中国柔毛油杉林的群落类型及特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0345

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

柔毛油杉(Keteleeria pubescens)为中国特有种, 国家二级重点保护野生植物, 以其为优势种的群落分布区极其狭窄, 呈斑块状零星地分布在贵州和湖南的山地和丘陵。为揭示柔毛油杉林的空间分布、群落组成及特征, 于2021-2023年的植物生长季对柔毛油杉林群落开展了全面的样方调查, 在柔毛油杉的分布区内选择调查样地共计4处, 设置样方11个, 调查基本覆盖了柔毛油杉林的所有分布区域。记录柔毛油杉林所有群落的生境、物种组成及数量特征等信息。主要结果有: (1)柔毛油杉林物种组成较丰富, 共记录维管植物102种; (2)共划分为2个群丛组和2个群丛, 即柔毛油杉+常绿阔叶树群丛组和柔毛油杉-草本群丛组; 柔毛油杉+青冈(Quercus glauca)群丛和柔毛油杉-狗脊(Woodwardia japonica)群丛; (3)柔毛油杉林垂直分层明显, 包括乔木层、灌木层和草本层, 乔木层主要有柔毛油杉及栎属(Quercus)、锥属(Castanopsis)、松属(Pinus)等的物种; (4)柔毛油杉更新较差。该研究将为柔毛油杉林及其物种多样性的有效保护提供扎实的科学资料数据。

关键词: 柔毛油杉林, 物种组成, 群落垂直结构, 群丛组, 群丛

Abstract:

Keteleeria pubescens is endemic to China and is classified as a national second-class key protected wild plant species. The distribution areas of the K. pubescens communities were extremely narrow, primarily occurred in patches in mountainous and hilly regions of Guizhou and Hunan. To reveal the spatial distribution, community composition, and characteristics of K. pubescens forests, a comprehensive plot surveys of the communities from 2021 to 2023 during the plant growing season. A total of 4 survey sites were selected within the distribution range of K. pubescens forests, with 11 plots established, largely covered all distribution areas of the forests. Information on habitat, species composition, and quantity characteristics of all the forests were recorded. The main results of the quantitative analysis are: (1) K. pubescens forests had a rich species composition, with a total of 102 vascular plant species recorded; (2) Totally classified into 2 Association Groups and 2 Associations, namely, K. pubescens + Evergreen Broadleaf Tree Association Group and K. pubescens - Herb Association Group; K. pubescens + Quercus glauca Association and K. pubescens - Woodwardia japonica Association; (3) The forests’ vertical stratification is obvious, including tree, shrub and herb layers, in the tree layer there were mainly K. pubescens and species of Quercus, Castanopsis, and Pinus; (4) The regeneration of K. pubescens is poor. This study surely provides solid scientific data for effective conservation and management of K. pubescens forests.

Key words: Keteleeria pubescens forest, species composition, community stratification, association group, association

韩鹏宾, 何斌, 陆树刚, 唐勤. 中国柔毛油杉林的群落类型及特征. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(6): 825-832. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0345

HAN Peng-Bin, HE Bin, LU Shu-Gang, TANG Cindy Q.. Community types and characteristics of Keteleeria pubescens forests in China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(6): 825-832. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0345

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0345

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I6/825

图/表 6

参考文献 13

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海拔及气候因子 Altitude and climatic factor	平均值 Mean value	标准误 Standard error	95%置信区间 95% confidence interval		最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value
海拔及气候因子 Altitude and climatic factor	平均值 Mean value	标准误 Standard error	下限 Lower limit	上限 Upper limit	最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value
海拔 Altitude (m)	447.8	72.1	287.2	608.4	200.0	762.0
年平均气温 Annual average air temperature (℃)	16.4	0.3	15.6	17.1	14.4	17.4
最冷月平均气温 Average air temperature of the coldest month (℃)	5.1	0.2	4.6	5.6	3.6	5.6
最热月平均气温 Average air temperature of the hottest month (℃)	26.6	0.5	25.5	27.7	24.3	28.3
年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	1 342.6	38.5	1 256.7	1 428.4	1 118.1	1 430.4
潜在蒸散量 Potential evapotranspiration (mm)	867.6	19.3	824.6	910.5	768.3	928.0
实际蒸散量 Actual evapotranspiration (mm)	808.1	8.4	789.3	826.8	752.7	822.4
湿润指数 Moisture index	0.9	0	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.0

海拔及气候因子 Altitude and climatic factor	平均值 Mean value	标准误 Standard error	95%置信区间 95% confidence interval		最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value
海拔及气候因子 Altitude and climatic factor	平均值 Mean value	标准误 Standard error	下限 Lower limit	上限 Upper limit	最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value
海拔 Altitude (m)	447.8	72.1	287.2	608.4	200.0	762.0
年平均气温 Annual average air temperature (℃)	16.4	0.3	15.6	17.1	14.4	17.4
最冷月平均气温 Average air temperature of the coldest month (℃)	5.1	0.2	4.6	5.6	3.6	5.6
最热月平均气温 Average air temperature of the hottest month (℃)	26.6	0.5	25.5	27.7	24.3	28.3
年降水量 Annual precipitation (mm)	1 342.6	38.5	1 256.7	1 428.4	1 118.1	1 430.4
潜在蒸散量 Potential evapotranspiration (mm)	867.6	19.3	824.6	910.5	768.3	928.0
实际蒸散量 Actual evapotranspiration (mm)	808.1	8.4	789.3	826.8	752.7	822.4
湿润指数 Moisture index	0.9	0	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.0

