Characteristics of Distylium chinense communities and their relationships with soil environmental factors in different water level fluctuation zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0311

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Distylium chinense is endemic to central China, and can be dominant species in parts of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Studying the characteristics of D. chinense communities and their relationships with soil environmental factors under different habitat conditions could help gain knowledge assisting the community protection and vegetation restoration in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.
Methods Measurements were made on species composition, floristic characteristics, and plant diversity in D. chinense communities in 24 plots (4 m × 4 m) covering six study sites across the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The relationships of varying community traits with soil environmental factors were determined by quantitative classification and ordination methods.
Important findings A total of 56 plant species were recorded across the 24 sampling plots, belonging to 36 families and 54 genera. The plant communities mainly composed of the cosmopolitan species, pantropical and north temperate of D. chinense community, predominantly as herbs and shrubs. In the natural water level fluctuation zone, D. chinense scored the highest importance value in the shrub layer, and Ficus tikoua in the herb layer. The companion species of D. chinense commumities were shrubs and perennial herbs with flooding tolerance, such as Swida paucinervis, F. tikoua, Imperata cylindrica, etc. However, in the off-season water level fluctuation zone, D. chinense was the only plant in the shrub layer, with dominance of Cynodon dactylon in the herb layer and other companion species as annual herbs, such as Xanthium sibiricum, Abutilon theophrasti, etc. Two-way cluster analysis divided the six sites into four community types: D. chinense + S. paucinervis, D. chinense + F. tikoua, D. chinense + Adina rubella, and D. chinense + C. dactylon. Canonical correspondence analyses showed that altitude and soil pH were the main environmental factors affecting the species distribution of D. chinense community, followed by the content of soil organic matter, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and available potassium, which were the main influencing factors of species diversity index with nitrogen being the limiting factor. In rehabilitation of the off-season water level fluctuation zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir, small shrubs such as A. rubella and S. paucinervis should be used as the companion species of the upper slopes with increased supply of soil nitrogen and potassium, in order to promote higher species diversity of the D. chinense community and to maintain the stability of water level fluctuation zone ecosystems.

Key words: the Three Gorges Reservoir area, Distylium chinense, community characteristics, soil environmental factors, canonical correspondence analysis

HUANG Jie, LI Xiao-Ling, WANG Xue-Song, YANG Jin, HUANG Cheng-Ming. Characteristics of Distylium chinense communities and their relationships with soil environmental factors in different water level fluctuation zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2021, 45(8): 844-859.

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Figures/Tables 8

References 53

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水文节律 Hydrological regime	样地编号 Number of sites	采样点 Sampling site	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	海拔 Altitude (m)
自然消落带 Natural water level fluctuation zone	1	重庆市武隆区浩口乡芙蓉江竹子溪北岸 North Bank of Zhuzi Stream of Furong River in Haokou Town, Wulong District, Chongqing	107.82°	29.03°	349
	2	重庆市武隆区浩口乡芙蓉江竹子溪南岸 South Bank of Zhuzi Stream of Furong River in Haokou Town, Wulong District, Chongqing	107.82°	29.03°	335
	3	重庆市武隆区巷口乡乌江三道拐 Sandaoguai, Wujiang in Xiangkou Town, Wulong District, Chongqing	107.80°	29.32°	262
	4	重庆市巫溪县峰灵镇大宁河 Daning River in Fengling Town, Wuxi County, Chongqing	109.62°	31.33°	643
	5	宜昌市黄花镇古龙溪 Gulong Stream in Huanghua Town, Yichang City, Hubei	111.38°	30.88°	348
反季节消落带 Anti-season water level fluctuation zone	6	宜昌市秭归县归州镇万古寺村香溪河 Wangusi, Xiangxi River in Zigui County, Yichang City, Hubei	111.75°	31.02°	175

水文节律 Hydrological regime	样地编号 Number of sites	采样点 Sampling site	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	海拔 Altitude (m)
自然消落带 Natural water level fluctuation zone	1	重庆市武隆区浩口乡芙蓉江竹子溪北岸 North Bank of Zhuzi Stream of Furong River in Haokou Town, Wulong District, Chongqing	107.82°	29.03°	349
	2	重庆市武隆区浩口乡芙蓉江竹子溪南岸 South Bank of Zhuzi Stream of Furong River in Haokou Town, Wulong District, Chongqing	107.82°	29.03°	335
	3	重庆市武隆区巷口乡乌江三道拐 Sandaoguai, Wujiang in Xiangkou Town, Wulong District, Chongqing	107.80°	29.32°	262
	4	重庆市巫溪县峰灵镇大宁河 Daning River in Fengling Town, Wuxi County, Chongqing	109.62°	31.33°	643
	5	宜昌市黄花镇古龙溪 Gulong Stream in Huanghua Town, Yichang City, Hubei	111.38°	30.88°	348
反季节消落带 Anti-season water level fluctuation zone	6	宜昌市秭归县归州镇万古寺村香溪河 Wangusi, Xiangxi River in Zigui County, Yichang City, Hubei	111.75°	31.02°	175

