Spatial distribution patterns in potential species richness of foraging plants for Hainan gibbons

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0268

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Hainan gibbons (Nomascus hainanus) are amongst the most endangered primates in the world and only endemic to China. This study aims to determine the potential species richness patterns of the foraging plants for Hainan gibbons.

Methods Based on the data on actual distribution points of foraging plants for Hainan gibbons and the controlling environmental variables, the potential distribution of those foraging plants in Hainan Island was simulated by using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The foraging plants were classified according to the type of organs used by the Hainan gibbons, the occurrence of foraging in dry season vs in rainy season, and preference of foraging.

Important findings The results show that: (1) Altitude, slope and the annual air temperature range are important environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of the foraging plants, with the potential species richness for all categories of the foraging plants positively correlated with altitude and slope, and negatively with annual air temperature range. (2) In Hainan Island, ten counties and cities in the south are the areas with concentrated occurrence of the foraging plants. The potential species richness for plants foraged for fruits and leaves, plants that are foraged either in dry or rainy seasons, and plants that are used as preferential food sources are all greater in the south than in the north, but the potential species richness for plants foraged for flowers is greater in the middle part of the Island and smaller in the fourth. (3) The hotspots for potential species richness of the foraging plants cover about 25.50% of the Island. In Bawangling, except the plants foraged for fruits, members of families Moraceae and Lauraceae are the preferential food sources for the gibbons, the hotspots for potential species richness of all other categories of foraging plants accounted for more than 40.00% of the area. This study provides information on the potentially concentrated distributions and the potential hotspots of species richness for different categories of foraging plants for Hainan gibbons, which serves to guide the efforts on conservation and recovery of Hainan gibbon populations.

Key words: Hainan gibbon, MaxEnt model, foraging plant, potential species richness

ZHONG Jiao, JIANG Chao, LIU Shi-Rong, LONG Wen-Xing, SUN Osbert Jianxin. Spatial distribution patterns in potential species richness of foraging plants for Hainan gibbons[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(4): 491-505.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0268

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2023/V47/I4/491

Figures/Tables 8

References 75

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环境因子 Environmental factor	缩写 Abbreviation	年 Years	分辨率 Resolution
海拔 Altitude	alt	2000	90 m
坡度 Slope	slope	2000	90 m
坡向 Aspect	aspect	2000	90 m
太阳辐射 Solar radiation	srad	1970-2000	30″
1月最低气温 Minimum air temperature in January	tmn_01	1930-2017	30″
7月最高气温 Maximum air temperature in July	tmx_07	1930-2017	30″
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature	tmp	1930-2017	30″
旱季平均气温 Mean air temperature in dry season	tmp_dry	1930-2017	30″
雨季平均气温 Mean air temperature in rainy season	tmp_rainy	1930-2017	30″
气温年较差 Annual air temperature range	tar	1930-2017	30″
年实际蒸散量 Annual actual evapotranspiration	aet	1950-2000	30″
年降水量 Annual precipitation	pre	1930-2017	30″
旱季降水量 Precipitation in dry season	pre_dry	1930-2017	30″
雨季降水量 Precipitation in rainy season	pre_rainy	1930-2017	30″

环境因子 Environmental factor	缩写 Abbreviation	年 Years	分辨率 Resolution
海拔 Altitude	alt	2000	90 m
坡度 Slope	slope	2000	90 m
坡向 Aspect	aspect	2000	90 m
太阳辐射 Solar radiation	srad	1970-2000	30″
1月最低气温 Minimum air temperature in January	tmn_01	1930-2017	30″
7月最高气温 Maximum air temperature in July	tmx_07	1930-2017	30″
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature	tmp	1930-2017	30″
旱季平均气温 Mean air temperature in dry season	tmp_dry	1930-2017	30″
雨季平均气温 Mean air temperature in rainy season	tmp_rainy	1930-2017	30″
气温年较差 Annual air temperature range	tar	1930-2017	30″
年实际蒸散量 Annual actual evapotranspiration	aet	1950-2000	30″
年降水量 Annual precipitation	pre	1930-2017	30″
旱季降水量 Precipitation in dry season	pre_dry	1930-2017	30″
雨季降水量 Precipitation in rainy season	pre_rainy	1930-2017	30″

	全体 All	果实 Fruit	叶 Leaf	花 Flower	旱季 Dry season	雨季 Rainy season	桑科 Moraceae	樟科 Lauraceae	番荔枝科 Annonaceae
slope	0.68^*	0.64^*	0.82^*	0.66^*	0.70^*	0.69^*	0.46^*	0.56^*	0.78^*
alt	0.66^*	0.62^*	0.79^*	0.79^*	0.68^*	0.68^*	0.40^*	0.59^*	0.70^*
tar	-0.75^*	-0.76^*	-0.58^*	-0.22^*	-0.73^*	-0.74^*	-0.86^*	-0.74^*	-0.65^*

	全体 All	果实 Fruit	叶 Leaf	花 Flower	旱季 Dry season	雨季 Rainy season	桑科 Moraceae	樟科 Lauraceae	番荔枝科 Annonaceae
slope	0.68^*	0.64^*	0.82^*	0.66^*	0.70^*	0.69^*	0.46^*	0.56^*	0.78^*
alt	0.66^*	0.62^*	0.79^*	0.79^*	0.68^*	0.68^*	0.40^*	0.59^*	0.70^*
tar	-0.75^*	-0.76^*	-0.58^*	-0.22^*	-0.73^*	-0.74^*	-0.86^*	-0.74^*	-0.65^*