达维台风对海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林群落的影响

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海南岛地处我国台风的频发地带, 台风是影响海南岛热带雨林的一个重要的自然干扰因子。该文对2005年达维台风前后海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林天然次生林2 600 m²固定样地的物种组成、胸高断面积、植株数目、风倒木的影响因子、物种多样性、生物量变化及碳储量归还进行比较分析。结果显示, 台风后森林内产生大量的风倒木、断枝和落叶, 导致群落郁闭度减少、透光性增强, 并产生大量的林窗。台风后群落的组成结构发生显著变化, 受损株数达514株(占总株数26.1%); 其中风倒木比例较大, 达206株(占总株数10.5%)。方差分析结果显示, 受台风影响产生的风倒木与未明显受损树木的胸径面积、树高和木材密度均无显著差异; 但与树种组成有较紧密的关联, 对乔木层、幼树层和下木层造成的损害存在种类上的明显差异。台风产生的损害可以分为直接性损害和间接性损害两种: 1)直接性损害主要作用于乔木层, 造成大径级植株严重受损; 部分树种重要值降低, 变成伴生种, 或者次优势种和原有优势种成为共同优势种; 2)间接性损害主要通过风倒木作用于幼树层和下木层, 产生的倒木、断枝和落叶压倒其它植株, 表现为小面积范围内的个体死亡, 甚至有种类消失; 部分优势种的个体数减少较多, 但占该种群所有个体数目的比例较小。乔木层的Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数均略有下降, 而幼树层和下木层均略有上升, 但3个林层均表现为不同程度的种类消失和一些种类的个体数目减少。此次台风还造成该样地至少占台风前总生物量10.42%的生物量归还给林地, 并对森林生态系统碳循环产生重大影响。

关键词: 尖峰岭, 达维台风, 群落组成和结构, 生物量变化, 碳归还

Abstract:

Aims My objective was to determine the impact of a strong typhoon on the tropical montane rain forest community in Hainan Island.

Methods A 2 600 m²permanent plot in Jianfengling, Hainan Island was surveyed in June 2005 before Typhoon Damrey and in October 2005 after the typhoon. All individuals with diameter at breast height >1.0 cm were recorded and classified into four injury types. I analyzed changes in species composition, basal area, number of individuals, influence of wind-blown trees, biological diversity, biomass change and carbon return.

Important findings Many wind-blown trees, broken branches and fallen leaves appeared after Typhoon Damrey and this decreased crown density, increased penetrating light and produced many canopy gaps. Community composition and structure changed significantly, with 514 individuals (26.1%) damaged totally. Wind-blown individuals accounted for a large proportion, with 206 individuals (10.5%). ANOVA analysis showed that wind-blown and the normal trees did not differ in basal area, tree height and wood density. However, damage in the tree, sapling and understory layers was significantly different. Damages included direct and indirect damage. Direct damage mainly influenced the tree layer, where large-diameter individuals were damaged severely. The relative Importance Values of some species decreased; some became associate species and some sub-dominant species became co-dominant with formerly dominant species. Indirect damage mainly influenced the sapling and understory layers with wind-blown trees, broken branches and fallen leaves affecting other individuals. Individuals died in small areas, and some species disappeared from these layers. Individuals of some dominant species decreased, but accounted for only a small part of their populations. Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices decreased slightly in the tree layer, in contrast to the sapling and understory layer. However, a few species disappeared and the number of individuals of some species decreased in all layers. At least 10.42% of the forest biomass was lost after Typhoon Damrey, which greatly influenced the carbon cycle of the forest ecosystem.

