Review of research on germination heterochrony of desert annual plants

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0336

Abstract

Abstract:

Desert annuals develop their special germination time pattern under severe environmental conditions, called germination heterochrony. It refers to the phenomenon that under specific conditions, a portion of the sibling seed population with uniform morphology can germinate instantly, while the other portion remains in the seed bank. Most existing studies on germination heterochrony of desert annuals have focused on seed germination characteristics, post-germination traits, and reproductive allocation. We reviewed and analyzed recent advances in germination heterochrony research, with emphases on 1) conception of germination heterochrony; 2) species and distribution of annual plants with heterochronous germination; 3) effects of heterochronous germination on plant life history types and patterns; 4) differences in phenotypic response, such as survival rate, phenological characteristics, reproductive yield, and biomass allocation, among plants that germinate at different times; 5) biological and environmental factors of germination heterochrony. Based on the review of literature, the future research is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of germination heterochrony and adaptive mechanisms of desert annuals.

Key words: germination time, spring germination, autumn germination, life history, facultative winter annuals

Dilixiadanmu TASHENMAIMAITI, LIU Hui-Liang. Review of research on germination heterochrony of desert annual plants[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(12): 1611-1628.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0336

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2023/V47/I12/1611

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 Distribution map of heterochronous germinating annuals of Brassicaceae (A), Asteraceae (B) and Boraginaceae (C) (classified by genus). The yellow section shows the global arid and semi-arid region for 2001-2020. The classification is based on the FAO proposed aridity index. All species distribution data were obtained from GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/).

Fig. 2 Distribution map of heterochronous germinating annuals (classified by family). The yellow section shows the global arid and semi-arid region for 2001-2020. The classification is based on the FAO proposed aridity index. All species distribution data were obtained from GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/).

Fig. 3 Two-year life history cycle and coexistence life history pattern of annual plants. Adapted from Han et al. (2016). A, Winter annuals, which germinate in autumn, reproduce in spring, have a life history cycle of one year, seedlings need to be overwintered. B, Spring annuals, which germinate in spring, reproduce in autumn, have a life history cycle of one year. C, Coexistence within a two-year life history cycle. The same life history pattern over two years. Different germination times allow coexistence of spring- and autumn-germinating seedlings. D, Mixed coexistence of two life history patterns. Two independent life history patterns exist within the same species, both with a one-year life history cycle. Therefore, spring- and autumn- germinating plants coexist within a population. A, autumn; S, spring; SU, summer; W, winter.

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of the annual cycle variation of seed dormancy. Adapted from Baskin & Baskin (2014a).

Fig. 5 Proportion and kinds of seed dormancy in relation to fruit type. The red scatter plot data indicate the percentage of each fruit type. ND, nondormancy; PY, physical dormancy; PD, physiological dormancy; MD, morphological dormancy; MPD, morphophysiological dormancy; PD+PY, physiological and physical dormancy; PY+MD, physical and morphophysiological dormancy. 1, Zygophyllaceae; 2, Plantaginaceae; 3, Papaveraceae; 4, Geraniaceae; 5, Caryophyllaceae; 6, Euphorbiaceae; 7, Campanulaceae; 8, Saxifragaceae; 9, Primulaceae; 10, Hydroleaceae; 11, Polemoniaceae; 12, Molluginaceae; 13, Portulacaceae; 14, Brassicaceae; 15, Ranunculaceae; 16, Asteraceae; 17, Polygonaceae;18, Rosaceae; 19, Boraginaceae; 20, Lamiaceae; 21, Cyperaceae; 22, Poaceae;23, Chenopodiaceae;24, Amaranthaceae; 25, Fabaceae; 26, Apiaceae.

Fig. 6 Schematic representation of the regulation of germination time by the abscisic acid (ABA)-gibberellic acid (GA) network. Adapted from Abley et al. (2021). The arrow represents effective facilitation and the blunt arrow represents effective inhibition. The model behaves as a mutual inhibition circuit and a mutual activation circuit, respectively: GA inhibits integrator and vice versa; ABA promotes integrator and vice versa. DELLA protein is a negative regulator of GA signaling. Transcription factors ABI4 and ABI5 are positive regulators of ABA signal transduction. ABI4, ABI5, and DELLA proteins interact to form a transcriptional complex that inhibits germination. The transcriptional complex affects GA and ABA levels by acting on hormone biosynthesis or catabolism to precisely regulate seed germination.

Fig. 7 A framework diagram for germination heterochrony of desert annuals.

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