。0-40 cm土壤水δ ¹⁸O值随季节波动较大, 270 cm以下土壤水δ ¹⁸O值较为稳定。4、7、8月份坡1紫苜蓿茎秆水δ ¹⁸O值显著低于其他3个坡位(p < 0.001)。在4、6、7三个月, 坡位1紫苜蓿对深层土壤水(270 cm以下)的利用率最高。而在8月份, 坡1、坡3、坡4紫苜蓿主要利用150-270 cm、270-450 cm土层土壤水以及地下水, 坡2对表层(0-20 cm)土壤水利用率最高。坡1紫苜蓿的产量、整株Δ ¹³C值及气孔导度显著高于其他3个坡位。本研究表明: 在平均年降水量只有280 mm的西北半干旱地区种植旱地紫苜蓿要尽量选择地势较低的滩地, 使其能够利用到埋深较浅地下水, 以满足植物生长发育的需要并取得较好的生态和经济效益。

关键词: 旱地紫苜蓿, 地下水利用, 植物水分来源, 稳定氢氧同位素

Abstract: Aims Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is considered as an elite forage with high economic and ecological values. In semi-arid areas of Northwest China, the low rainfall is far from satisfying water demand of alfalfa. The northern part of Yanchi County is adjacent to Mu Us desert and has a shallow groundwater table. In this area, groundwater could be the potential water sources for growing alfalfa. Our objective was to investigate the growth performance and potential water sources of alfalfa grown in four slope positions with different altitudes in the bottomland of northern Yanchi County. Method Stable ¹⁸O and D isotope compositions (δ ¹⁸O and δD) of different water sources and xylem water were analyzed in April, June, July and August 2013. IsoSource was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake. Stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ ¹³C) of whole plant, soil volumetric water content in the 0-300 cm soil profile were also determined. Important findings Slope position had a significant effect on water content in the 0-300 cm soil profile. Highest soil water content was found in the slope position of lowest altitude. The δ ¹⁸O-δD coordinates of soil water and plant stem xylem water were distributed on the right of Northwest China local meteoric water line (LMWL), indicating that oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions in the water sources of alfalfa were subjected to enrichment due to evaporation. The δ ¹⁸O values of soil water in the 0-450 cm profile increased with altitude. Soil water δ ¹⁸O values decreased with the depth of soil profile for a given slope position. Soil water δ ¹⁸O values in deep profile were similar to those in groundwater, implying that groundwater would move to the upper soil layer via soil capillary. Seasonal fluctuation was observed in soil water δ ¹⁸O in the 0-40 cm profile, while soil water δ ¹⁸O in profile below 270 cm was stable seasonally. Plant stem xylem water δ ¹⁸O value was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the slope position 1 than in other three slope positions in April, July and August. Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile (below 270 cm) was recorded for alfalfa grown in the slope position 1 in April, June and July. In August, alfalfa grown in the slope positions 1, 3 and 4 mainly used soil water in the 150-270 cm and 270-450 cm profiles and groundwater; highest dependence on soil water in the shallow profile (0-20 cm) was found in alfalfa grown in the slope position 2. Higher yield, whole plant Δ ¹³C value and stomatal conductance were observed in alfalfa grown in the slope position 1 than in other three slope positions. These results suggest that bottomland with lower altitude and shallow groundwater table should be adopted when planting alfalfa without irrigation in the semi-arid areas of Northwest China where average annual rainfall is around 280 mm. Thus, groundwater could contribute to better growth performance of alfalfa, leading to higher ecological and economic returns.

