中国高山松群系的群落特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0076

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高山松(Pinus densata)群系是中国西南山区分布面积最广的松林之一, 属中国特有群系, 主要分布在四川西部、云南西北部和西藏东南部。该研究基于文献资料和野外科学考察样点, 明确了高山松林的地理分布边界, 初步摸清了高山松林的地理分布范围。利用2020-2022年调查的48个样方数据, 提出了群系分类的初步方案, 并对群落结构等特征进行了描述, 结合搜集到的2012年调查的11个样方数据, 对物种组成进行了分析。结果表明: (1)分布区跨越雅江、乡城、稻城、德钦、香格里拉、芒康、米林等33个县(市), 东起丹巴县东谷镇, 西迄桑日县增期乡, 北起壤塘县蒲西乡, 南至玉龙纳西族自治县境内的玉龙雪山, 海拔高度在(1 300) 2 500-3 800 (4 000) m之间。(2)调查到维管植物共计522种, 隶属67科222属, 其中种子植物60科209属500种, 中国特有植物42科114属233种, 区系地理成分以北温带成分占优。(3)基于群落结构和物种组成的差异, 将高山松群系进一步划分为7个群丛组、20个群丛。

关键词: 高山松群系, 植被分类, 群落结构, 物种组成

Abstract:

Pinus densata Alliance is one of the most widespread pine forests in mountains of southwest China. Endemic to China, this alliance occurs in west Sichuan, northwest Yunnan, and southeast Xizang. In this study, we defined the geographic distribution boundary and priliminarily ascertained the geographic distribution area of P. densata Alliance based on previous literature and field investigation sites. Using data from 48 plots surveyed during 2020-2022, we proposed a preliminary scheme of vegetation classification and described the community structure characteristics for P. densata Alliance, and analyzed species composition characteristics combined with data from 11 plots surveyed in 2012. The results showed that (1) the distribution area of P. densata Alliance covered 33 counties and cities, including Yajiang, Xiangcheng, Daocheng, Dêqên, Xamgyi’nyilha, Markam, Mainling, and so on, at an altitude ranging from (1 300) 2 500 to 3 800 (4 000) m, and the eastern, western, northern and southern boundaries were Donggu Town in Danba County, Zengqi Township in Sangri County, Puxi Township in Zamtang County, and Yulong Snow Mountain in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County. (2) 522 vascular plant species belonging to 222 genera and 67 families were recorded, among which there were 500 seed plants belonging to 209 genera and 60 families, and 233 Chinese endemic plants belonging to 114 genera and 42 families, and the north temperate element was the dominant areal-type. (3) Based on the differences in community structure and species composition, P. densata Alliance could be classified into 7 association groups and 20 associations.

Key words: Pinus densata Alliance, vegetation classification, community structure, species composition

杜燕, 刘鑫, 张瀚曰, 马少伟, 包维楷. 中国高山松群系的群落特征. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(6): 816-824. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0076

DU Yan, LIU Xin, ZHANG Han-Yue, MA Shao-Wei, BAO Wei-Kai. Community characteristics of Pinus densata Alliance in China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(6): 816-824. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0076