科 Family	属 Genus	物种 Species	生活型 Life form
禾本科 Gramineae	狗牙根属 Cynodon	狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	芒属 Miscanthus	五节芒 Miscanthus floridulus	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	白茅属 Imperata	白茅 Imperata cylindrica	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	狗尾草属 Setaria	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	一年生草本 Annual herb
	野黍属 Eriochloa	野黍 Eriochloa villosa	一年生草本 Annual herb
菊科 Compositae	白酒草属 Conyza	小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	一年生草本 Annual herb
	蒿属 Artemisia	野艾蒿 Artemisia lavandulaefolia	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	苍耳属 Xanthium	苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	一年生草本 Annual herb
	鬼针草属 Bidens	狼杷草 Bidens tripartita	一年生草本 Annual herb
	鼠麴草属 Gnaphalium	鼠麴草 Gnaphalium affine	一年生草本 Annual herb
豆科 Leguminosae	胡枝子属 Lespedeza	胡枝子 Lespedeza bicolor	灌木 Shrub
	黄耆属 Astragalus	紫云英 Astragalus sinicus	二年生草本 Biennial herb
	野豌豆属 Vicia	野豌豆 Vicia sepium	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	崖豆藤属 Millettia	美丽崖豆藤 Millettia speciosa	藤本 Vine
	葛属 Pueraria	葛 Pueraria lobata	藤本 Vine
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	蔷薇属 Rosa	野蔷薇 Rosa multiflora	灌木 Shrub
	蛇莓属 Duchesnea	蛇莓 Duchesnea indica	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	火棘属 Pyracantha	火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana	灌木 Shrub
蓼科 Polygonaceae	酸模属 Rumex	酸模 Rumex acetosa	多年生草本 Perennial herb
蓼科 Polygonaceae	蓼属 Polygonum	水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper	一年生草本 Annual herb
茜草科 Rubiaceae	水团花属 Adina	细叶水团花 Adina rubella	灌木 Shrub
茜草科 Rubiaceae	鸡矢藤属 Paederia	鸡矢藤 Paederia scandens	藤本 Vine
荨麻科 Urticaceae	水麻属 Debregeasia	水麻 Debregeasia orientalis	灌木 Shrub
荨麻科 Urticaceae	苎麻属 Boehmeria	序叶苎麻 Boehmeria clidemioides var. diffusa	多年生草本 Perennial herb
桑科 Moraceae	榕属 Ficus	长柄竹叶榕 Ficus stenophylla	灌木 Shrub
桑科 Moraceae		地果 Ficus tikoua	藤本 Vine
莎草科 Cyperaceae	薹草属 Carex	羊须草 Carex callitrichos	多年生草本 Perennial herb
莎草科 Cyperaceae	莎草属 Cyperus	香附子 Cyperus rotundus	多年生草本 Perennial herb
山茱萸科 Cornaceae	梾木属 Swida	小梾木 Swida paucinervis	灌木 Shrub
山茱萸科 Cornaceae		梾木 Swida macrophylla	乔木 Tree
三白草科 Saururaceae	蕺菜属 Houttuynia	蕺菜 Houttuynia cordata	多年生草本 Perennial herb
杨柳科 Salicaceae	柳属 Salix	水柳 Salix warburgii	乔木 Tree
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	守宫木属 Sauropus	守宫木 Sauropus androgynus	灌木 Shrub
樟科 Lauraceae	樟属 Cinnamomum	川桂 Cinnamomum wilsonii	乔木 Tree
胡桃科 Juglandaceae	枫杨属 Pterocarya	枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera	乔木 Tree
木犀科 Oleaceae	女贞属 Ligustrum	小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui	灌木 Shrub
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	牡荆属 Vitex	黄荆 Vitex negundo	灌木 Shrub
马钱科 Loganiaceae	醉鱼草属 Buddleja	密蒙花 Buddleja officinalis	灌木 Shrub
金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae	蚊母树属 Distylium	中华蚊母树 Distylium chinense	灌木 Shrub
马桑科 Coriariaceae	马桑属 Coriaria	马桑 Coriaria nepalensis	灌木 Shrub
胡颓子科 Elaeagnaceae	胡颓子属 Elaeagnus	佘山羊奶子 Elaeagnus argyi	灌木 Shrub
木兰科 Magnoliaceae	木兰属 Magnolia	多花木兰 Magnolia multiflora	乔木 Tree
忍冬科 Caprifoliaceae	荚蒾属 Viburnum	球核荚蒾 Viburnum propinquum	灌木 Shrub
木通科 Lardizabalaceae	木通属 Akebia	三叶木通 Akebia trifoliata	藤本 Vine
车前科 Plantaginaceae	车前属 Plantago	车前 Plantago asiatica	二年或多年生草本 Biennial or perennial herb
科 Family	属 Genus	物种 Species	生活型 Life form
木贼科 Equisetaceae	木贼属 Equisetum	节节草 Equisetum ramosissimum	多年生草本 Perennial herb
蕨科 Pteridiaceae	蕨属 Pteridium	蕨 Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum	多年生草本 Perennial herb
商陆科 Phytolaecaceae	商陆属 Phytolacca	商陆 Phytolacca acinosa	多年生草本 Perennial herb
伞形科 Umbelliferae	胡萝卜属 Daucus	野胡萝卜 Daucus carota	二年生草本 Biennial herb
兰科 Orchidaceae	白及属 Bletilla	白及 Bletilla striata	多年生草本 Perennial herb
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	毛茛属 Ranunculus	刺果毛茛 Ranunculus muricatus	一年生草本 Annual herb
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	藜属 Chenopodium	藜 Chenopodium album	一年生草本 Annual herb
茄科 Solanaceae	茄属 Solanum	龙葵 Solanum nigrum	一年生草本 Annual herb
锦葵科 Malvaceae	苘麻属 Abutilon	苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti	一年生草本 Annual herb
苋科 Amaranthaceae	莲子草属 Alternanthera Forsk	喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides	多年生草本 Perennial herb
酢浆草科 Oxalidaceae	酢浆草属 Oxalis	酢浆草 Oxalis corniculata	多年生草本 Perennial herb