Key words: dry-land alfalfa, groundwater utilization, plant water source, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes

朱林,祁亚淑,许兴. 宁夏盐池不同坡位旱地紫苜蓿水分来源. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(11): 1226-1240. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00118

ZHU Lin,QI Ya-Shu,XU Xing. Water sources of Medicago sativa grown in different slope positions in Yanchi County of Ningxia. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(11): 1226-1240. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00118

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00118

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I11/1226

图/表 12

表1 试验地基本情况

Table 1 Information on experimental sites

	海拔 Altitude (m)	地下水位 Groundwater table (m)	生境类型 Type of habitat	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	土壤机械组成 Soil mechanical composition	0-300 cm土壤体积含水量 Soil volumetric water content (%)
坡1 Slope position 1	1 317	3.2-3.7	丘间低地 Lowland on the foothill	0-20	砂粒 Sand 60.5%, 粉粒 Silt 20.1%, 黏粒 Clay 19.4%	9.6-12.4
				20-300	砂粒 Sand 49.1%, 粉粒 Silt 22.4%, 黏粒 Clay 28.5%
				>300	砂粒 Sand 42.4%, 粉粒 Silt 26.4%, 黏粒 Clay 31.2%
坡2 Slope position 2	1 322	4.8-5.5	丘间低地 Lowland on the foothill	0-20	砂粒 Sand 71.7%, 粉粒 Silt 12.9%, 黏粒 Clay 15.4%	6.8-8.4
				20-300	石砾 Gravel 15.3%, 砂粒 Sand 46.2%, 粉粒 Silt 20.6%, 黏粒 Clay 17.9%
				>300	石砾 Gravel 9.6%, 砂粒 Sand 49.8%, 粉粒 Silt 18.5%, 黏粒 Clay 22.1%
坡3 Slope position 3	1 324	5.5-6.0	丘间低地 Lowland on the foothill	0-20	砂粒 Sand 77.5%, 粉粒 Silt 11.9%, 黏粒 Clay 10.6%	5.8-6.8
				20-300	石砾 Gravel 5.3%, 砂粒 Sand 61.1%, 粉粒 Silt 24.5%, 黏粒 Clay 9.1%
				>300	石砾 Gravel 3.1%, 砂粒 Sand 62.3%, 粉粒 Silt 21.5%, 黏粒 Clay 13.1%
坡4 Slope position 4	1 328	>6.0	缓坡丘陵梁地 Flat hilly highland	0-20	砂粒 Sand 67.5%, 粉粒 Silt 21.9%, 黏粒 Clay 10.6%	5.6-7.8
				20-300	砂粒 Sand 63.3%, 粉粒 Silt 25.5%, 黏粒 Clay 11.2%
				>300	砂粒 Sand 46.8%, 粉粒 Silt 38.5%, 黏粒 Clay 14.7%

图1 2013年3月1日至9月1日北王圈日降水量。实心柱表示日降水量, 空心五角星表示雨水的氧同位素组成, 箭头指示的是土壤水、植物水及地下水采样时间。

Fig. 1 Daily rainfall from 1 March to 1 September, 2013 in Beiwangjuan. Solid columns represent daily precipitation. The symbol of asterisk represents δ18O of rain water. Arrow points to the data when soil water, groundwater, plant xylem water was sampled.

图2 2013年1月至12月北王圈地上2 m平均月气温和相对湿度。实心柱表示平均月气温, 折线表示平均月大气相对湿度。

Fig. 2 Mean monthly air temperature and relative moisture at 2 m above ground from January to December 2013 in Beiwangjuan. Solid columns represent mean monthly air temperatures. Line represents mean monthly air relative humidity.

图3 北王圈4个坡位不同时期0-300 cm土壤含水量(平均值±标准偏差)。 A, 4月28日。B, 6月2日。C, 7月19日。D, 8月19日。

Fig. 3 Soil water content in the 0-300 cm profile in four slope positions in Beiwangjuan (mean ± SD). A, 28 April. B, 2 June. C, 19 July. D, 19 August.

图4 北王圈不同坡位紫苜蓿茎秆水与各土层土壤水氧同位素组成(δ18O)的比较。 A, 4月28日。B, 6月2日。C, 7月19日。D, 8月19日。

Fig. 4 δ18O of soil water, groundwater and plant stem xylem water in Beiwangjuan. A, 28 April. B, 2 June. C, 19 July. D, 19 August.

