Species delimitation and genetic conservation of the endangered firs Abies beshanzuensis and A. ziyuanensis

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0295

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims “Species” is the basic taxonomical unit in biology. The accuracy of endangered species delimitation largely determines the efficiency and conservation strategies. Abies beshanzuensis, A. ziyuanensis and A. dayuanensis, a group of endangered firs endemic to the subtropical region of China, have extremely small populations and controversial taxonomy. According to morphological differences and geographical distribution, A. dayuanensis has been considered as the synonym of A. ziyuanensis, whereas A. ziyuanensis is currently treated as a variety of A. beshanzuensis. However, no genetic evidence has been provided to test this classification hypothesis.
Methods We performed target enrichment sequencing on 23 individuals from eight extant populations and obtained 805 single nucleotide polymorphic sites from 60 single-copy nuclear genes for population genetic analyses.
Important findings Results of population genetic structure and demographic history analyses showed that this endangered fir group has diverged into two lineages corresponding to A. beshanzuensis and A. ziyuanensis. Abies ziyuanensis first diverged from the common ancestor of A. beshanzuensis and A. dayuanensis, the latter two split apart later and more closely related, forming the other lineage. The genetic diversity is low within these populations. Strong genetic differentiation was found among populations (fixation index, F_ST= 0.083-0.208). Gene flow is not detected after lineages split, probably because of the fragmented habitats which blocked effective genetic exchanges among populations. Ecological niche comparison showed that the average annual temperature and the temperature of the coldest quarter were significantly higher in the habitats of these endangered firs compared to those of non-threatened firs in East Asia. Therefore, we inferred that global warming is likely to push this group of endangered firs to the edge of extinction. According to the significant population differentiation, we provide genetic evidence that A. dayuanensis is a synonym of A. beshanzuensis, and resurrect A. ziyuanensis as a separate species. Based on the niche comparison results, we highlight the necessity to carry out ex suit conservation in the Hengduan Mountains and the Qingling-Bashan Mountains and conduct in suit regeneration.

Key words: Abies dayuanensis, coalescent analysis, ecological niche, population genetics, species conservation, species delimitation, targeted sequencing

YANG Ling, LIANG Si-Qi, PAN Jia-Ming, WEI Jin-Xin, DING Tao, JIANG Ri-Hong, SHAO Yi-Zhen, ZHANG Xian-Chun, LIU Yong-Bo, XIANG Qiao-Ping. Species delimitation and genetic conservation of the endangered firs Abies beshanzuensis and A. ziyuanensis[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(12): 1629-1645.

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Figures/Tables 12

References 62

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组群 Group	种群 Population	编号 Code	数量 Number	经度 Longitude (° E)	纬度 Latitude (° N)	海拔 Altitude (m)
百山祖 Baishanzu (BSZ)	浙江庆元县百山祖 Baishanzu, Qingyuan, Zhejiang	BSZ	3	119.20	27.75	1 750
大院 Dayuan (DY)	湖南炎陵县大院农场 Dayuan, Yanling, Hunan	DY	3	114.07	26.45	1 478
大院 Dayuan (DY)	江西井冈山市平水山 Pingshuishan, Jinggangshan, Jiangxi	JGS	1	114.11	26.50	1 676
	广西全州县大云山 Dayunshan, Quanzhou, Guangxi	QZ	3	110.96	26.38	1 801
	广西资源县银竹老山 Yinzhulaoshan, Ziyuan, Guangxi	YZ	5	110.56	26.25	1 753
资源 Ziyuan (ZY)	湖南城步县金童山 Jintongshan, Chengbu, Hunan	CB	4	110.58	26.28	1 646
	湖南江永县千家峒 Qianjiadong, Jiangyong, Hunan	QJD	3	111.30	25.57	1 800
	湖南新宁县舜皇山 Shunhuangshan, Xinning, Hunan	SHS	1	110.56	26.22	1 778

组群 Group	种群 Population	编号 Code	数量 Number	经度 Longitude (° E)	纬度 Latitude (° N)	海拔 Altitude (m)
百山祖 Baishanzu (BSZ)	浙江庆元县百山祖 Baishanzu, Qingyuan, Zhejiang	BSZ	3	119.20	27.75	1 750
大院 Dayuan (DY)	湖南炎陵县大院农场 Dayuan, Yanling, Hunan	DY	3	114.07	26.45	1 478
大院 Dayuan (DY)	江西井冈山市平水山 Pingshuishan, Jinggangshan, Jiangxi	JGS	1	114.11	26.50	1 676
	广西全州县大云山 Dayunshan, Quanzhou, Guangxi	QZ	3	110.96	26.38	1 801
	广西资源县银竹老山 Yinzhulaoshan, Ziyuan, Guangxi	YZ	5	110.56	26.25	1 753
资源 Ziyuan (ZY)	湖南城步县金童山 Jintongshan, Chengbu, Hunan	CB	4	110.58	26.28	1 646
	湖南江永县千家峒 Qianjiadong, Jiangyong, Hunan	QJD	3	111.30	25.57	1 800
	湖南新宁县舜皇山 Shunhuangshan, Xinning, Hunan	SHS	1	110.56	26.22	1 778

种群 Population	多态位点比例 Proportion of polymorphic markers	核苷酸多样性 Nucleotide diversity	期望杂合度 Expected heterozygosity	观测杂合度 Observed heterozygosity	Tajima的D值 Tajima’s D
BSZ	0.372 7	0.098 6	0.072 6	0.128 2	0.391 3
DY	0.444 7	0.115 3	0.063 0	0.104 3	0.307 4
QJD	0.438 5	0.108 0	0.066 6	0.099 1	0.185 1
CB	0.447 2	0.108 7	0.076 3	0.130 8	0.391 7
ZY	0.555 3	0.117 2	0.101 1	0.157 9	0.154 3
QZ	0.473 3	0.125 2	0.109 1	0.182 9	0.377 7

种群 Population	多态位点比例 Proportion of polymorphic markers	核苷酸多样性 Nucleotide diversity	期望杂合度 Expected heterozygosity	观测杂合度 Observed heterozygosity	Tajima的D值 Tajima’s D
BSZ	0.372 7	0.098 6	0.072 6	0.128 2	0.391 3
DY	0.444 7	0.115 3	0.063 0	0.104 3	0.307 4
QJD	0.438 5	0.108 0	0.066 6	0.099 1	0.185 1
CB	0.447 2	0.108 7	0.076 3	0.130 8	0.391 7
ZY	0.555 3	0.117 2	0.101 1	0.157 9	0.154 3
QZ	0.473 3	0.125 2	0.109 1	0.182 9	0.377 7

变异来源 Source of variation	自由度 df	方差和 Sum of squares	变异组分 Variance components	占总变异比例 Percentage of variation (%)
种群间 Among populations	4	723.79	5.57	6.17
种群内 Within populations	39	3 305.75	84.76	93.83
总计 Total	45	4 029.54	93.18