科 Family	属 Genus	物种 Species	生活型 Life form
禾本科 Gramineae	狗牙根属 Cynodon	狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	芒属 Miscanthus	五节芒 Miscanthus floridulus	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	白茅属 Imperata	白茅 Imperata cylindrica	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	狗尾草属 Setaria	狗尾草 Setaria viridis	一年生草本 Annual herb
	野黍属 Eriochloa	野黍 Eriochloa villosa	一年生草本 Annual herb
菊科 Compositae	白酒草属 Conyza	小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	一年生草本 Annual herb
	蒿属 Artemisia	野艾蒿 Artemisia lavandulaefolia	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	苍耳属 Xanthium	苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	一年生草本 Annual herb
	鬼针草属 Bidens	狼杷草 Bidens tripartita	一年生草本 Annual herb
	鼠麴草属 Gnaphalium	鼠麴草 Gnaphalium affine	一年生草本 Annual herb
豆科 Leguminosae	胡枝子属 Lespedeza	胡枝子 Lespedeza bicolor	灌木 Shrub
	黄耆属 Astragalus	紫云英 Astragalus sinicus	二年生草本 Biennial herb
	野豌豆属 Vicia	野豌豆 Vicia sepium	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	崖豆藤属 Millettia	美丽崖豆藤 Millettia speciosa	藤本 Vine
	葛属 Pueraria	葛 Pueraria lobata	藤本 Vine
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	蔷薇属 Rosa	野蔷薇 Rosa multiflora	灌木 Shrub
	蛇莓属 Duchesnea	蛇莓 Duchesnea indica	多年生草本 Perennial herb
	火棘属 Pyracantha	火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana	灌木 Shrub
蓼科 Polygonaceae	酸模属 Rumex	酸模 Rumex acetosa	多年生草本 Perennial herb
蓼科 Polygonaceae	蓼属 Polygonum	水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper	一年生草本 Annual herb
茜草科 Rubiaceae	水团花属 Adina	细叶水团花 Adina rubella	灌木 Shrub
茜草科 Rubiaceae	鸡矢藤属 Paederia	鸡矢藤 Paederia scandens	藤本 Vine
荨麻科 Urticaceae	水麻属 Debregeasia	水麻 Debregeasia orientalis	灌木 Shrub
荨麻科 Urticaceae	苎麻属 Boehmeria	序叶苎麻 Boehmeria clidemioides var. diffusa	多年生草本 Perennial herb
桑科 Moraceae	榕属 Ficus	长柄竹叶榕 Ficus stenophylla	灌木 Shrub
桑科 Moraceae		地果 Ficus tikoua	藤本 Vine
莎草科 Cyperaceae	薹草属 Carex	羊须草 Carex callitrichos	多年生草本 Perennial herb
莎草科 Cyperaceae	莎草属 Cyperus	香附子 Cyperus rotundus	多年生草本 Perennial herb
山茱萸科 Cornaceae	梾木属 Swida	小梾木 Swida paucinervis	灌木 Shrub
山茱萸科 Cornaceae		梾木 Swida macrophylla	乔木 Tree
三白草科 Saururaceae	蕺菜属 Houttuynia	蕺菜 Houttuynia cordata	多年生草本 Perennial herb
杨柳科 Salicaceae	柳属 Salix	水柳 Salix warburgii	乔木 Tree
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	守宫木属 Sauropus	守宫木 Sauropus androgynus	灌木 Shrub
樟科 Lauraceae	樟属 Cinnamomum	川桂 Cinnamomum wilsonii	乔木 Tree