图5 试验点土壤水、植物木质部水的δ18O和δD及其与中国西北干旱地区地方大气降水线(LMWL)(δD = 7.56δ18O + 5.05 (黄天明等, 2008))的关系。 A, 坡位1。B, 坡位2。C, 坡位3。D, 坡位4。

Fig. 5 δ18O and δD of soil water, plant xylem water sampled at the field site and their relationship with arid Northwest China local meteoric water line (LMWL) (δD = 7.56δ18O + 5.05; (Huang et al., 2008)). A, Slope position 1. B, Slope position 2. C, Slope position 3. D, Slope position 4.

图6 试验点雨水、地下水的δ18O和δD及其与中国西北干旱地区地方大气降水线(LMWL) (δD = 7.56δ18O + 5.05; 黄天明等, 2008)的关系。

Fig. 6 δ18O and δD of rain water, groundwater sampled at the field site and their relationship with arid Northwest China local meteoric water line (LMWL) (δD = 7.56δ18O + 5.05; Huang et al., 2008).

图7 不同时期4个坡位整株碳同位素分辨率(Δ13C) (平均值±标准偏差)。不同小写字母表示同一时期不同坡位紫苜蓿整株Δ13C差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示同一坡位不同时期紫苜蓿整株Δ13C差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 7 Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) of whole plant in four slope positions analyzed in different periods (mean ± SD). Different capital letters and lowercase letters represent significant differences among different measurement times and different slope positions (p < 0.05), respectively.

图8 不同时期4个坡位气孔导度(Gs) (平均值±标准偏差)。不同小写字母表示同一时期不同坡位紫苜蓿叶片气孔导度差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示同一坡位不同时期紫苜蓿叶片气孔导度差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 8 Leaf stomatal conductance (Gs) in four slope positions analyzed in different periods (mean ± SD). Different capital letters and lowercase letters represent significant differences among different measurement times and different slope positions (p < 0.05), respectively.

图9 不同时期4个坡位紫苜蓿茎秆水势(平均值±标准偏差)。不同小写字母表示同一时期不同坡位紫苜蓿茎秆水势差异显著(p < 0.05); 不同大写字母表示同一坡位不同时期紫苜蓿茎秆水势差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 9 Xylem water potentials in four slope positions analyzed in different periods (mean ± SD). Different capital letters and lowercase letters represent significant differences among different measurement times and different slope positions (p < 0.05), respectively.

表2 北王圈不同坡位两次刈割产量、株高和茎叶比的比较

Table 2 Comparison of yield, plant height and ratio of stem to leaf in Beiwangjuan

	采样时间 Sampling time	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	株高 Plant height (m)	茎叶比 Ratio of stem to leaf
坡1 Slope position 1	6月2日 2 June	1 368.60 ± 89.24^aA	48.67 ± 1.53^aB	1.25 ± 0.33^aA
坡1 Slope position 1	8月19日19 August	1 933.85 ± 40.66^aA	63.33 ± 1.64^aA	1.35 ± 0.21^aA
坡2 Slope position 2	6月2日 2 June	806.20 ± 162.07^cA	44.67 ± 4.51^aB	1.08 ± 0.08^aA
坡2 Slope position 2	8月19日19 August	1 752.90 ± 66.61^aA	61.33 ± 2.51^aA	1.22 ± 0.30^aA
坡3 Slope position 3	6月2日 2 June	1 039.95 ± 122.26^bB	47.00 ± 3.61^aB	1.15 ± 0.19^aB
坡3 Slope position 3	8月19日19 August	1 885.80 ± 116.39^aA	63.00 ± 2.65^aA	1.40 ± 0.39^aA
坡4 Slope position 4	6月2日 2 June	928.85 ± 241.05^bcA	43.00 ± 5.29^aB	1.32 ± 0.15^aA
坡4 Slope position 4	8月19日19 August	1 401.25 ± 88.32^bA	57.00 ± 4.36^aA	1.59 ± 0.22^aA