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0076

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I6/816

图/表 4

参考文献 18

[1]	Fang JY, Wang GH (2020). Vegegraphy of China: surveying and describing the country’s vegetation. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 44, 93-95.
	[方精云, 王国宏 (2020). 《中国植被志》: 为中国植被登记造册. 植物生态学报, 44, 93-95.] DOI
[2]	Guo K, Fang JY, Wang GH, Tang ZY, Xie ZQ, Shen ZH, Wang RQ, Qiang S, Liang CZ, Da LJ, Yu D (2020). A revised scheme of vegetation classification system of China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 44, 111-127. DOI
	[郭柯, 方精云, 王国宏, 唐志尧, 谢宗强, 沈泽昊, 王仁卿, 强胜, 梁存柱, 达良俊, 于丹 (2020). 中国植被分类系统修订方案. 植物生态学报, 44, 111-127.] DOI
[3]	Guo LQ (1982). A Study on the forest characteristics and regeneration process of Pinus densata in northwest Yunnan. Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology, 11(1), 1-19.
	[郭立群 (1982). 滇西北地区高山松的林学特性及更新过程的研究. 云南林业科技, 11(1), 1-19.]
[4]	Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2023). China Biodiversity Red List: Higher Plants(2020), 249-2614.
	[生态环境部, 中国科学院 (2023). 中国生物多样性红色名录: 高等植物卷(2020), 249-2614. https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202305/W020230522536560832337.pdf .]
[5]	National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China(2021). The List of National Key Protected Wild Plants. 8-17.
	[国家林业和草原局, 农业农村部 (2021). 国家重点保护野生植物名录. 8-17. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-09/09/5636409/files/12887ada7c174d199e7ecd8996d07340.pdf .]
[6]	Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Chinese Academy of Sciences(1985). Xizang Forests. Science Press, Beijing. 110-275.
	[中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队(1985). 西藏森林. 科学出版社, 北京. 110-275.]
[7]	The Compilation Group of Vegetation of Sichuan(1980). Vegetation of Sichuan. Sichuan People’s Publishing House, Chengdu. 155-156.
	[四川植被协作组(1980). 四川植被. 四川人民出版社, 成都. 155-156.]
[8]	The Editorial Committee of China Forests(1999). China Forests Volume 2: Coniferous Forests. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. 955-957.
	[中国森林编辑委员会(1999). 中国森林第2卷:针叶林. 中国林业出版社, 北京. 955-957.]
[9]	The Editorial Committee of Sichuan Forests(1992). Sichuan Forests. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. 435-447.
	[四川森林编辑委员会(1992). 四川森林. 中国林业出版社, 北京. 435-447.]
[10]	The Editorial Committee of Vegetation of China(1980). Vegetation of China. Science Press, Beijing. 216-217.
	[中国植被编辑委员会(1980). 中国植被. 科学出版社, 北京. 216-217.]
[11]	Wang GH, Fang JY, Guo K, Xie ZQ, Tang ZY, Shen ZH, Wang RQ, Wang XP, Wang DL, Qiang S, Yu D, Peng SL, Da LJ, Liu Q, Liang CZ (2020). Contents and protocols for the classification and description of vegetation formations, alliances and associations of vegetation of China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 44, 128-178. DOI
	[王国宏, 方精云, 郭柯, 谢宗强, 唐志尧, 沈泽昊, 王仁卿, 王襄平, 王德利, 强胜, 于丹, 彭少麟, 达良俊, 刘庆, 梁存柱 (2020). 《中国植被志》研编内容与规范. 植物生态学报, 44, 128-178.] DOI
[12]	Wang YT, Ma QY, Hou GW (2011). Studies on natural regeneration of Pinus densata in burned forestlands in western Sichuan Province. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 39, 7757-7760.
	[王玉涛, 马钦彦, 侯广维 (2011). 川西高山松林火烧迹地天然更新研究. 安徽农业科学, 39, 7757-7760.]
[13]	Wu ZY (1987). Vegetation of Yunnan. Science Press, Beijing. 470-471.
	[吴征镒 (1987). 云南植被. 科学出版社, 北京. 470-471.]
[14]	Wu ZY (1991). The areal-types of Chinese genera of seed plants. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, (S4), 1-139.
	[吴征镒 (1991). 中国种子植物属的分布区类型. 云南植物研究, (S4), 1-139.]
[15]	Wu ZY, Sun H, Zhou ZK, Li DZ, Peng H (2010). Floristics of Seed Plants form China. Science Press, Beijing. 110-275.
	[吴征镒, 孙航, 周浙昆, 李德铢, 彭华 (2010). 中国种子植物区系地理. 科学出版社, 北京. 110-275.]
[16]	Wu ZY, Zhou ZK, Li DZ, Peng H, Sun H (2003). The areal-types of the world families of seed plants. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 25(3), 245-257.
	[吴征镒, 周浙昆, 李德铢, 彭华, 孙航 (2003). 世界种子植物科的分布区类型系统. 云南植物研究, 25(3), 245-257.]
[17]	Xu B, Guo ZD, Piao SL, Fang JY (2010). Forest biomass carbon pool in China from 2000 to 2050: prediction based on the relationship between biomass density and forest age. Scientia Sinica (Vitae), 40, 587-594.
	[徐冰, 郭兆迪, 朴世龙, 方精云 (2010). 2000—2050年中国森林生物量碳库: 基于生物量密度与林龄关系的预测. 中国科学: 生命科学, 40, 587-594.]
[18]	Zhu WZ, Wang YK, Fan JR, Shen XH, Tian BW, Wei ZH (2011). Types and distribution of priority conservation ecosystems in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Journal of Mountain Science, 29, 520-528.
	[朱万泽, 王玉宽, 范建容, 申旭红, 田兵伟, 魏宗华 (2011). 长江上游优先保护生态系统类型及分布. 山地学报, 29, 520-528.]

