北京松山落叶阔叶林生态系统水热通量对环境因子的响应

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0106

植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 1191-1202.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0106

所属专题：生态系统碳水能量通量

北京松山落叶阔叶林生态系统水热通量对环境因子的响应

李鑫豪¹, 田文东², 李润东¹, 靳川¹, 蒋燕¹, 郝少荣¹, 贾昕¹^,³, 田赟¹^,³, 查天山¹^,³^,^*()

¹北京林业大学水土保持学院, 北京 100083
²北京市房山区林果科技服务中心, 北京 102488
³北京林业大学水土保持国家林业局重点实验室, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2021-03-23 接受日期:2021-05-24 出版日期:2021-11-20 发布日期:2021-06-28
通讯作者: 查天山
作者简介:* (tianshanzha@bjfu.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0608100);中央高校基本科研业务费(2015ZCQ-SB-02)

Responses of water vapor and heat fluxes to environmental factors in a deciduous broad- leaved forest ecosystem in Beijing

LI Xin-Hao¹, TIAN Wen-Dong², LI Run-Dong¹, JIN Chuan¹, JIANG Yan¹, HAO Shao-Rong¹, JIA Xin¹^,³, TIAN Yun¹^,³, ZHA Tian-Shan¹^,³^,^*()

¹School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
²Forestry and Fruit Technology Service Center of Fangshan, Beijing 102488, China
³Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2021-03-23 Accepted:2021-05-24 Online:2021-11-20 Published:2021-06-28
Contact: ZHA Tian-Shan
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0608100);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2015ZCQ-SB-02)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

温带森林生态系统水热通量在多时间尺度上受各种生物物理因子的影响。该研究假设这些因子对水热通量的影响机制具有时间尺度分异性, 通过涡度相关法(EC)于2019年全年对北京松山典型天然落叶阔叶林生态系统蒸散发(ET)、显热通量(H)、潜热通量(LE)、土壤热通量(G)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、空气温度(T_a)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)及10 cm深度土壤水分(VWC)等要素进行原位连续监测, 使用小波分析的方法分析了日、季节尺度上生物与非生物因子对生态系统能量分配与水汽交换的调控机制。主要研究结果: 2019年松山天然落叶阔叶林生态系统年均波文比(β)为1.53。ET具有明显的季节变化特征, 从第100天开始逐渐增加, 7月达到峰值, 第300天下降到最低水平。ET最大日累计值为5.01 mm·d^-1, 年累计值为476.2 mm, 年降水量为503.3 mm。在日尺度上水热通量与VPD间滞后时间最短, 为3.36 h。在季节尺度上与PAR间滞后时间最短, 为8天。季节尺度上PAR通过VPD来对ET造成间接影响, 而对β造成直接影响。该研究发现不同时间尺度上水热通量与环境因子间的时滞关系, 为选择模型在不同时间尺度下北方温带落叶阔叶林生态系统过程的最佳输入参数提供科学支持。

关键词: 蒸散发, 能量交换, 小波分析, 落叶阔叶林

Abstract:

Aims The responses of water and heat fluxes of temperate forest ecosystems to environmental factors are hypothesized to vary with time scales. This study aimed to examine the variations of water and heat fluxes in a typical natural deciduous broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Songshan and their response mechanisms to environmental factors at different time scales.
Methods The eddy-covariance (EC) method was used to continuously monitor the evapotranspiration (ET), sensible heat (H), latent heat (LE), soil heat flux (G), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (T_a), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and soil water content at a depth of 10 cm (VWC) in a typical deciduous broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Songshan, Beijing in 2019. The wavelet analysis was used to examine the regulation mechanism of biotic and abiotic factors on energy distribution and water vapor exchange at different time scales.
Important findings The mean annual Bowen ratio (β) was 1.53 in 2019. ET had obvious seasonal dynamics, increasing gradually from day 100, peaking in July, and decreasing to the lowest level on day 300. The maximum daily evapotranspiration was 5.01 mm·d^-1, the cumulative annual evapotranspiration was 476.2 mm, and the cumulative annual rainfall was 503.3 mm. The main influencing factors of the water and heat fluxes varied with time scales, being mostly controlled by VPD at the daily scale, and by PAR at the seasonal scale. At the diurnal scale, water and heat fluxes lagged 3.36 h behind VPD. At the seasonal scale, water and heat fluxes lagged 8 days behind PAR. At the seasonal scale, PAR had an indirect impact on ET through its effects on VPD and a direct impact on β. The results indicate the time-delay relationships between water and heat fluxes and environmental factors at different time scales, which provides support for selecting the optimal input parameters of the models for quantitatively forecasting ecosystem processes at different time scales in northern temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests.