分布型及亚型 Areal type and subtype	科数 Number of family	百分比 Percentage (%)	属数 Number of genus	百分比 Percentage (%)
1. 世界广布 Widespread	(11)	-	(3)	-
2. 泛热带 Pantropic	18	50.0	16	23.9
2-2. 热带亚洲-热带非洲-热带美洲(南美洲) Tropics Asia - Tropics Africa - Tropics America (South America)	2	5.6	-	-
2S. 以南半球为主的泛热带 Pantropic especially South Hemisphere	1	2.8	-	-
3. 东亚(热带、亚热带)及热带美洲间断 Tropics & Subtropics East Asia & (South) Tropics America Disjuncted	2	5.6	2	3.0
4. 旧世界热带 Old World Tropics	1	2.8	3	4.5
4-1. 热带亚洲、非洲和大洋洲间断或星散分布 Tropics Asia, Tropics Africa and Tropics Australasia disjuncted or diffused	-	-	1	1.5
5. 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲 Tropics Asia to Tropics Australasia Oceania	1	2.8	4	6.0
6. 热带亚洲至热带非洲 Tropics Asia to Tropics Africa	-	-	3	4.5
6d. 南非(主要是好望角) South Africa, chiefly Cape	1	2.8	-	-
7. 热带亚洲 Tropics Asia	-	-	9	13.4
7-1. 爪哇(或苏门答腊), 喜马拉雅间断或星散分布到华南、西南 Java or Sumatra, Himalaya to South, Southwest China disjuncted or diffused	-	-	1	1.5
7a. 西马来, 基本上在新华莱士线以西 West Malesia beyond New Wallace line	1	2.8	-	-
8. 北温带 North Temperate	2	5.6	10	14.9
8-4. 北温带和南温带间断 North Temperate & South Temperate disjuncted	5	13.9	1	1.5
9. 东亚及北美间断 Eat Asia & North America Disjuncted	2	5.6	7	10.4
10-1. 地中海区, 至西亚(或中亚)和东亚间断分布 Mediterranea, West Asia (or Central Asia) & East Asia disjuncted	-	-	1	1.5
14. 东亚 East Asia	-	-	6	9.0
14SH. 中国-喜马拉雅 Sino-Himalaya	-	-	1	1.5
14SJ. 中国-日本 Sino-Japan	-	-	1	1.5
15. 中国特有 Endemic to China	-	-	1	1.5
合计 Total	36 (47)	100	67 (70)	100

分布型及亚型 Areal type and subtype	科数 Number of family	百分比 Percentage (%)	属数 Number of genus	百分比 Percentage (%)
1. 世界广布 Widespread	(11)	-	(3)	-
2. 泛热带 Pantropic	18	50.0	16	23.9
2-2. 热带亚洲-热带非洲-热带美洲(南美洲) Tropics Asia - Tropics Africa - Tropics America (South America)	2	5.6	-	-
2S. 以南半球为主的泛热带 Pantropic especially South Hemisphere	1	2.8	-	-
3. 东亚(热带、亚热带)及热带美洲间断 Tropics & Subtropics East Asia & (South) Tropics America Disjuncted	2	5.6	2	3.0
4. 旧世界热带 Old World Tropics	1	2.8	3	4.5
4-1. 热带亚洲、非洲和大洋洲间断或星散分布 Tropics Asia, Tropics Africa and Tropics Australasia disjuncted or diffused	-	-	1	1.5
5. 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲 Tropics Asia to Tropics Australasia Oceania	1	2.8	4	6.0
6. 热带亚洲至热带非洲 Tropics Asia to Tropics Africa	-	-	3	4.5
6d. 南非(主要是好望角) South Africa, chiefly Cape	1	2.8	-	-
7. 热带亚洲 Tropics Asia	-	-	9	13.4
7-1. 爪哇(或苏门答腊), 喜马拉雅间断或星散分布到华南、西南 Java or Sumatra, Himalaya to South, Southwest China disjuncted or diffused	-	-	1	1.5
7a. 西马来, 基本上在新华莱士线以西 West Malesia beyond New Wallace line	1	2.8	-	-
8. 北温带 North Temperate	2	5.6	10	14.9
8-4. 北温带和南温带间断 North Temperate & South Temperate disjuncted	5	13.9	1	1.5
9. 东亚及北美间断 Eat Asia & North America Disjuncted	2	5.6	7	10.4
10-1. 地中海区, 至西亚(或中亚)和东亚间断分布 Mediterranea, West Asia (or Central Asia) & East Asia disjuncted	-	-	1	1.5
14. 东亚 East Asia	-	-	6	9.0
14SH. 中国-喜马拉雅 Sino-Himalaya	-	-	1	1.5
14SJ. 中国-日本 Sino-Japan	-	-	1	1.5
15. 中国特有 Endemic to China	-	-	1	1.5
合计 Total	36 (47)	100	67 (70)	100

群丛组/群丛 Association group/Association	植被型 Vegetation Formation	植被亚型 Vegetation Subformation	凭证样方数量 Number of plots
I 柔毛油杉+常绿阔叶树群丛组 Keteleeria pubescens + Evergreen Broadleaf Tree Association Group	针叶与阔叶混交林 Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forests	暖性针叶与阔叶混交林 Subtropical Mixed Needleleaf and Broadleaf Forest
I1 柔毛油杉+青冈群丛 Keteleeria pubescens + Quercus glauca Association			5
II 柔毛油杉-草本群丛组 Keteleeria pubescens - Herb Association Group	常绿针叶林 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest	暖性常绿针叶林 Subtropical Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
II1 柔毛油杉-狗脊群丛 Keteleeria pubescens - Woodwardia japonica Association	常绿针叶林 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest	暖性常绿针叶林 Subtropical Evergreen Needleleaf Forest	6