木本植物 Woody plant	乔木 Tree		灌木 Shrub		半灌木 Subshrub		藤本 Liana		竹类 Bamboo	蕨类 Fern	寄生 Phytoparasite
木本植物 Woody plant	常绿 Evergreen	落叶 Deciduous	常绿 Evergreen	落叶 Deciduous	常绿 Evergreen	落叶 Deciduous	常绿 Evergreen	落叶 Deciduous	竹类 Bamboo	蕨类 Fern	寄生 Phytoparasite
32.4	3.4	1.5	4.6	20.3	0.4	1.0	0	0.8	0.2	0	0.2
陆生草本 Terrestrial herb	多年生草本 Perennial						一年生草本 Annual			蕨类 Fern	腐生 Saprophyte
陆生草本 Terrestrial herb	丛生类 Tufted	根茎类 Rhizome	直立杂类 Forb	蔓生攀援 Liana	莲座 Rosette		一年生草本 Annual			蕨类 Fern	腐生 Saprophyte
67.6	18.2	15.5	20.1	3.6	1.7		3.6			4.2	0.6

木本植物 Woody plant	乔木 Tree		灌木 Shrub		半灌木 Subshrub		藤本 Liana		竹类 Bamboo	蕨类 Fern	寄生 Phytoparasite
木本植物 Woody plant	常绿 Evergreen	落叶 Deciduous	常绿 Evergreen	落叶 Deciduous	常绿 Evergreen	落叶 Deciduous	常绿 Evergreen	落叶 Deciduous	竹类 Bamboo	蕨类 Fern	寄生 Phytoparasite
32.4	3.4	1.5	4.6	20.3	0.4	1.0	0	0.8	0.2	0	0.2
陆生草本 Terrestrial herb	多年生草本 Perennial						一年生草本 Annual			蕨类 Fern	腐生 Saprophyte
陆生草本 Terrestrial herb	丛生类 Tufted	根茎类 Rhizome	直立杂类 Forb	蔓生攀援 Liana	莲座 Rosette		一年生草本 Annual			蕨类 Fern	腐生 Saprophyte
67.6	18.2	15.5	20.1	3.6	1.7		3.6			4.2	0.6