Key words: evapotranspiration, energy exchange, wavelet analysis, deciduous broad-leaved forest

李鑫豪, 田文东, 李润东, 靳川, 蒋燕, 郝少荣, 贾昕, 田赟, 查天山. 北京松山落叶阔叶林生态系统水热通量对环境因子的响应. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(11): 1191-1202. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0106

LI Xin-Hao, TIAN Wen-Dong, LI Run-Dong, JIN Chuan, JIANG Yan, HAO Shao-Rong, JIA Xin, TIAN Yun, ZHA Tian-Shan. Responses of water vapor and heat fluxes to environmental factors in a deciduous broad- leaved forest ecosystem in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(11): 1191-1202. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2021.0106

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0106

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2021/V45/I11/1191

图/表 9

图1 北京松山落叶阔叶林生态系统基于30 min数据和校正后30 min数据的2019年能量闭合状况。括号内数值为对应指标95%的置信区间。G, 土壤热通量; H, 显热通量; Hc, 校正显热通量; LE, 潜热通量; LEc, 校正潜热通量; Rn, 净辐射。

Fig. 1 Energy balance closure of the ecosystem based on the half-hourly data with and without energy balance correction at the deciduous broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Beijing in 2019. Numbers in parentheses show the 95% confidence intervals of the intercepts and slopes. G, soil heat flux; H, sensible heat flux; Hc, corrected sensible heat flux; LE, latent heat flux; LEc, corrected latent heat flux; Rn, net radiation.

图2 北京松山落叶阔叶林生态系统2019年样地环境因子的季节变化。A, 光合有效辐射(PAR)。B, 气温(Ta)。C, 饱和水汽压差(VPD)。D, 降水量(P)和10 cm深度土壤含水量(VWC)。E, 冠层导度(gs)。F, 归一化植被指数(NDVI)。

Fig. 2 Dynamics in daily means of environmental variables in 2019 in the sample plot of the deciduous broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Beijing. A, Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). B, Air temperature (Ta). C, Vapor pressure deficit (VPD). D, Precipitation (P) and soil water content (VWC) at a depth of 10 cm. E, Canopy conductance (gs). F, Normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI).

图3 北京松山落叶阔叶林生态系统2019年水热通量日均值的季节变化。A, 净辐射(Rn)。B, 土壤热通量(G)。C, 校正显热通量(Hc)和校正潜热通量(LEc)。D, 波文比(β)。E, 蒸散发(ET)。

Fig. 3 Seasonal variation of daily mean values of water and heat fluxes in 2019 at the deciduous broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Beijing. A, Net radiation (Rn). B, Soil heat flux (G). C, Corrected sensible heat fluxes (Hc) and corrected latent heat fluxes (LEc). D, Bowen ratio (β). E, Evapotranspiration (ET).

图4 校正显热通量在净辐射中的占比(Hc/Rn)与光合有效辐射(PAR)(A)、气温(Ta)(B)、土壤含水量(VWC)(C)、水汽压差(VPD)(D)、冠层导度(gs)(E)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)(F)之间的小波相关性。相位差用箭头表示。向上的箭头表示环境因素领先Hc/Rn 90°或滞后270°, 向下的箭头表示环境因素滞后Hc/Rn 90°或领先270°。左(右)箭头表示环境因素与Hc/Rn变化反相(同相)。U形弧线内黑线围成的区域满足0.05显著性水平。

Fig. 4 Wavelet coherence between the proportion of corrected sensible heat flux in net radiation (Hc/Rn) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)(A), air temperature (Ta)(B), soil water content (VWC)(C), vapor pressure deficit (VPD)(D), canopy conductance (gs)(E), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)(F). The phase difference is shown by arrows. Arrows pointing down indicate environmental factors leading Hc/Rn by 90° or lagging Hc/Rn by 270°, while arrows pointing up indicate environmental factors lagging Hc/Rn by 90° or leading Hc/Rn by 270°. Arrows pointing left (right) indicate environmental factors and Hc/Rn vary anti-phase (in-phase). The area surrounded by black lines in the U-shaped represent the 0.05 significance level.

