Effects of environmental variables on the species composition and distribution patterns of wild orchids in Hainan Island

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0147

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Hainan Island is an area with high species richness of orchids in China. Understanding the impact of environmental variables on the composition and distribution patterns of wild orchids in Hainan Island is critical for the protection and management of wild orchid species and relevant research in the region.

Methods Based on the data of vegetation type, altitude, aspect, slope, mean annual air temperature and precipitation of wild orchids in Hainan Island, this study detected the relationship between species composition and environmental variables by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), calculated the gross and net effects on species composition for each environmental variable by partial CCA. The effects of different gradients of six environmental variables on the distribution pattern of wild orchids were analyzed.

Important findings The six selected environmental variables explained 3.7% of the variation in the composition of wild orchid plants in Hainan Island. The total and net effects of the six environmental factors including vegetation type, altitude, mean annual air temperature, precipitation, slope aspect, and slope gradient reached a significant level, but their effect intensities decreased successively. The selected six environmental variables all have an impact on the distribution of wild orchids in Hainan Island. Wild orchids in Hainan Island are mainly distributed in areas with the middle altitude, the shady and semi-shady slopes with the slope gradient of 5°-35°, and the environment with low mean annual air temperature and high mean annual precipitation. They are most distributed in native vegetation.

Key words: orchids, environmental variables, species composition, distribution patterns, Hainan Island

ZUO Yong-Ling, YANG Xiao-Bo, LI Dong-Hai, WU Er-Huan, YANG Ning, LI Long, ZHANG Pei-Chun, CHEN Lin, LI Chen-Di. Effects of environmental variables on the species composition and distribution patterns of wild orchids in Hainan Island[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2021, 45(12): 1341-1349.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0147

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2021/V45/I12/1341

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 Location of the field survey plots of wild orchids in Hainan Island.

Table 1 Correlation coefficients between environmental variables and the first four canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination axes and ordination summary

环境因子及排序概要 Environmental variable and summary of ordination	第1轴 Axis 1	第2轴 Axis 2	第3轴 Axis 3	第4轴 Axis 4
环境因子 Environmental variable
坡度 Slope gradient	0.109 7	0.014 3	0.220 5	-0.246 4
坡向 Slope aspect	-0.209 3	0.155 1	-0.275 1	0.234 9
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature	-0.579 0	0.437 5	-0.185 7	-0.078 9
年降水量 Mean annual precipitation	0.546 6	-0.361 4	-0.001 5	-0.366 1
海拔 Altitude	0.848 1	0.036 1	0.126 9	-0.020 5
山地雨林 Mountain rainforest	0.747 2	-0.044 2	-0.296 5	-0.179 7
低地雨林 Tropical lowland rainforest	-0.301 3	-0.133 1	0.503 9	-0.019 5
低地雨林次生林 Tropical lowland rainforest secondary forest	-0.360 0	0.217 2	-0.307 3	0.069 8
针叶林 Coniferous forest	-0.036 6	-0.092 7	0.145 0	0.309 1
旱地农业生产植被 Dryland agricultural production vegetation	-0.240 9	0.159 5	-0.222 1	-0.051 8
CCA排序概要 Summary of CCA ordination
特征值 Eigenvalues	0.652 6	0.400 8	0.369 6	0.297 2
物种组成变异累积解释率 Explained variation (cumulative) of species composition	0.95	1.53	2.06	2.49
典范轴的相关性 Pseudo-canonical correlation	0.871 3	0.725 4	0.727 4	0.670 7
物种-环境关系累积解释率 Explained fitted variation (cumulative) of species-environment	25.59	41.30	55.80	67.45

Fig. 2 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) biplot of species and environmental variables. E1, slope gradient; E2, slope aspect; E3, mean annual air temperature; E4, mean annual precipitation; E5, altitude; V1, mountain rainforest; V2, tropical lowland rainforest; V3, tropical lowland rainforest secondary forest; V4, dryland agricultural production vegetation; V5, coniferous forest. 1, Goodyera schlechtendaliana; 2, G. viridiflora; 3, Bulbophyllum reptans; 4, Lecanorchis nigricans; 5, Nephelaphyllum pulchrum; 6, Collabium chinense; 7, Dienia ophrydis; 8, Luisia morsei; 9, Renanthera coccinea; 10, Phalaenopsis deliciosa; 11, Pholidota chinensis; 12, Ceratostylis hainanensis; 13, Coelogyne fimbriata; 14, Pinalia amica; 15, Dendrobium williamsonii; 16, Bulbophyllum ambrosia; 17, Campanulorchis thao; 18, Mycaranthes pannea; 19, Dendrobium nobile; 20, Cymbidium floribundum; 21, Arachnis labrosa; 22, Acampe rigida; 23, Dendrobium salaccense; 24, Habenaria rhodocheila; 25, Cleisostoma williamsonii; 26, Bulbophyllum depressum; 27, Pinalia obvia; 28, Calanthe sylvatica; 29, Cleisostoma birmanicum; 30, Nephelaphyllum tenuiflorum.

Fig. 3 Relationship between the species richness of wild orchids and six environmental variables. V1, mountain rainforest; V2, tropical lowland rainforest; V3, tropical lowland rainforest secondary forest; V4, dryland agricultural production vegetation; V5, coniferous forest.

Table 2 Gross and net effects of environmental variables on species composition

环境因子 Environmental variable	总效应 Gross effect	F	p	净效应 Net effect	F	p
植被 Vegetation	1.8	2.6	0.001	1.2	1.8	0.001
海拔 Altitude	0.9	5.4	0.001	0.6	3.4	0.001
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature	0.7	4.1	0.001	0.4	2.4	0.001
年降水量 Mean annual precipitation	0.7	3.9	0.001	0.4	2.3	0.001
坡向 Slope aspect	0.4	2.2	0.001	0.3	1.8	0.001
坡度 Slope gradient	0.3	1.9	0.002	0.3	1.7	0.007

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