Key words: Jianfengling, Typhoon Damrey, community composition and structure, biomass change, carbon return

许涵, 李意德, 骆土寿, 林明献, 陈德祥, 莫锦华, 罗文, 黄豪. 达维台风对海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林群落的影响. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(6): 1323-1334. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.013

XU Han, LI Yi-De, LUO Tu-Shou, LIN Ming-Xian, CHEN De-Xiang, MO Jin-Hua, LUO Wen, HUANG Hao. INFLUENCE OF TYPHOON DAMREY ON THE TROPICAL MONTANE RAIN FOREST COMMUNITY IN JIANFENGLING, HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(6): 1323-1334. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.06.013

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I6/1323

图/表 10

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种名 Species	BA (BA%)	N (N%)	种名 Species	BA (BA%)	N (N%)
越南白锥 Castanopsis tonkinensis	4 602.8(24.0)	3(25.0)	黄杞 Engelhardia roxbughiana	153.9(95.8)	1(25.0)
闽粤栲 Castanopsis fissa	3 019.1(19.8)	1(3.4)	剑叶灰木 Symplocos lancifolia	140.4(24.7)	2(8.3)
鸭脚木 Schefflera octophylla	1 334.4(22.9)	3(15.0)	平滑琼楠 Beilschmiedia laevis	126.1(53.8)	4(36.4)
毛果椆 Lithocarpus pseudovestitus	1 048.5(99.8)	3(75.0)	钝叶桂 Cinnamomum bejolghota	121.1(50.8)	2(25.0)
广东山胡椒 Lindera kwangtungensis	792.6(48.5)	8(21.1)	中华厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis	98.3(10.5)	2(5.0)
海岛冬青 Ilex goshiensis	463.8(83.5)	1(14.3)	柏拉木 Blastus cochinchinensis	83.6(5.6)	38(15.0)
台湾枇杷 Eriobotrya deflexa	460.0(13.0)	1(9.1)	多香木 Polyosma cambodiana	70.3(66.9)	2(14.3)
毛荔枝 Nephelium topengii	305.9(7.0)	6(12.5)	未定种 Uncertain species	55.4(34.0)	1(50.0)
柄果石栎 Lithocarpus longipedicellatus	252.8(10.8)	2(16.7)	水石梓 Sarcosperma laurinum	51.2(9.5)	5(26.3)
榉叶算盘子 Glochidion sphaerogynum	203.6(97.1)	1(33.3)	粗脉樟 Cinnamomum validenerve	50.3(97.8)	1(50.0)
九节 Psychotria rubra	188.0(9.7)	47(10.7)	大叶白颜 Gironniera subaequalis	41.2(2.0)	17(13.5)
轮叶木姜子 Litsea verticillata	170.0(63.2)	2(28.6)	山橘 Fortunella hindsii	21.9(47.4)	2(25.0)
狭叶泡花树 Meliosma angustifolia	153.9(11.7)	1(3.8)	其它34种 Other 34 species	118.9(1.8)	45(11.6)

种名 Species	BA (BA%)	N (N%)	种名 Species	BA (BA%)	N (N%)
越南白锥 Castanopsis tonkinensis	4 602.8(24.0)	3(25.0)	黄杞 Engelhardia roxbughiana	153.9(95.8)	1(25.0)
闽粤栲 Castanopsis fissa	3 019.1(19.8)	1(3.4)	剑叶灰木 Symplocos lancifolia	140.4(24.7)	2(8.3)
鸭脚木 Schefflera octophylla	1 334.4(22.9)	3(15.0)	平滑琼楠 Beilschmiedia laevis	126.1(53.8)	4(36.4)
毛果椆 Lithocarpus pseudovestitus	1 048.5(99.8)	3(75.0)	钝叶桂 Cinnamomum bejolghota	121.1(50.8)	2(25.0)
广东山胡椒 Lindera kwangtungensis	792.6(48.5)	8(21.1)	中华厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis	98.3(10.5)	2(5.0)
海岛冬青 Ilex goshiensis	463.8(83.5)	1(14.3)	柏拉木 Blastus cochinchinensis	83.6(5.6)	38(15.0)
台湾枇杷 Eriobotrya deflexa	460.0(13.0)	1(9.1)	多香木 Polyosma cambodiana	70.3(66.9)	2(14.3)
毛荔枝 Nephelium topengii	305.9(7.0)	6(12.5)	未定种 Uncertain species	55.4(34.0)	1(50.0)
柄果石栎 Lithocarpus longipedicellatus	252.8(10.8)	2(16.7)	水石梓 Sarcosperma laurinum	51.2(9.5)	5(26.3)
榉叶算盘子 Glochidion sphaerogynum	203.6(97.1)	1(33.3)	粗脉樟 Cinnamomum validenerve	50.3(97.8)	1(50.0)
九节 Psychotria rubra	188.0(9.7)	47(10.7)	大叶白颜 Gironniera subaequalis	41.2(2.0)	17(13.5)
轮叶木姜子 Litsea verticillata	170.0(63.2)	2(28.6)	山橘 Fortunella hindsii	21.9(47.4)	2(25.0)
狭叶泡花树 Meliosma angustifolia	153.9(11.7)	1(3.8)	其它34种 Other 34 species	118.9(1.8)	45(11.6)