图5 校正潜热通量在净辐射中的占比(LEc/Rn)与光合有效辐射(PAR)(A)、气温(Ta)(B)、土壤含水量(VWC)(C)、水汽压差(VPD)(D)、冠层导度(gs)(E)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)(F)之间的小波相关性。相位差用箭头表示。向上的箭头表示环境因素领先LEc/Rn 90°或滞后270°, 向下的箭头表示环境因素滞后LEc/Rn 90°或领先270°。左(右)箭头表示环境因素与LEc/Rn变化反相(同相)。U形弧线内黑线围成的区域满足0.05显著性水平。

Fig. 5 Wavelet coherence between the proportion of corrected latent heat flux in net radiation (LEc/Rn) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)(A), air temperature (Ta)(B), soil water content (VWC)(C), vapor pressure deficit (VPD)(D), canopy conductance (gs)(E), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)(F). The phase difference is shown by arrows. Arrows pointing down indicate environmental factors leading LEc/Rn by 90° or lagging LEc/Rn by 270°, while arrows pointing up indicate environmental factors lagging LEc/Rn by 90° or leading LEc/Rn by 270°. Arrows pointing left (right) indicate environmental factors and LEc/Rn vary anti-phase (in-phase). The area surrounded by black lines in the U-shaped represent the 0.05 significance level.

图6 蒸散发(ET)与光合有效辐射(PAR)(A)、气温(Ta)(B)、土壤含水量(VWC)(C)、水汽压差(VPD)(D)、冠层导度(gs)(E)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)(F)之间的小波相关性。相位差用箭头表示。向上的箭头表示环境因素领先ET 90°或滞后270°, 向下的箭头表示环境因素滞后ET 90°或领先270°。左(右)箭头表示环境因素与ET变化反相(同相)。U形弧线内黑线围成的区域满足0.05显著性水平。

Fig. 6 Wavelet coherence between the evapotranspiration (ET) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)(A), air temperature (Ta)(B), soil water content (VWC)(C), vapor pressure deficit (VPD)(D), canopy conductance (gs)(E), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)(F). The phase difference is shown by arrows. Arrows pointing down indicate environmental factors leading ET by 90° or lagging ET by 270°, while arrows pointing up indicate environmental factors lagging ET by 90° or leading ET by 270°. Arrows pointing left (right) indicate environmental factors and ET vary anti-phase (in-phase). The area surrounded by black lines in the U-shaped represent the 0.05 significance level.

表1 校正显热通量在净辐射中的占比(Hc/Rn)、校正潜热通量在净辐射中的占比(LEc/Rn)、蒸散发(ET)在日尺度上与各环境因子之间的滞后关系

Table 1 The lag relationship between the proportion of the corrected sensible heat flux in the net radiation (Hc/Rn), the proportion of the corrected latent heat flux in the net radiation (LEc/Rn), evapotranspiration (ET) and environmental factors at the daily scale

	PAR	T_a	VWC	VPD	g_s	NDVI
H_c/R_n	20.41 (14.36)	22.83 (14.13)	18.81 (13.67)	0.46 (1.44)	4.84 (10.54)	23.24 (14.06)
LE_c/R_n	9.47 (14.67)	22.17 (15.74)	19.94 (17.65)	7.87 (4.97)	4.13 (3.63)	23.77 (14.74)
ET	4.43 (11.23)	3.21 (10.47)	0.31 (0.20)	1.76 (9.70)	4.99 (1.05)	19.33 (15.43)

表2 校正显热通量在净辐射中的占比(Hc/Rn)、校正潜热通量在净辐射中的占比(LEc/Rn)、蒸散发(ET)在季节尺度上与各环境因子之间的滞后关系

Table 2 The lag relationship between the proportion of the corrected sensible heat flux in the net radiation (Hc/Rn), the proportion of the corrected latent heat flux in the net radiation (LEc/Rn), evapotranspiration (ET) and environmental factors at the seasonal scale

	PAR	T_a	VWC	VPD	g_s	NDVI
H_c/R_n	10.41 (2.01)	-	20.64 (20.53)	11.17 (1.24)	13.10 (10.98)	20.36 (20.91)
LE_c/R_n	10.52 (8.79)	14.05 (6.30)	23.41 (8.40)	16.44 (9.86)	25.23 (0.67)	16.02 (13.36)
ET	3.06 (1.55)	9.55 (14.99)	15.09 (19.19)	10.67 (10.12)	-	27.81 (9.74)

图7 波文比(β)和蒸散发(ET)在剔除饱和水汽压差(VPD)影响后与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间(A, B), 以及β和ET在去除PAR影响后与VPD间(C, D)的局部小波相关性。U形弧线内黑线围成的区域满足0.05的显著性水平。

Fig. 7 Partial wavelet coherence between Bowen ratios (β) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) after removing the effects of vapor pressure deficit (VPD)(A), between evapotranspiration (ET) and VPD after removing the effects of PAR (B), between β and VPD after removing the effects of PAR (C), and between ET and VPD after removing the effects of PAR (D). The area surrounded by black lines in the U-shaped represent the 0.05 significance level.

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北京松山落叶阔叶林生态系统水热通量对环境因子的响应

Responses of water vapor and heat fluxes to environmental factors in a deciduous broad- leaved forest ecosystem in Beijing

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