表3 4个坡位紫苜蓿对各水源的利用率% (平均值(最小值-最大值))

Table 3 Water uptake rate of potential sources for alfalfa grown in four slope positions (mean (minimum- maximum))

	水分来源 Water source		δ¹⁸O (‰)	坡位1 Slope position 1	δ¹⁸O (‰)	坡位2 Slope position 2	δ¹⁸O (‰)	坡位3 Slope position 3	δ¹⁸O (‰)	坡位4 Slope position 4
4月28日 28 April	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	0-20	-1.17	1.3 (0-5)	-2.22	37.4 (20-46)	-4.54	21.0 (0-46)	-3.65	49.1 (32-59)
		20-150	-7.93	8.6 (0-32)	-6.09	20.5 (0-70)	-6.15	25.4 (0-67)	-7.09	17.3 (0-68)
		150-270	-8.91	23.3 (0-85)	-7.43	15.9 (0-50)	-8.61	19.1 (0-67)	-8.56	11.6 (0-42)
		270-400	-9.51	51.6 (14-88)	-8.17	13.9 (0-45)	-9.74	15.3 (0-52)	-9.49	10.0 (0-35)
	地下水 Groundwater		-8.59	15.2 (0-54)	-8.59	12.2 (0-44)	-8.59	19.2 (0-64)	-8.59	12.0 (0-45)
6月2日 2-June	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	0-20	1.27	0.0 (0-2.9)	-3.19	0.6 (0-2)	-0.44	7.9 (0-17)	-5.24	9.1 (0-35)
		20-150	-8.07	1.3 (0-5)	-6.33	2.9 (1-6)	-4.35	14.7 (0-36)	-5.05	8.6 (0-33)
		150-270	-8.35	1.8 (0.4)	-8.87	5.3 (0-1.2)	-7.82	26.0 (0-83)	-7.58	25.0 (0-95)
		270-450	-8.96	94.8 (94-96)	-10.39	89.5 (85-93)	-8.19	25.5 (0-76)	-8.93	30.3 (0-65)
	地下水 Groundwater		-7.73	2.2 (0-4)	-7.73	1.7 (0-5)	-7.73	26.0 (0-83)	-7.73	27.0 (0-95)
7月19日 19-July	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	0-20	-6.04	2.9 (0-11)	-6.44	37.1 (0-84)	-6.63	93.0 (86-98)	-6.56	31.4 (0-82)
		20-150	-6.43	3.2 (0-12)	-6.29	40.8 (0-81)	-6.84	6.0 (0-14)	-5.92	36.2 (0-63)
		150-270	-8.78	11.0 (0-39)	-7.88	9.8 (0-32)	-8.10	0.6 (0-2)	-8.65	9.7 (0-35)
		270-450	-9.91	74.4 (59-87)	-9.21	5.3 (0-17)	-9.00	0.2 (0-1)	-8.10	12.3 (0-45)
	地下水 Groundwater		-8.47	8.4 (0-31)	-8.47	7.1 (0-23)	-8.47	0.2 (0-1)	-8.47	10.4 (0-39)
8月19日 19-August	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	0-20	-4.62	9.4 (0-31)	-2.82	40.5 (21.51)	-5.02	7.2 (0-28)	-2.47	5.1 (0-17)
		20-150	-7.27	17.4 (0-58)	-6.57	20.6 (0-75)	-6.61	10.7 (0-4)	-5.59	8.9 (0-32)
		150-270	-8.76	25.7 (0-91)	-8.12	14.5 (0-54)	-10.19	31.4 (0-69)	-8.10	22.8 (0-82)
		270-450	-10.33	22.0 (0-66)	-9.16	11.9 (0-46)	-8.50	22.8 (0-86)	-9.74	32.7 (0-80)
	地下水 Groundwater		-8.93	25.5 (0-90)	-8.93	12.5 (0-48)	-8.93	28 (0-92)	-8.93	30.5 (0-91)