分布型及亚型 Areal type and subtype	科 Family		属 Genus
分布型及亚型 Areal type and subtype	数量 No.	比例 Ratio (%)	数量 No.	比例 Ratio (%)
1. 世界广布 Cosmopolitan	27	-	26	-
2. 泛热带 Pantropic	8	24.2	8	4.4
2-2. 热带亚洲-热带非洲-热带美洲(南美洲) Tropical Asia - Tropical Africa - Tropical America (South America)	1	3.0	-	-
3. 东亚(热带、亚热带) 及热带南美间断 Tropical & Subtropical East Asia & (South) Tropical America disjuncted	2	6.1	-	-
3. 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia & Tropical America disjuncted	-	-	1	0.5
4. 旧世界热带 Old World Tropics	0	0	5	2.7
6. 热带亚洲至热带非洲 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa	0	0	4	2.2
7. 热带亚洲 Tropical Asia	0	0	2	1.1
8. 北温带 North Temperate	7	21.2	70	38.3
8-2. 北极-高山 Arctic-Alpine	0	0	2	1.1
8-4. 北温带和南温带间断 North Temperate & South Temperate disjuncted	11	33.3	15	8.2
8-5. 欧亚和南美洲温带间断 Eurasia & Temperate South America disjuncted	1	3.0	1	0.5
8-6. 地中海、东亚、新西兰和墨西哥-智利间断 Mediterranea, East Asia, New Zealand and Mexico-Chile disjuncted	1	3.0	1	0.5
9. 东亚及北美间断 East Asia & North America disjuncted	0	0	12	6.6
9-1. 东亚和墨西哥间断 East Asia and Mexico disjuncted	0	0	1	0.5
10. 旧世界温带 Old World Temperate	0	0	16	8.7
10-1. 地中海区, 至西亚(或中亚)和东亚间断 Mediterranea, West Asia (or Central Asia) & East Asia disjuncted	0	0	1	0.5
10-2. 地中海区和喜马拉雅间断 Mediterranea & Himalaya disjuncted	0	0	2	1.1
10-3. 欧亚和南非(有时也在澳大利亚) Eurasia & South Africa (sometimes also Australia)	1	3.0	1	0.5
11. 温带亚洲 Temperate Asia	0	0	7	3.8
12-4. 地中海区至热带非洲和喜马拉雅间断 Mediterranea to Tropical Africa & Himalaya disjuncted	-	-	1	0.5
13-2. 中亚至喜马拉雅和我国西南 Central Asia to Himalaya & Southwestern China	-	-	1	0.5
14. 东亚 East Asia	1	3.0	10	5.5
14SH. 中国-喜马拉雅 Sino-Himalaya	0	0	15	8.2
14SJ. 中国-日本 Sino-Japan	0	0	1	0.5
15. 中国特有 Endemic to China	0	0	6	3.3
合计(不含世界广布) Total (excluded the cosmopolitan distribution)	33	100.0	183	100.0

分布型及亚型 Areal type and subtype	科 Family		属 Genus
分布型及亚型 Areal type and subtype	数量 No.	比例 Ratio (%)	数量 No.	比例 Ratio (%)
1. 世界广布 Cosmopolitan	27	-	26	-
2. 泛热带 Pantropic	8	24.2	8	4.4
2-2. 热带亚洲-热带非洲-热带美洲(南美洲) Tropical Asia - Tropical Africa - Tropical America (South America)	1	3.0	-	-
3. 东亚(热带、亚热带) 及热带南美间断 Tropical & Subtropical East Asia & (South) Tropical America disjuncted	2	6.1	-	-
3. 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia & Tropical America disjuncted	-	-	1	0.5
4. 旧世界热带 Old World Tropics	0	0	5	2.7
6. 热带亚洲至热带非洲 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa	0	0	4	2.2
7. 热带亚洲 Tropical Asia	0	0	2	1.1
8. 北温带 North Temperate	7	21.2	70	38.3
8-2. 北极-高山 Arctic-Alpine	0	0	2	1.1
8-4. 北温带和南温带间断 North Temperate & South Temperate disjuncted	11	33.3	15	8.2
8-5. 欧亚和南美洲温带间断 Eurasia & Temperate South America disjuncted	1	3.0	1	0.5
8-6. 地中海、东亚、新西兰和墨西哥-智利间断 Mediterranea, East Asia, New Zealand and Mexico-Chile disjuncted	1	3.0	1	0.5
9. 东亚及北美间断 East Asia & North America disjuncted	0	0	12	6.6
9-1. 东亚和墨西哥间断 East Asia and Mexico disjuncted	0	0	1	0.5
10. 旧世界温带 Old World Temperate	0	0	16	8.7
10-1. 地中海区, 至西亚(或中亚)和东亚间断 Mediterranea, West Asia (or Central Asia) & East Asia disjuncted	0	0	1	0.5
10-2. 地中海区和喜马拉雅间断 Mediterranea & Himalaya disjuncted	0	0	2	1.1
10-3. 欧亚和南非(有时也在澳大利亚) Eurasia & South Africa (sometimes also Australia)	1	3.0	1	0.5
11. 温带亚洲 Temperate Asia	0	0	7	3.8
12-4. 地中海区至热带非洲和喜马拉雅间断 Mediterranea to Tropical Africa & Himalaya disjuncted	-	-	1	0.5
13-2. 中亚至喜马拉雅和我国西南 Central Asia to Himalaya & Southwestern China	-	-	1	0.5
14. 东亚 East Asia	1	3.0	10	5.5
14SH. 中国-喜马拉雅 Sino-Himalaya	0	0	15	8.2
14SJ. 中国-日本 Sino-Japan	0	0	1	0.5
15. 中国特有 Endemic to China	0	0	6	3.3
合计(不含世界广布) Total (excluded the cosmopolitan distribution)	33	100.0	183	100.0