胡桃科 Juglandaceae	枫杨属 Pterocarya	枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera	乔木 Tree
木犀科 Oleaceae	女贞属 Ligustrum	小叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui	灌木 Shrub
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	牡荆属 Vitex	黄荆 Vitex negundo	灌木 Shrub
马钱科 Loganiaceae	醉鱼草属 Buddleja	密蒙花 Buddleja officinalis	灌木 Shrub
金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae	蚊母树属 Distylium	中华蚊母树 Distylium chinense	灌木 Shrub
马桑科 Coriariaceae	马桑属 Coriaria	马桑 Coriaria nepalensis	灌木 Shrub
胡颓子科 Elaeagnaceae	胡颓子属 Elaeagnus	佘山羊奶子 Elaeagnus argyi	灌木 Shrub
木兰科 Magnoliaceae	木兰属 Magnolia	多花木兰 Magnolia multiflora	乔木 Tree
忍冬科 Caprifoliaceae	荚蒾属 Viburnum	球核荚蒾 Viburnum propinquum	灌木 Shrub
木通科 Lardizabalaceae	木通属 Akebia	三叶木通 Akebia trifoliata	藤本 Vine
车前科 Plantaginaceae	车前属 Plantago	车前 Plantago asiatica	二年或多年生草本 Biennial or perennial herb
科 Family	属 Genus	物种 Species	生活型 Life form
木贼科 Equisetaceae	木贼属 Equisetum	节节草 Equisetum ramosissimum	多年生草本 Perennial herb
蕨科 Pteridiaceae	蕨属 Pteridium	蕨 Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum	多年生草本 Perennial herb
商陆科 Phytolaecaceae	商陆属 Phytolacca	商陆 Phytolacca acinosa	多年生草本 Perennial herb
伞形科 Umbelliferae	胡萝卜属 Daucus	野胡萝卜 Daucus carota	二年生草本 Biennial herb
兰科 Orchidaceae	白及属 Bletilla	白及 Bletilla striata	多年生草本 Perennial herb
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	毛茛属 Ranunculus	刺果毛茛 Ranunculus muricatus	一年生草本 Annual herb
藜科 Chenopodiaceae	藜属 Chenopodium	藜 Chenopodium album	一年生草本 Annual herb
茄科 Solanaceae	茄属 Solanum	龙葵 Solanum nigrum	一年生草本 Annual herb
锦葵科 Malvaceae	苘麻属 Abutilon	苘麻 Abutilon theophrasti	一年生草本 Annual herb
苋科 Amaranthaceae	莲子草属 Alternanthera Forsk	喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides	多年生草本 Perennial herb
酢浆草科 Oxalidaceae	酢浆草属 Oxalis	酢浆草 Oxalis corniculata	多年生草本 Perennial herb

分布类型 Type of distribution	属数 Number of genus	比例 Ratio (%)
世界分布 Cosmopolitan	15	26.79
泛热带分布 Pantropic	11	19.64
热带亚洲和热带美洲洲际间断分布 Tropical Asia & Tropical America disjunct	2	3.57
热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布 Tropical Asia & Tropical Australian	3	5.36
热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa	2	3.57
热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布 Tropical Asia (India - Malaysia)	4	7.14
北温带分布 North Temperate	11	19.64
东亚-和北美间断分布 East Asia & North America disjunct	4	7.14
旧世界温带分布 Old World Temperate	1	1.79
温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia	1	1.79
东亚分布 East Asia	2	3.57