表3 4个坡位紫苜蓿对各水源的利用率% (平均值(最小值-最大值))

Table 3 Water uptake rate of potential sources for alfalfa grown in four slope positions (mean (minimum- maximum))

	水分来源 Water source		δ¹⁸O (‰)	坡位1 Slope position 1	δ¹⁸O (‰)	坡位2 Slope position 2	δ¹⁸O (‰)	坡位3 Slope position 3	δ¹⁸O (‰)	坡位4 Slope position 4
4月28日 28 April	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	0-20	-1.17	1.3 (0-5)	-2.22	37.4 (20-46)	-4.54	21.0 (0-46)	-3.65	49.1 (32-59)
		20-150	-7.93	8.6 (0-32)	-6.09	20.5 (0-70)	-6.15	25.4 (0-67)	-7.09	17.3 (0-68)
		150-270	-8.91	23.3 (0-85)	-7.43	15.9 (0-50)	-8.61	19.1 (0-67)	-8.56	11.6 (0-42)
		270-400	-9.51	51.6 (14-88)	-8.17	13.9 (0-45)	-9.74	15.3 (0-52)	-9.49	10.0 (0-35)
	地下水 Groundwater		-8.59	15.2 (0-54)	-8.59	12.2 (0-44)	-8.59	19.2 (0-64)	-8.59	12.0 (0-45)
6月2日 2-June	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	0-20	1.27	0.0 (0-2.9)	-3.19	0.6 (0-2)	-0.44	7.9 (0-17)	-5.24	9.1 (0-35)
		20-150	-8.07	1.3 (0-5)	-6.33	2.9 (1-6)	-4.35	14.7 (0-36)	-5.05	8.6 (0-33)
		150-270	-8.35	1.8 (0.4)	-8.87	5.3 (0-1.2)	-7.82	26.0 (0-83)	-7.58	25.0 (0-95)
		270-450	-8.96	94.8 (94-96)	-10.39	89.5 (85-93)	-8.19	25.5 (0-76)	-8.93	30.3 (0-65)
	地下水 Groundwater		-7.73	2.2 (0-4)	-7.73	1.7 (0-5)	-7.73	26.0 (0-83)	-7.73	27.0 (0-95)
7月19日 19-July	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	0-20	-6.04	2.9 (0-11)	-6.44	37.1 (0-84)	-6.63	93.0 (86-98)	-6.56	31.4 (0-82)
		20-150	-6.43	3.2 (0-12)	-6.29	40.8 (0-81)	-6.84	6.0 (0-14)	-5.92	36.2 (0-63)
		150-270	-8.78	11.0 (0-39)	-7.88	9.8 (0-32)	-8.10	0.6 (0-2)	-8.65	9.7 (0-35)
		270-450	-9.91	74.4 (59-87)	-9.21	5.3 (0-17)	-9.00	0.2 (0-1)	-8.10	12.3 (0-45)
	地下水 Groundwater		-8.47	8.4 (0-31)	-8.47	7.1 (0-23)	-8.47	0.2 (0-1)	-8.47	10.4 (0-39)
8月19日 19-August	土壤深度 Soil depth (cm)	0-20	-4.62	9.4 (0-31)	-2.82	40.5 (21.51)	-5.02	7.2 (0-28)	-2.47	5.1 (0-17)
		20-150	-7.27	17.4 (0-58)	-6.57	20.6 (0-75)	-6.61	10.7 (0-4)	-5.59	8.9 (0-32)
		150-270	-8.76	25.7 (0-91)	-8.12	14.5 (0-54)	-10.19	31.4 (0-69)	-8.10	22.8 (0-82)
		270-450	-10.33	22.0 (0-66)	-9.16	11.9 (0-46)	-8.50	22.8 (0-86)	-9.74	32.7 (0-80)
	地下水 Groundwater		-8.93	25.5 (0-90)	-8.93	12.5 (0-48)	-8.93	28 (0-92)	-8.93	30.5 (0-91)

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