群丛组 Association Group	群丛 Association	凭证样方 Plot number
高山松 Pinus densata	高山松 Pinus densata	2, 4-6, 11, 12, 15, 17-19, 22-26, 32, 33, 35, 40, 42
高山松-草本 Pinus densata - Herb	高山松-蕨 Pinus densata - Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum	3, 36, 38
高山松-草本 Pinus densata - Herb	高山松-钝裂银莲花 Pinus densata - Anemone obtusiloba	10
高山松-灌木 Pinus densata - Shrub	高山松-矮高山栎 Pinus densata - Quercus monimotricha	1, 46
	高山松-川滇高山栎 Pinus densata - Quercus aquifolioides	14, 21, 43
	高山松-毛脉高山栎 Pinus densata - Quercus rehderiana	27
	高山松-黄背栎 Pinus densata - Quercus pannosa	44
	高山松-毛嘴杜鹃 Pinus densata - Rhododendron trichostomum	34
	高山松-腋花杜鹃 Pinus densata - Rhododendron racemosum	45, 47, 48
	高山松-基毛杜鹃 Pinus densata - Rhododendron rigidum	28, 31
	高山松-乌鸦果 Pinus densata - Vaccinium fragile	29, 30
	高山松-粉白越橘 Pinus densata - Vaccinium glaucoalbum	41
	高山松-川滇野丁香 Pinus densata - Leptodermis pilosa	8
	高山松-圆锥山蚂蝗 Pinus densata - Desmodium elegans	37
高山松-灌木-草本 Pinus densata - Shrub - Herb	高山松-川滇高山栎-四川嵩草 Pinus densata - Quercus aquifolioides - Carex setschwanensis	20
	高山松-小雀花-紫苞鸢尾 Pinus densata - Campylotropis polyantha - Iris ruthenica	9
	高山松-圆锥山蚂蝗-间型沿阶草 Pinus densata - Desmodium elegans - Ophiopogon intermedius	39
高山松+丽江云杉-灌木 Pinus densata + Picea likiangensis - Shrub	高山松+丽江云杉-川滇高山栎 Pinus densata + Picea likiangensis - Quercus aquifolioides	16
高山松+川滇高山栎 Pinus densata + Quercus aquifolioides	高山松+川滇高山栎 Pinus densata + Quercus aquifolioides	7
高山松+毛脉高山栎 Pinus densata + Quercus rehderiana	高山松+毛脉高山栎 Pinus densata + Quercus rehderiana	13