乔木层 Arbor layer		幼树层 Sapling layer		下木层 Underwood layer
种名 Species	IV-A/IV-B	种名 Species	IV-A/IV-B	种名 Species	IV-A/IV-B
闽粤栲 Castanopsis fissa	7.37/7.70	九节 Psychotria rubra	21.80/22.14	九节 Psychotria rubra	17.66/17.61
越南白锥 Castanopsis tonkinensis	7.31/8.46	大叶白颜 Gironniera subaequalis	7.59/7.48	柏拉木 Blastus cochinchinensis	12.38/12.84
红锥 Castanopsis hystrix	5.59/4.86	柏拉木 Blastus cochinchinensis	6.37/6.45	大叶白颜 Gironniera subaequalis	5.39/5.58
鸭脚木 Schefflera octophylla	5.38/5.86	中华厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis	5.39/5.03	粗叶木 Lasianthus chinensis	4.19/4.08
毛荔枝 Nephelium topengii	5.16/4.89	剑叶灰木 Symplocos lancifolia	3.21/2.99	鸡屎树 Lasianthus cyanocarpus	1.85/1.91

乔木层 Arbor layer		幼树层 Sapling layer		下木层 Underwood layer
种名 Species	IV-A/IV-B	种名 Species	IV-A/IV-B	种名 Species	IV-A/IV-B
闽粤栲 Castanopsis fissa	7.37/7.70	九节 Psychotria rubra	21.80/22.14	九节 Psychotria rubra	17.66/17.61
越南白锥 Castanopsis tonkinensis	7.31/8.46	大叶白颜 Gironniera subaequalis	7.59/7.48	柏拉木 Blastus cochinchinensis	12.38/12.84
红锥 Castanopsis hystrix	5.59/4.86	柏拉木 Blastus cochinchinensis	6.37/6.45	大叶白颜 Gironniera subaequalis	5.39/5.58
鸭脚木 Schefflera octophylla	5.38/5.86	中华厚壳桂 Cryptocarya chinensis	5.39/5.03	粗叶木 Lasianthus chinensis	4.19/4.08
毛荔枝 Nephelium topengii	5.16/4.89	剑叶灰木 Symplocos lancifolia	3.21/2.99	鸡屎树 Lasianthus cyanocarpus	1.85/1.91

径级 DBH	状况 Condition	科数 Number of families	属数 Number of genera	种数 Number of species	总株数 Total individual number	多样性指数 Diversity indices		均匀度指数 Evenness index
径级 DBH	状况 Condition	科数 Number of families	属数 Number of genera	种数 Number of species	总株数 Total individual number	SP	H′	J
乔木层 Arbor layer	台风前 Before typhoon	33	53	78	247	42.021	3.925	90.222
乔木层 Arbor layer	台风后 After typhoon	31	52	73	217	40.130	3.861	90.033
幼树层 Sapling layer	台风前 Before typhoon	34	59	85	422	8.589	3.240	72.932
幼树层 Sapling layer	台风后 After typhoon	34	58	84	390	8.942	3.266	73.801
下木层 Underwood layer	台风前 Before typhoon	44	79	129	1297	10.836	3.459	71.177
下木层 Underwood layer	台风后 After typhoon	43	77	125	1154	11.288	3.479	72.442